Original Spelling Research Articles

Remarks on the name of the hadrosauroid dinosaur Eolambia caroljonesa Kirkland, 1998 (Ornithischia)

The large hadrosauroid dinosaur Eolambia caroljonesa was named in honor of Carol Jones, the discoverer of the place where the type specimens were found. However, according to the article 31.1.2 of the ICZN, the form caroljonesae should have been used and, thus, caroljonesa represents an incorrect original spelling subject to a justified emendation. Such emendation is required in cases on which the incorrect original spelling of a species-group name must be corrected, as stated by the article 32.5.1 of the ICZN. Therefore, based on the express application of the nomenclatural rules, the name of the species must be corrected to Eolambia caroljonesae.

The Litkey Corpus: A richly annotated longitudinal corpus of German texts written by primary school children.

Compared to early language development, later changes to the language system during orthography and literacy acquisition have not yet been researched in detail. We present a longitudinal corpus of texts on short picture stories written by German primary school children between grades 2 and 4 and grades 3 and 4. It includes 1,922 texts with 212,505 tokens (6,364 types) from 251 children. For each text, rich metadata is available, including age, grade and linguistic background (at least 60% of the children were multilingual). To our knowledge, our corpus is the largest longitudinal corpus of written texts by children at primary school age. Each word is included in its original spelling as well as in a normalized form (target hypothesis), specifying the intended word form, which we corrected for orthographic but not grammatical errors. Original and target word forms are aligned character-wise and the target word forms are enriched with phonological, syllabic, and morphological information. Additionally, for each target word form, we established key lexical variables, e.g., word frequency or summed bigram frequency, as specified in childLex. Where applicable, we also specify key features of German orthography (e.g., consonant doubling, vowel-lengthening <h>). Taken together, this information allows for a detailed assessment of the properties of words that tend to increase the likelihood of spelling errors. The corpus is available in different formats-as tab-delimited annotated token and type based lists, in an XML format, and via the corpus search tool ANNIS.

Measuring diachronic language distance using perplexity: Application to English, Portuguese, and Spanish

AbstractThe objective of this work is to set a corpus-driven methodology to quantify automatically diachronic language distance between chronological periods of several languages. We apply a perplexity-based measure to written text representing different historical periods of three languages: European English, European Portuguese, and European Spanish. For this purpose, we have built historical corpora for each period, which have been compiled from different open corpus sources containing texts as close as possible to its original spelling. The results of our experiments show that a diachronic language distance based on perplexity detects the linguistic evolution that had already been explained by the historians of the three languages. It is remarkable to underline that it is an unsupervised multilingual method which only needs a raw corpora organized by periods.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A justified emendation for a specific nomen of shark (Chondrichthyes), with comments on some Articles of the &lt;em&gt;Code&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The epithet obsolerus recently used to name a new species of shark is doubtless an “incorrect original spelling” which must be corrected into obsoletus. However, a strict respect of Article 32.5.1 of the Code would not allow this correction, as the original paper did not provide “clear evidence of an inadvertent error”, which can be established only through recourse to an “external source of information” such as a Latin dictionary. There are many other cases in zoological nomenclature where the fact that an original spelling was a misprint can be established only through recourse to the etymology of the term, which was not provided in the original work. Two such examples are given, which strongly point to the need to reconsider the wordings of Articles 32.2, 33.2 and 32.5 of the Code.

Commentaries on different uses of the specific epithet of the large dromaeosaurid Utahraptor Kirkland et al., 1993 (Dinosauria, Theropoda)

Utahraptor is the largest member of the dinosaur family DromaeosauriDae and represents one of the most remarkable discoveries in recent decades. In the original description, the specific epithet ostrommaysi was used for naming the species in honor of two different persons, but in subsequent years the spelling ostrommaysorum was often used without comment or explanation. In this paper, we review the historical uses of the specific epithet of Utahraptor and make clarifications on the status of six different subsequent spellings. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) does not offer any provision for forming a genitive form from two persons having different names, so the original spelling ostrommaysi has to be regarded as an arbitrary combination of letters, and not a correctly formed genitive form. For this reason, it is deemed to be preserved unaltered and is not subject to a justified emendation; consequently, the subsequent spelling ostrommaysorum is erroneous and represents an unjustified emendation and shown not to be in prevailing usage. Therefore, the name to be used for the taxon is Utahraptor ostrommaysi, as originally introduced.

