Original Identity Research Articles

Link Between Facial Identity and Expression Abilities Suggestive of Origins of Face Impairments in Autism: Support for the Social-Motivation Hypothesis

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulties with processing identity and expression in faces. This is at odds with influential models of face processing that propose separate neural pathways for the identity and expression domains. The social-motivation hypothesis of ASD posits a lack of visual experience with faces as the root cause of face impairments in autism. A direct prediction is that identity and expression abilities should be related in ASD, reflecting the common origin of face impairment in this population. We tested adults with and without ASD (ns = 34) in identity and expression tasks. Our results showed that performance in the two domains was significantly correlated in the ASD group but not in the comparison group. These results suggest that the most likely origin for face impairments in ASD stems from the input stage impacting development of identity and expression domains alike, consistent with the social-motivation hypothesis.

Evaluation of current gene pool of Kholmogor and Black-and-white cattle breeds based on whole genome SNP analysis

Conservation of local cattle genetic resources is an important strategy for achieving Russia’s food security. During last decades, in the Russian Federation, local livestock populations were either crossbred or replaced by highly productive imported breeds, which led to a loss of the major part of original breeds identities. The objective of our study was to identify genetic differences between the populations of Kholmogor and Black-and-white cattle with varying degrees of admixture with the Holstein breed. The aforementioned breeds were studied using their whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. The Kholmogor breed was subdivided into three groups: purebred (KHLM, n = 3), admixed with Holsteins (KHLM-HLST, n = 4) and representatives of old-type breed (KHLM-INTA, n = 15). Blackand-white was subdivided into four groups: purebred (BLWT, n = 9), with a low (BLWT-75, n = 8) and a high (BLWT-HLST, n = 10) level of admixture with Holstein, and represented by archival samples from the 1970s and 1980s (BLWT-OLD, n = 15). The Holsteins genetic profiles (HLST, n = 27) were taken as a comparison group. PLINK 1.07, Admixture 1.3, SplitsTree 4.14.6 and R package StAMPP were used to infer genetic relationship between the studied groups. After quality control, 29 688 SNPs were selected for analysis. Multidimensional scaling (MDS), Admixture analysis and a dendrogram constructed using the Neighbor-Net method, revealed the presence of three clusters belonging to the Kholmogor, Black-and-white and Holstein breeds. The first one included KHLM and KHLM-INTA, the second – BLWT and BLWT-OLD, and the third – HLST, KHLM-HLST and BLWT-HLST. The BLWT-75 samples were placed between HLST and BLWT. Thus, our results showed that currently the populations of native cattle breeds with valuable genotypes still exist. The populations with a high level of admixture with Holsteins could be considered neither as the Kholmogor nor as Blackand-white breeds, and would rather be referred as the Holstein breed of local breeding.

Shift Reduce Parser Based Malicious Sensor Detection for Predicting Forest Fire in WSNs

Nowadays wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been used in enormous applications for data collection in an unfriendly environment. Forest fire makes vast hazard to the consuming plant of the world. To preserve the forest from fire, sensor nodes monitor the environment temperature. If the temperature is increased and it exceeds the threshold, the sensor sends the notification message to the fire monitoring system. The forest fire is measured by Fire Weather Index. Most of the existing fire monitoring systems only highlight in detection, but not the verification of the sensor. Suppose, if the attacker inserts any malicious sensor, the malicious sensor sends false information or create an additional delay in fire monitoring system. As a result, the more chances for the forest to be destroyed by fire. To solve this problem, Shift Reduce Parser based Malicious Sensor Detection (SRP_MSD) in WSN is proposed. The Bivariate Pascal Triangle method hides the original identity of nodes, data route from the malicious observer and sends confidential information to the Base Station. This method is analyzed and evaluated using network simulator-2. The results show that it is possible to detect malicious sensor nodes and send the reliable information to the forest fire monitoring system.

