Original Field Research Articles

К ВОПРОСУ О ВНЕДРЕНИИ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСТНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ И ЭТНОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ В ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНО-ВОСПИТАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПРОЦЕСС (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ РУССКИХ ГОРНОГО АЛТАЯ)

He study proposes an approach to introducing original field materials on oral history and ethnography of the Russian population into the educational process. The use of such materials is aimed at developing in the younger generation a national civic consciousness, regional and national identity, a culture of interethnic communication and a respectful attitude towards the culture of the peoples of Russia. The use of field materials is shown in the example of a high school (course “History of the Gorny Altai. Grade 8”) and is aimed at eliminating the imbalance in the coverage of regional ethnocultural topics. An option for implementing a system-activity approach using the author’s field materials is presented using the example of considering the topic “Free peasant and government colonization of the territory of the Gorny Altai.”

Мифологическая анатомия в контексте социального устройства кочевого социума (на примере тюркских и монгольских народов Внутренней Азии)

One of the reflections of the anthropomorphic model is the understanding of kinship in the context of the anatomical organs of the human body. The anthropomorphic model was of great importance in understanding the world order, the structure of society and its functioning in the culture of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples of Inner Asia. This paper aims to study the meaning and functions, mainly of the internal organs and biological fluids of the human body in the system of the social structure of a nomadic society and in the interaction of its members. The sources of the research were historical and ethnographic data published in the works of ethnographers, historians, linguists, as well as folklore and original field research materials. The social structure of the nomadic society was represented, first of all, through the “bone” version of the anthropomorphic model. Also, of importance in understanding the social structure of a nomadic community are blood, breast milk, liver. In the traditional worldview of the Turkic and Mongolic peoples, the liver was given the status of the main internal organ of the human body. Its size and color led the nomads to believe that the liver was a hematopoietic organ. In this regard, the liver was seen as the receptacle of the vital substance (kut) or soul. The liver was associated with manifestations of mental states (anger, grief, joy) and moral qualities (kindness and anger). Symbolic images of the liver and blood perform important functions of a marker of a related group on the maternal side, including mythical relatives in the form of animals. In the situation of ritual meals, which are part of the wedding ritual, the liver acted as a symbol of the twinning of the spouses. It should also be noted that the animal skeleton model was taken as a basis in the organization of the social hierarchy of the nomad society. In legends about the origins of individual communities (clans, tribes), the carcass of a sacrificial animal is often mentioned. This research made it possible to establish the functions and significance of symbolic images of the skeleton, internal organs and biological fluids of the human body as markers that determine the place of members of society in the structure of the social hierarchy. In addition, these images are an important tool in the social communication of nomads.

The 'new' Customary Land Tenure in Zambia: Implications for Women's Land Rights and Livelihoods

ABSTRACT: This paper argues that the formalisation of customary land through a rural certification programme in Nyimba District, Zambia, has triggered the establishment of a new tenure regime that transcends the dualism between western legal forms of private property and idealised customary systems. Within this agrarian transition, the number of social conflicts over land boundaries have fallen, at least in the short term; women's perceptions of tenure security have improved, and women's participation in land administration at the local level has increased. In addition, a significant number of married women have registered residential land and farmland in their own names. However, the transition has also produced a number of negative impacts. Multiple land claims by women have been dismissed and men have continued to dominate power relations in the district. Certification has not necessarily led to greater access to credit, improved agricultural productivity, or a rise in investment. Informal land markets have become more expensive with certification producing a veneer of legitimacy for buying and selling customary land even though such transactions remain, strictly speaking, illegal. On the other hand, agrarian support has been skewed to the benefit of wealthier, better-connected, and dominant women with land-holding certificates and to the detriment of less-powerful women. Accordingly, many of the envisaged benefits of formalisation through an evolutionary approach to land tenure rights have not been realised. The argument developed in this paper is based on original field data obtained through quantitative household surveys, indepth interviews and focus group discussions.