The species intermediate between Hieracium petrovae and H. olympicum (Asteraceae): a treatment of H. kritschimanum and description of a new species from Greece

Hieracium kritschimanum is neotypified with specimens collected in the type locality in Bulgaria. The etymology and original spelling of the species epithet of H. kritschimanum are clarified. Hieracium pangaeum, which combines the morphological features of H. petrovae and H. olympicum, is described from northern Greece. Both species are illustrated with photos of herbarium specimens. A distribution map of H. petrovae, including its first records from Greece, is provided.

Notes on Iniocyphus iheringi Raffray, 1912 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae).

The only available specimen of Iniocyphus iheringi Raffray, 1912, type species of the type genus of the tribe Iniocyphini Inyocyphus Raffray, 1912, is redescribed and illustrated in detail. The original spelling of the species epithet iheringi is reinstated over jheringi, which was an incorrect subsequent spelling. The specimen examined is designate as the lectotype.

Emendation of incorrect original spellings of two aphid species names recently established (Hemiptera, Aphididae).

The names of the species established by Stekolshchikov and Buga in Zootaxa, volume 4527, number 4, Aphis khrulevi and Dysaphis karyakini, are incorrect original spellings according to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. In accordance with the Code, they are amended to Aphis khrulevae Stekolshchikov and Buga, 2018 and Dysaphis koryakini Stekolshchikov and Buga, 2018, respectively.

Competences of the Police in Criminal Proceedings — Experience and Present — Legal and Comparative Approach in the 100th Anniversary of the Establishment of the Police

The aim of the publication is to present the role and tasks of the police in criminal proceedings in a legal and comparative approach. Over the years, there could have been noticed an evolution in the area of police powers. The rationale for addressing such an important issue is, first of all, to look at the achievements of the authors of reforms in the post-annexation period and to recognise their contribution to the process of shaping high standards of functioning of police authorities. Studies and analysis of legal texts from the period when Poland regained independence is an important element of learning about history and tradition, as well as the possibility of following patterns of lawmaking adequate to the challenges of lawmaking. The original spelling of source texts and sometimes their archaic language layer, quoted in the text of the publication, is a measure to respect the principle of faithfulness to the sources and, at the same time, to illustrate the development of individual legal institutions. The article focuses on the analysis of selected regulations of the Regulation of the President of the Republic of 19 March 1928 — Code of Criminal Procedure (Journal of Laws of 1928, No. 33, item 313) in relation to the current solutions of the procedural act.

Correction of two homonyms and an original spelling of Thach [2018

Two substitution names are proposed for primary homonyms introduced for land snail of the family Camaenidae in Thach [2018].

The Normalization of Old Lithuanian Orthography for Usage in a Search Engine

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]&#x0D; The Lithuanian historical corpus consists of machine-readable texts, transcribed according to the principles of documentary edition; the original spelling and the language features it encodes are preserved. Several orthographic systems were used during the various stages of the history of Lithuanian language, and some of them differ from the modern one to a relatively great extent. The historical orthography does not allow the use of language analysis tools, which were developed on the basis of the modern spelling. A link is therefore needed that would connect the historical orthography to the modern orthography used today.&#x0D; In normalizing spelling, various challenges must be dealt with: the same grapheme must be differently realized without changing the orthography and by rewriting the form in the modern Lithuanian alphabet. At the same time, the normalization of phonetics has to be carried out, which includes the elimination of dialectal phonetic features and the representation of phonemes in the assimilated position. These principles can be used in constructing a universal search engine, in which queries can be processed across different orthographic systems (http://sr.lki.lt).&#x0D; The size of the corpus and the available limited resources stimulate the search for an automated way of normalizing orthography. A set of rules was developed based on the empirical research on the history of orthography; these rules were then arranged hierarchically in accordance with the length of the sequence of processed characters, their implementation being limited to using the metadata according to the spelling features of a particular source. A 82–97% accuracy level of correct normalization was achieved.&#x0D; The advantage of a rules-based transliteration is the consistency of changes; the disadvantage can be seen in generating not a single but several equivalents of the word, and the ambiguous rules in certain cases generate many tokens that do not exist in the natural language. The number of generated forms being fed to the search engine was reduced based on non-existent letter sequences and by narrowing the query alphabet. A further selection of the correct forms could be done using dictionaries or tools for analyzing the morphology and syntax of modern Lithuanian.