New Universities’ Organizational Identities Through Presidential Lenses

This qualitative investigation addresses three new universities in the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta and their presidents’ ascriptions of organizational identity to their universities. Through extended, semi-structured interviews and narrative analysis, this investigation uses organizational identity theory and institutional theory to explain the positionality and understandings of presidents in relationship to their universities’ paths to legitimacy. We found that the preservation of aspects of the institutions’ original identity (as community colleges) aids new universities’ organizational change. Furthermore, while presidents advocated for a replacement of community college logics with university logics, data showed that these three new universities had yet to embrace the university logic fully. We propose that a blending of logics may be the preferred mechanism for the attainment of legitimacy during sectoral change for new universities.

Investigating the Factors Influencing the Decoupling of Transport-Related Carbon Emissions from Turnover Volume in China

With the boom of vehicles, especially the dramatic rise of private car ownership, in China, transport CO2 emission in China has surged. However, China has been taking the responsibility to cut down carbon emissions and to make positive efforts towards technology innovations in the transport sector. Breaking the link between transport carbon emissions and transport turnover capacity for the past decades should be analyzed. The paper tested the decoupling degree and ranked its potential determinants for every transport mode in consideration of specific transport mode characteristics. We extended the original Kaya identity to make the factor analysis more pertinent to the analysis of transport-related CO2 emissions. Besides, we combined the decomposition technique with decoupling analysis, decomposing the transport decoupling index into five distinct aspects to detect the key drivers of the decoupling of transport-related CO2 emissions from transport turnover volume. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between transport-related CO2 emission and transport output, which also offers a novel perspective on transport and corresponding environmental research. The results uncovered that a weak decoupling state appeared between 1990–1995 and 2000–2010 in China’s transport sector. Transport energy efficiency exerted the most significant impact in accelerating the decoupling of transport-related CO2 emissions from turnover volume for all transport modes while the energy mix effect impeded the decoupling evolution in most observed periods. Railway transport turnover and rail locomotives shared rises boosted by decoupling evolution, while vehicular transport showed adverse effects. The rise of the transport facilities’ shares of railways, waterways, and airways also advanced the decoupling evolution. Hence, policies of switching travel modes and establishing a “smart growth” pattern for private vehicles should be considered.

Cultural Integration of Turkish Immigrant Workers’ Children into the Host Society An Intergenerational Comparison in the Context of France and Germany

This paper aims to analyze the Turkish migration to Germany and France that resulted in a cultural integration through the emergence of second and third generation of children born in host society. To achieve this goal, a literature review of studies on the subject and the data produced in recent years were used. The paper was limited with the cases of Germany and France where most of Turkish immigrants still live and many recent studies and data on the subject were produced. The thesis of the study is that the migration of workers to two countries is a process of cultural insertion and social participation in modern society, in spite of the fact that it is an economic project. The immigrant taking a culturally distant position to the host society because of his/her different ethnic identity is firstly perceived as a foreigner, and submits in time to the integrative mechanisms of the modern system. At any rate, apart from the effort of defending his/her own original identity; the immigrant searches ways of integration to host society in the various levels and areas by forming many strategies and by using some means to achieve this aim. The settlement in the host society signifies the decision and desire of the migrant to take roots in the host society, and this is mainly to be realized through the child. The child who was born in the destination area causes the project of economic migration to be extended towards socio-cultural areas like education, since the future of immigrant’s family is now entirely defined through the future of child with respect to the modern conditions. The expected success for their children in the educational and professional areas forces parents to leave from the traditional values and to internalize the modern ways of life. The modern values and attitudes of the second generational Turkish families towards their children in Germany and France indicate that the immigration is, first of all, a modernizing process. The study concludes that, comparing with traditional values, the Turkish parents describe their children in terms of the modern attitudes and conducts, pointing out the adaptation ability of immigrant’s identity to the modern conditions.