Hieracia balcanica XVI. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Hieracium rotundatum and H. transylvanicum (Asteraceae)

Hieracium rotundatum Kit. ex Schult. and H. transylvanicum Heuff., two species of H. sect. Transsilvanica (Zahn) Schljakov, have been confused under the older name H. rotundatum in the most important European monographs. The original specimen of H. rotundatum stored at BP is recognized as the holotype and re-identified as a representative of the H. praecurrens aggregate. Hieracium transylvanicum is lectotypified using a specimen also stored at the Hungarian Museum of Natural History in Budapest (BP). The original spelling of the species epithet of H. transylvanicum is clarified.

Recognition and partial solution of nomenclatural issues involving copepods of the family Monstrillidae (Crustacea: Copepoda: Monstrilloida).

This work seeks to expose and clear up nomenclatural irregularities involving copepods of the order Monstrilloida, family Monstrillidae. The diagnostic text related to Monstrilla minuta Isaac, 1974 and four nominal species of Thaumaleus Krøyer, 1849 (now Cymbasoma Thompson, 1888) proposed by Isaac in 1974 is sufficient for all names to be available from their original description except for Thaumaleus similirostratus, which was proposed conditionally in 1974 and was first made available by Isaac in 1975; "similirostris" as used by Grygier in 1995 is an incorrect subsequent spelling. Four other specific names proposed in 1975 by Isaac, but disclaimed by him as nomina nuda (an action permitted retroactively by the Fourth Edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) have never been made available. By quoting the necessary information from Isaac's doctoral dissertation, two of them are validated herein under the names Thaumaleus frondipes Isaac in Grygier Suárez-Morales, sp. nov., and Strilloma scotti Isaac in Grygier Suárez-Morales, sp. nov., and are immediately reassigned as new combinations to Cymbasoma and Monstrilla Dana, 1849, respectively. A fifth such name, Thaumaleus tumorifrons, has already been made available under the authorship of Suárez-Morales, 1999, but its females are excluded from the type series; the spelling of the specific name of the new species recently proposed for those females, Cymbasoma mediterranea Suárez-Morales, Goruppi, Olazabal Tirelli, 2017, is emended to mediterraneum to match the gender of the genus. For Cymbasoma bowmani Suárez-Morales Gasca, 1998, the "Form B" female mentioned in the original description is excluded from the type series. The authorship and date of availability of Haemocera (currently Cymbasoma) morii depends on which language version of Article 13.1.1 of the Code is followed; a ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature under Article 87 of the Code is necessary to resolve the matter. The composition of the type series of Cymbasoma bullatum (Scott, 1909) in terms of both number and sex has become unclear; its type locality is restricted herein to the vicinity of Obi Island in the Moluccas. Despite a published statement to the contrary, the syntype series of Cymbasoma germanicum (Timm, 1893) included specimens from other localities than just Helgoland. The type series of Cymbasoma guerrerense Suárez-Morales Morales-Ramírez, 2009 consists only of the holotype, which was mistakenly reported under the wrong registration number. The supposed invalidity of Monstrilla capitellicola Hartman, 1961 is discussed. Monstrilla javensis Isaac, 1974, nomen nudum, has remained unavailable owing to lack of adherence to Article 16.1 of the Code by later authors; the specific name is made available herein, under Suárez-Morales' authorship, in the combination Cymbasoma javense sp. nov. The taxonomic (and eventual nomenclatural) question of the status of M. mariaeugeniae Suárez-Morales Islas-Landeros, 1993 vis à vis M. wandelii Stephensen, 1913, i.e. as a separate species or a subspecies of the latter, remains unsettled. Cymbasoma lenticula Suárez-Morales McKinnon, 2014 and Monstrillopsis boonwurrungorum Suárez-Morales McKinnon, 2014 are fixed herein as the correct original spellings of those two specific names. Resolution of the problem posed by assignment of the specific name reticulata to supposedly non-conspecific males and females in the genus Monstrillopsis Sars, 1921 requires the designation of a neotype by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