PO-277 Postmitotic neuron-like differentiation of cancer cells suggests that cancer cells have the properties of neural precursor/progenitor cells

IntroductionCancer cells are dedifferentiated cells, and re-differentiation is expected to reduce malignancy. It is unclear, however, whether cancer cells can undergo terminal differentiation.Material and methodsCandidate regulators mediating cancer cell terminal differentiation were identified by applying a few rules to epigenetic factors. Cell lines of eight cancer types were tested for differentiation effect, validated with marker expression and gene expression profiling assays. Cell invasion/migration, MTT, colony formation, xenograft and a mouse tumour model assays were used for in vitro and in vivo detection of the effect of inhibition of these factors on malignant features of cancer cells and on tumour growth/development. Correlation between the function/expression of >3000 cancer-related genes/factors in cancer and in specific embryonic tissues were analysed using literature research and whole mount in situ hybridization with Xenopus embryos.Results and discussionsWe identified HDAC1/3, LSD1, EZH2 and DNMT1 as candidate factors. Upon inhibition of these factors, cancer cell lines underwent postmitotic neuron-like differentiation, accompanied with a loss of malignant properties. In agreement, these factors, together with a majority of pan-cancer promoting genes/factors or those being upregulated during tumorigenesis, including mesenchymal markers, show specific expression or play specific roles in embryonic neural precursor/progenitor tissues. This suggests that cancer cells and embryonic neural cells share a set of regulatory networks, conferring cancer cells with properties of neural precursor/progenitor cells. However, many pan-cancer suppressor genes/factors or those being downregulated during tumorigenesis, including epithelial marker CDH1, are non-neural. Thus, tumorigenesis might be a process of gradual loss of original cell identity and gain of properties of neural precursor/progenitor cells, in contrast to the notion of cancer EMT. Many other studies provide solid supports for our model.ConclusionCancer cells share regulatory networks with and have properties of neural precursor/progenitor cells.

HATERS di Instagram: Antara Meluapkan Kebencian dan Memeroleh Keuntungan

News around celebrity’s life has been the topic of interest of televition audience and netizens, and causes pros and cons. Those who pros claim to be the fans of the celebrity. On the contrary, those who cons refer themselves as haters. This article focuses on how haters express their hate through haters account in Instagram and how the owner of haters account earn money from their account, using two most popular celebrities who have the highest number of haters account in Indonesia, Mulan Jameela and Ayu Ting Ting. The study indicates that in spreading hatred of celebrities in Instagram, there are generally two categories of haters, the owner and the followers of haters account. In regard to their activities, followers of haters account can be divided into three: followers who only observe the uploads, followers who only ‘like’ the uploads through ‘love’ symbol, and followers who comment on the uploads. But, not all followers of haters account are haters. Whether or not one is a hater, this can be seen from one’s hatred comments. On the contrary, by solely observing or liking uploads one cannot be perceived as a non-hater. Passivity of followers to uploads can happen because of various reasons (i.e. using original identity, afraid of bullying from the lovers of hated celebrity). Haters account is not just a media to express their hate, but also a way to earn money for those who have lots of followers, by promoting online shop in their own haters account, called paid promote.

Ethnic origin and identity in the Jewish population of Israel

ABSTRACTThe paper addresses the multifaceted quality of ethnicity in the Jewish population of Israel by probing into the ethnic categories and their subjective meaning. The analyses utilise data collected during 2015–2016 on a representative sample of Israelis age 15 and older, as part of the seventh and eighth rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS). Hypotheses are developed concerning the relationship between demographically based ethnic origin and national identity, as well as the effect of ethnically mixed marriages on ethnic and national identities. The analyses reveal a strong preference among Jews in Israel to portray their ancestry in inclusive national categories – Israeli and Jewish – rather than more particularistic, ethno-cultural, categories (e.g. Mizrahim, Moroccan, Ashkenazim, Polish, etc). Yet, whether Israeli or Jewish receives primacy differs by migration generation, socioeconomic standing, religion, and political dispositions. While the findings clearly add to our understanding of Israeli society, they are also telling with regard to immigrant societies more generally. First, they reveal a multi-layered structure of ethnic identification. Second, they suggest that ethnic identities are quite resistant to change. Third, ethnically mixed marriages appear to erode ethnic identities and are likely to replace them with national identities.

Mercury fractionation in gypsum using temperature desorption and mass spectrometric detection

Abstract A quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to study the thermal release of mercury from wet flue gas desulphurization (WFGD) gypsum using temperature-programmed desorption/decomposition (TPD). The inability in direct detection of low concentrations of mercury halogenides in gypsum by mass spectrometry is discussed in detail. The hydrolysis of HgCl2 vapours under specific experimental conditions in the mass spectrometer was considered theoretically and proved experimentally. The mercury concentration in different gypsum fractions varies from 0.22 mg kg-1 (3.27-148 μm, coarse particles) to 20.6 mg kg-1 (0.41-88.0 μm, fine particles). All samples had a similar, symmetrical, single-peak (peak maximum 253–266°C) in the TPD spectra. In the present study, the use of ‘wet’ methods for preparing mercury compounds is introduced in addition to the mercury standards prepared using the ‘dry’ method, as commonly found in TPD. The study showed that selected metals, such as Fe enriched in gypsum samples, significantly influence the shape and the maximum temperature of the Hg TPD curves and that during the mercury compound preparation and the TPD process, Hg species undergo transformations that prevent the identification of their original identity.

Detection of Inorganic Salt-Based Homemade Explosives (HME) by Atmospheric Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry.

Using a commercial mass spectrometer interfaced with an atmospheric flow tube (AFT) allowed for the detection of a variety of inorganic compounds used as oxidizers in homemade explosives (HMEs) at picogram levels. The AFT provides reaction times of between 3 and 5 s with flows of 6 L/min, enabling detection levels, after thermal desorption, similar to those previously demonstrated for RDX vapor in the low parts per quadrillion range. The thermal desorption of chlorate and perchlorate salts resulted in the production of the corresponding anions which have higher electron affinities than that of the nitrate reactant ions. A dielectric barrier discharge, used as the ionization source, produced the nitrate reactant ions. In some instances, the molecular salt formed adducts with the nitrate, chlorate, and/or perchlorate anions, giving insight into the original identity of the salt cation. Urea nitrate, guanidine nitrate, and potassium nitrate were also detected as adducts with the nitrate reactant ion. The direct room-temperature vapor detection of urea nitrate and hydrogen peroxide, which have relatively high vapor pressures compared to the other salts in this study, is also demonstrated. Room-temperature vapor detection of chlorate and perchlorate salts is possible by the addition of a dilute acid which converts the salt into a more volatile acidic form. A discussion of the instrumentation, methods used, and the ionization chemistry is provided.

Abstract PR07: Elucidating mechanisms of p53-deficient breast cancer development via lineage tracing and clonal analysis

Abstract TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human breast cancers and its mutations have been found in all breast cancer subtypes (e.g., luminal, basal-like, claudin-low). Genome-sequencing studies predict that TP53 mutation is an early event in breast cancer development. However, how p53-deficiency contributes to breast cancer initiation, leading to development of different subtypes of breast cancer, remains largely elusive. To address this, we developed a novel approach to trace development of breast cancer from luminal mammary epithelial cells (MECs), which may represent cells of origin for most breast cancers. Our approach is based on induced loss of p53 in luminal MECs at the level of single cells, via intraductal injection of Cre-expressing adenovirus under the control of the pan-luminal Keratin 8 promoter (Ad-K8-Cre). This genetic approach permits evolution of single mutant luminal MECs in their native habitat through interaction with the microenvironment (e.g., neighboring p53-wild type MECs, stromal cells, immune cells), and allows us to dissect contributions from genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors to breast tumorigenesis. Lineage and clonal analyses revealed that induced loss of p53 alone in luminal MECs triggered their clonal expansion without affecting their original luminal identity, leading to formation of a p53-deficient luminal premalignant field. Molecular analysis of luminal MECs in this premalignant field revealed potential involvement of environmental factors (e.g., cyclic ovarian hormones, immune cells in the mammary gland microenvironment) in its formation. Claudin-low mammary tumors eventually emerged from this p53-deficient luminal premalignant field with 100% penetrance, apparently due to acquisition of spontaneous, recurrent mutations in p53-deficient MECs. These data support that p53-deficiency alone does not affect the fate of luminal MECs directly, but it facilitates development of mammary tumors with loss of the luminal identity after a long latency. As deficiencies of both p53 and BRCA1 in luminal MECs predispose them to development of basal-like breast cancer (rather than claudin-low cancer), we studied whether induced loss of BRCA1 in p53-deficient luminal MECs would lead to their cell fate alteration. In fact, when we induced loss of both p53 and BRCA1 in luminal MECs, we observed luminal-to-basal cell fate alteration only after a short latency. Together, our data suggest that loss of p53 in single luminal MECs leads to their clonal dominance over wild-type neighbors without directly impairing their luminal fate; it is the cooperating oncogenic events (e.g., loss of BRCA1, or acquisition of recurrent secondary mutations) that drive development of breast cancer from p53-deficient luminal cells toward different subtypes. Our results also predict that loss of p53 in luminal MECs of BRCA1 mutation carriers would not only lead to their clonal dominance, but also cause luminal-to-basal change within the mutant clones (as an early event), and ultimately development of basal-like breast cancer from these aberrant clones. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A35. Citation Format: Dongxi Xiang, Luwei Tao, Zhe Li. Elucidating mechanisms of p53-deficient breast cancer development via lineage tracing and clonal analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Modeling Cancer in Mice: Technology, Biology, and Beyond; 2017 Sep 24-27; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PR07.