Нормализация орфографического варьирования топонимов Тувы

В статье на материалах Государственного каталога географических названий, топографических карт и законодательных актов показывается явление орфографического варьирования в официальной топонимии Тувы, тесно связанного с общим вопросом нормализации тувинских топонимов в русском языке. Нормализация наименований географических объектов, под которой понимается определение их написания, является делом государственной важности и регламентируется российским законодательством.Рассматриваются типичные для тувинской топонимии виды орфографического варьирования: варьирование в русской передаче долготы тувинских гласных звуков, буквы ы после шипящих, йотированных гласных звуков, глухих и звонких согласных, дефисного и слитного написания составных топонимов. Если в Инструкции по передаче на картах географических названий Тувинской АССР 1964 г. издания передача долготы не предусматривалась, то в Инструкции по русской передаче географических названий Тувинской АССР от 1975 г. и в Своде правил по русской передаче тувинских наименований географических объектов в Республике Тыва 2015 г., предусматривается передача долготы гласных путем удвоения соответствующих букв во избежание ложной омонимии тувинских топонимов. Гласная ы после шипящих в русской передаче сменила букву и, рекомендуемую в данной позиции в первой инструкции 1964 г. Нормализация передачи йотированных звуков также последовала принципу сближения русской передачи с национальным написанием. Варьирование глухих и звонких согласных в русской передаче вызвано не только адаптацией тувинских топонимов в русском языке, но также и особенностями тувинского консонантизма. Варьирование дефисного и слитного написания составных тувинских топонимов в русском языке обусловлено различием правил передачи составных топонимов c тувинского и с других тюркских языков.В диахроническом плане при нормализации тувинских топонимов в русском языке первоначальная ориентация на орфографические нормы русского языка сменилась тенденцией передачи особенностей тувинского языка, что, по мнению автора, способствует сохранению тувинских топонимов как культурного и исторического наследия. В то же время, изменения правил передачи привели к тому, что в настоящее время одни и те же языковые явления передаются по-разному, и это является сдерживающим фактором при нормализации тувинских топонимов как на тувинском, так и на русском языках.

Status of the name Argolis in Insecta.

The purpose of the present notice is to identify and clarify a case of mistaken homonymy surrounding the name Argolis, pertaining to Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera. It is here demonstrated that "Argolis" (Boisduval 1836: 2) is an incorrect original spelling of Ergolis Boisduval, 1836 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae); therefore, Argolis Stål, 1861 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is the valid senior synonym of Caunus Stål, 1865, while Argolis Chapuis, 1874 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) remains a junior homonym. The following details summarize the situation:.

Radium annotated bibliography compiled in 1903 in the USA

References compiled in the USA (as distinct from Europe) for the years to 1903 are contained in this bibliography. The summaries provide an interesting insight into the opinions and knowledge on radium which were held in the USA during the first few years after its discovery in 1898. The compiler of these references was almost certainly a profesor of chemistry and mineralogist, Charles Baskerville (1872–1922) of New York. Some references are from academic scientific journals whereas others are from the popular scientific press. In these early years following the discovery of radium, publications and commentaries on them were far more in Europe than in the United States. This scientific fact gives some importance to this bibliography. I have retained the original spelling and punctuation used by Baskerville.

Redescription of the thread-legged assassin bug Ploiaria anak (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from India, with notes on its biology.

The thread-legged assassin bug species Ploiaria anak Distant, 1909 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from India is redescribed based on recently collected material from Pune District, India. Notes on the biology of the species and a key to species of the genus from India are provided. A lectotype is designated for P. anak. Both P. nuda and P. nude appear in the original description of the Ploiaria species described by Ravichandran Livingstone (1989); nuda is selected as the correct original spelling. As this name is a junior homonym of P. nuda Miller, 1950, it is replaced by the new name P. raviaspinosa nom. nov.

Charting orthographical reliability in a corpus of English historical letters

Abstract Research into orthography in the history of English is not a simple venture. The history of English spelling is primarily based on printed texts, which fail to capture the range of variation inherent in the language; many manuscript phenomena are simply not found in printed texts. Manuscript-based corpora would be the ideal research data, but as this is resource-intensive, linguists use editions that have been produced by non-linguists. Many editions claim to retain original spellings, but in practice text is always normalized at the graph level and possibly more so. This does not preclude using such a corpus for orthographical research, but there has been no systematic way to determine the philological reliability of an edited text. In this paper we present a typological methodology we are developing for the evaluation of orthographical quality of edition-based corpora, with the aim of making the best use of bad data in the context of editions and manuscript practices. As a case study, we apply this methodology to the Early Modern and Late Modern English sections of the Corpus of Early English Correspondence.