Allometric and Biphasic Allometric Growth of Major Organs in Hatchling Female Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)

Allometric equations represent relationships between a morphological size (e.g., organ size) or physiological rate (e.g., metabolic rate) and body mass using the equation Y=aMb, where Y is morphological size or physiological rate, a is elevation or y‐intercept, b is slope and M is animal body mass. Vertebrate organ growth relative to body mass varies between allometric (b<1.0 or b>1.0) and isometric (b=1.0), depending on the organ and species. In mammals and reptiles, heart and lungs have been shown to grow isometrically, whereas in mammals, the kidneys and liver have been shown to grow with negative allometry. Most allometric studies of organ growth focus on changes that span orders of magnitude achieved between juvenile and adult life stages or between various species of widely divergent size. This may ignore or possibly ‘wash out’ trends that occur during rapid growth in very early life stages. Large avian species and reptiles grow most rapidly during their early life history, and there can be significant genetic or ‘clutch’ effects for reptiles with different parentage. Large crocodilians, like the American alligator, can increase in size by a factor of >10 during their first year post‐hatching and show physiological differences between clutches that persist at least through the first year post‐hatching. We measured organ growth in hatchling female alligators from 5 clutches at 8–10 time points during their first order of magnitude of growth (~45 g to ~500 g). We tracked each individual alligator (N>90) from their original egg identity (clutch and egg mass). Animals were anesthetized and sacrificed, and their organs carefully dissected. Organ and animal wet masses (±0.1 mg and ±0.1 g, respectively) were measured upon sacrifice, and dry masses were measured after organs and the animal's carcass had fully dried (2d ‐ several weeks at 70°C) so that mass did not change by >1% between >18‐h spaced measurements. Slopes and intercepts for regressions of organ mass against body mass were compared among clutches using ANCOVA. Breakpoint analyses determined the intersection with minimum residual sum of squares or the intersection where the differences of the residual variances were smallest. Preliminary data showed that dry kidney and liver size increased in relative proportion to body mass (b~1.0), and heart size (b~0.9) and lung size (b~0.75) decreased in relative proportion. Dry masses showed less variation compared to wet masses. Within the first order of magnitude of growth, breakpoint analyses revealed that kidney and liver mass grew more quickly during the hatchlings first weeks‐to‐months post‐hatching, and our study is the first to document biphasic organ growth in hatchlings of a large, long‐lived reptile. Hatchling alligators appear to undergo a very early period of rapid kidney and liver growth following hatching, and these two organs grow with different kinetics than lung or heart tissue. Reasons for this disparity will be an area of further research.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

L(3)mbt and the LINT complex safeguard cellular identity in the Drosophila ovary.

ABSTRACTMaintenance of cellular identity is essential for tissue development and homeostasis. At the molecular level, cell identity is determined by the coordinated activation and repression of defined sets of genes. The tumor suppressor L(3)mbt has been shown to secure cellular identity in Drosophila larval brains by repressing germline-specific genes. Here, we interrogate the temporal and spatial requirements for L(3)mbt in the Drosophila ovary, and show that it safeguards the integrity of both somatic and germline tissues. l(3)mbt mutant ovaries exhibit multiple developmental defects, which we find to be largely caused by the inappropriate expression of a single gene, nanos, a key regulator of germline fate, in the somatic ovarian cells. In the female germline, we find that L(3)mbt represses testis-specific and neuronal genes. At the molecular level, we show that L(3)mbt function in the ovary is mediated through its co-factor Lint-1 but independently of the dREAM complex. Together, our work uncovers a more complex role for L(3)mbt than previously understood and demonstrates that L(3)mbt secures tissue identity by preventing the simultaneous expression of original identity markers and tissue-specific misexpression signatures.

Hydrogel droplet single-cell processing: DNA purification, handling, release, and on-chip linearization.

The preparation and handling of mammalian single-cell genomic DNA is limited by the complexity bottleneck inherent to performing multi-step, multi-reagent operations in a microfluidic environment. We have developed a method for benchtop preparation of high-molecular weight, intact, single-cell genomes and demonstrate the extraction of long nucleic acid molecules in a microfluidic system. Lymphoblasts are encapsulated inside of alginate microparticles using a droplet microfluidics, and cells are lysed in bulk. The purified genomes are then delivered to and imaged on a dedicated microfluidic device. High-molecular weight DNA is protected from shear and retains its original cellular identity. Using this encapsulation protocol, we were able to extract individual nucleic acid strands on the millimeter scale inside of a microfluidic channel.

The internal morphology of Acoscinopleura Voigt, 1956 (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Campanian–Maastrichtian of Central and Eastern Europe

Coscinopleurid cheilostome bryozoans are widespread in Latest Cretaceous sediments throughout the whole Boreal Chalk Sea. Despite having many polymorphs that can readily be distinguished, intraspecific plasticity is high and polymorph morphology shows only little variation over time. This significantly hampers taxon differentiation in coscinopleurids. In this study, we revise type material of three coscinopleurid species, Acoscinopleura foliacea (Voigt, 1930), A. fallax Voigt, 1956 and A. rugica Voigt, 1956, from the Maastrichtian of northern Germany using combined scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microtomography. The three species are morphologically very similar and were distinguished by the original author only in the shape and position of peripheral caverns inside their cryptocyst and in the position of vibracular polymorphs. X-ray microtomography allowed study of the internal morphology of the species and provided additional parameters that can be used for species differentiation. Septula, arch-like and channel-like cavities and microcavities could be identified inside the calcified walls. While the original identity of the type material of A. foliacea and A. rugica remains unchanged, the type material of A. fallax is shown to belong to three different species: A. fallax, A. occulta sp. nov. and A. dualis sp. nov. Additionally, hitherto-unstudied material from the late Campanian and Maastrichtian of northern Germany and Belarus is described as A. crassa sp. nov. and A. albaruthenica sp. nov.

The Effects of English as a Foreign Language Learning on the Perception and Value of Regional and National Identity in Colombia: A Cross-Sectional Study

There exist many popular ideas as to the supposed negative effects of English as a foreign language (EFL) education on local and national identities in Colombia, and this study examines whether there is any truth to such claims. While the relationship between target language and target language identity has been amply studied in the field of language and identity, the relationship between foreign language learning and original national and regional identities has yet to be explored in the nation-of-origin context. This study used a quantitative survey applied to 400 people with different levels of EFL instruction in Ibague, Colombia, to seek to determine the nature of the relationship between EFL and variations in the worth and perception of regional and national identity over a period of exposure to EFL. The findings were that, in contrast to popular beliefs, EFL instruction over time not only increased the perceived worth of Colombian national identity significantly while slightly increasing the positive perception of regional (Tolimense) identity over the course of three years but also that national language identity, i.e., being a Hispanophone, increased as well. Additionally, in contrast to study abroad research conducted on language learning and identity, this study found that country-of-origin foreign language instruction does not entail the increased ethnocentricity found in study-abroad situations.