The spurious dragonfly: the intricate nomenclatural problems regarding the names Libelloides and libelluloides (Neuroptera Ascalaphidae et Myrmeleontidae).

Around 1970 Tjeder suggested two changes to the nomenclature of the Ascalaphidae regarding the names Libelloides and libelluloides. To avoid future confusion, we augment Tjeder's work by analyzing the nomenclatural status of all taxa related to these names-specifically Libelloides Schäffer, 1763 and Libelloides coccajus ([Denis et Schiffermüller], 1775), Ascalaphidae, and Palpares libelluloides (Linnaeus, 1764), Myrmeleontidae. After a short historical preamble, we treat the three taxa in chronological order of description. Additional information is reported in four Addenda, followed by a list of synonymies. Our conclusions are as follows: 1. Schäffer's Das Zwiefalter- oder Afterjüngferchen (1763) is consistent with the Principle of Binomial Nomenclature, thus the names Libelloides and Libellula spuria, therein created, are available [ICZN Code Article 11.4.1.]. 2. Libellula spuria Schäffer, 1763, is a senior synonym of Papilio coccajus [Denis et Schiffermüller], 1775; however, the older name Libellula spuria Schäffer, 1763, is a nomen oblitum with respect to the younger name Papilio coccajus [Denis et Schiffermüller], 1775, which therefore must be considered a nomen protectum [ICNZ Code Article 23.9.2: both Articles 23.9.2.1 and 23.9.2.2 apply]. 3. The name Hemerobius libelloides Linnaeus, 1764, is the correct original spelling [ICNZ Code Article 32.5.1 does not apply], but the subsequent spelling Myrmeleon libelluloides Linnaeus, 1767, even if an unjustified emendation [ICZN Code Article 33.2.1 and 33.2.3], is in prevailing usage and consequently: i) it is deemed to be a justified emendation, and ii) it is attributed to its original author and date [ICZN Code Article 33.2.3.1]. 4. Myrmeleon libelluloides Fuesslin, 1775, being a mere misidentification of the name Myrmeleon libelluloides (Linnaeus, 1764), is unavailable name [ICZN Code Article 49]. 5. Schäffer (1763) is not the author of the name Ascalaphus libelluloides: the authorship must be attributed to van der Weele with the date of description 5th January 1909. 6. Libellula turcica Petiver Empson, 1767, in Ábrahám (2012), is an unavailable name. 7. The original spelling Myrmeleon kolywanense Laxmann, 1770, is the correct original spelling [ICNZ Code Article 32.5.1 does not apply], but the subsequent spelling Ascalaphus kolyvanensis Rambur, 1842, even if an unjustified emendation [ICZN Code Article 33.2.1 and 33.2.3], is in prevailing usage and consequently: i) it is deemed to be a justified emendation, and ii) it is attributed to its original author and date [ICZN Code Article 33.2.3.1]. 8. Fuesslin's Verzeichniss der ihm bekannten schweizerischen Insekten (1775) was published between 24th February (date in the second part of the Preface [Vorrede]) and 12th May 1775 (Wyttenbach, 1775), so the date of publication is 12th May 1775 [ICZN Code Article 21.3].

Ironic implicature strength and the test of explicit cancellability

Abstract In this paper, the Gricean notion of explicit cancellability Grice’s original spelling is “cancelability”. is used as a testable characteristic, able to indicate different degrees of strength for different types of (ironic) implicatures. According to the definition adopted for this analysis, implicature strength is determined by the likelihood of retrieval of an implicature in a specific context and, essentially, by the degree of certainty that the hearer maintains about the correctness of the inferred interpretation. Ironic implicature strength is considered the product of various factors (“factors of implicature strength”), some of which are always present (such as the type and strength of assumptions on which a derivation is based), while others are optional and appear in tandem with specific irony strategies. Irony strategies are categorized into two general types (meaning reversal and meaning replacement), which are expected to show different degrees of implicature strength, being influenced by different factors. For the experimental testing of the hypotheses, subjects were presented with the task of judging the acceptability of the explicit cancellation of various implicated (ironic, as well as non-ironic) meanings. Findings show significant differences between irony types in terms of cancellability (measured as acceptability of cancellation – AC), under the influence of (i) type of syllogism and associated assumptions, (ii) co-textual cues, and (iii) humorous framing.