Bilingual children’s literature as a tool reflecting non-reconciled and reconciled identities in the Ethiopian community in Israel

This study investigates the manner in which new and veteran Ethiopian immigrant students in Israel perceive their identity by investigating their attitudes towards children’s books written in both Hebrew and Amharic. Two major types of identity were revealed: (1) a non-reconciled identity that seeks to minimise the visibility of one’s ethnic group. (2) A reconciled identity that incorporates the original ethnic identity and tries to reconcile it with the majority culture by experiencing both the Israeli and the Ethiopian identities.

Vingt-quatre heures en tesselles mosaïcales by Hédi Bouraoui

Reviewed by: Vingt-quatre heures en tesselles mosaïcales by Hédi Bouraoui Alain Ranwez Bouraoui, Hédi. Vingt-quatre heures en tesselles mosaïcales. CMC, 2017. ISBN 978-2-924319-39-0. Pp. 277. An important "avant-propos" is offered by the author, which gives the reader an engaging head start to these twenty-four innovative and intriguing short stories. The "tesselles mosaïcales" refer to Canada's immigration policy, which proposes assimilation while retaining a distinct original cultural identity, albeit still contributing to the newly adopted country. This policy is in sharp contrast to that of the United States, which prefers the melting pot, thereby annihilating the original cultural identity. Hédi Bouraoui, a native of Tunisia and professor emeritus at the University of Toronto, is the author of novels, poems, and literary criticism. His latest literary ambition is a collection of divergent and lyrical short stories full of cultural surprises which allows the reader to come to terms not only with an original sense of reality but with cultural diversity as well. As in the style of short stories, Bouraoui presents us with small casts of self-contained characters, at times with an added original touch or an existentialist situation evoking an epiphanic final moment. But this work seems to be Bouraoui's literary effort not only to continue but to also revitalize the art of recounting the socalled novella/novelette/short story as a literary experiment, as he had previously performed for poetry in his La réfugiée. In this recent prose opus, however, Bouraoui seeks to revitalize the short story"pour y insérer une dose de poésie à relever le piquant de l'intrigue restée figée dans le genre traditionnel! Autrement dit, la préparation cousue de fil blanc à gratifier le lecteur/la lectrice d'une solution finale bouclant l'histoire et ses adversités/conflits" (11). Bouraoui also amuses and teases the reader with his mots-concepts or neologisms which he incorporates in italics in many of his stories. These created italicized words seek to make the reader either pause, decode, or meditate as to whether these words evoke humor such as in "se tentaculant en pieuvre croupionne" (159) or sarcasm as in "L'amour-propre de l'employé glissa une dernière fois sur la chauv-inité traitre du crâne salkinien" (162). The twenty-four short stories are cleverly brought together and offer the reader a wondrous world where at times cultures collide, incomprehension of values are revealed for their hypocrisy, insidious [End Page 256] unwillingness to accept new concepts is divulged, and stories often evolve in an ironic ending. This reviewer wholeheartedly enjoyed the multicultural depiction of the racist attitudes portrayed in Bouraoui's entry entitled "Brouille au coude du festin mosaïcal" and the unveiling of hypocrisy in another called"Noirébo."The other stories also offer a delightful and enriching reading. Alain Ranwez Metropolitan State University of Denver, emeritus Copyright © 2018 American Association of Teachers of French

Observaciones en torno al proceso de gramaticalización de la forma judeoespañola cualmente.

Taking as a basis of study a wide corpus of texts in the Sephardic language - chronologically located between the 16 th and 20 th centuries, and that belong to different genres of its literature-, always considering the widely known weakness of the linguistic border zones separating grammatical categories, and the relevance of pragmatic aspects within this variety of evolutions, the grammaticalization process and the corresponding reanalysis of the form cualmente are studied here. Cualmente , from its original identity as an adverb, adopts two new functions: conjunctive, as introducer of subordinate sentences essentially declarative, and those of mere discursive marker or expletive particle in direct style.