SOSYAL KUŞAKLAR: KUŞAKLAR SOSYOLOJİSİNDE METODOLOJİK BİR AÇILIM

Kuşaklar sosyolojisi, sosyolojinin görece yeni çalışma alanlarından biri olup, gelişmekte olan bir literatüre sahiptir. Uzunca bir süre farklı disiplinlerin gölgesinde kalmış olan kuşak sorunu, tarih felsefesi, zaman sosyolojisi ve toplumsal değişme gibi makro bağlamlar içinde incelenmiştir. Kuşak sorununa dair en kapsamlı teorik katkı, Alman sosyolog Karl Mannheim tarafından bilgi sosyolojisinin özgün bir inceleme alanı olarak ortaya koyulmuştur. Kuşakları tarihsel süreçte içsel olarak deneyimlenen kolektif bilincin oluşturduğu toplumsal konumlar olarak nitelendiren Mannheim, teorisini yine tarihsel kanıtlarla ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. Ancak kuşak sorununun ampirik olarak incelenmesi, Mannheim’den sonra kuşaklar sosyolojisine katkı veren diğer yazarların çalışmaları çerçevesinde mümkün olmuştur. Bu yazarlar arasında Jane Pilcher’in çalışması, Mannheim’in tarihsel kuşak okumasına metodolojik tadilatlar gerçekleştirmiştir. Pilcher, Mannheim’in teorisinden hareketle, kuşakları ampirik olarak incelemenin imkanlarını tartışmış, bu bakımdan kuşaklar sosyolojisini ayakları yere basan bir çalışma alanı haline getirmeye yönelik önemli açılımlar getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada Mannheim’in kuşaklar sosyolojisi, Pilcher’in getirdiği yenilikler çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. Bu hedefle öncelikle Mannheim’in teorisinin ana hatları ortaya koyulacak, ardından Mannheim’den sonra kuşaklar sosyolojisine katkı sunan yazarların çalışmalarına değinilecektir. Son olarak Pilcher’in kuşaklar sosyolojisine katkıları, metodolojik sosyal kuşak kavramı çerçevesinde tartışılacaktır.

Development of models of the electromagnetic environment in buildings and urbanized areas

A set of measures and means to control the electromagnetic situation of the environment in the territories of urban development, in buildings and individual premises has been substantiated and developed. The simulation tools show the ability to rationalize the parameters of overhead lines with voltages of 220 kV and below, which will reduce the electromagnetic load in the territories. Modeling the propagation of fields from underground high-voltage lines has established that the values of magnetic fields compared to overhead lines are lower up to 30 times. Models of propagation of electromagnetic fields of very high and ultrahigh frequency were built. Sources of electromagnetic fields of non-production origin in industrial buildings have been investigated. Uncompensated currents in power networks with nonlinear electric consumers generate magnetic fields by induction of 0.35−1.20 μT, which exceeds the maximum permissible levels of operation of computer equipment. Leakage currents on grounded metal structures generate magnetic fields with 1.52−6.75 μT. Simulation of the propagation of electric and magnetic fields of components of personal computers of controlled ranges according to the MPRII standard was carried out. Models of propagation of the magnetic field of industrial frequency around electric motors and generators with their cross sections were built. On the basis of such models, design schemes for placing equipment in production areas are selected or places of safe stay and movement of personnel are selected. The expediency of using shielding to reduce field levels to safe values due to coating surfaces with liquid protective mixtures was shown. Metal-containing composition based on water-dispersion paint makes it possible to reduce the level of magnetic field of industrial frequency by 2.5−2.6 times, electric field by 1.6−1.7 times, electromagnetic field of industrial frequency – by 1.2−1.3 times.

Two-field formulation of the inertial forces of a geometrically-exact beam element

An independent velocity field is introduced via Legendre transformation of the kinetic energy of a geometrically-exact beam, leading to a first-order system of twice as many governing equations as a one-field formulation. Nevertheless, the new field does not have to be assembled across elements and can be eliminated at the element level, so that the assembled system has the same size as a one-field formulation. Furthermore, because the new field does not have to satisfy the compatibility equations that the original velocity field is subjected to, its finite-element discretization is simpler and leads to simplified inertial forces.

The first record of the genus Eskemukerjea (Polygonaceae) from China

Eskemukerjea is a monotypic genus containing the endemic nepali E. megacarpum. Based on examination of herbarium specimens (including types), consultation of protologues and other relevant literature, as well as investigation of the newly discovered populations in Chinese Tibet, we here record E. megacarpum for the first time out of Nepal. An updated morphological description, original field photographs, and a distribution map are provided.

Analysis of the Flow Field at the Tip of an Axial Flow Compressor during Rotating Stall Process Based on the POD Method

Rotating stalls are one of the most dangerous phenomena to be avoided in the designing and operating of axial flow compressors. An understanding of the evolution of the flow characteristics around the rotor tip region is important to study the process of stall development. In this paper, some critical characteristics of the stall-related structures, which could not be observed by the traditional analysis methods, are understood by using the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method. The detailed unsteady flow fields in a typical transonic axial flow compressor during the stall process are obtained by the validated numerical simulation. Thereafter, the proper orthogonal decomposition method, as a method for model reduction and decomposition, is adopted to extract the flow characteristics from the numerical results of the stall process. It is found that the flow characteristics during the stall process can be well decomposed by the POD method. The pre-stall POD results show that the important flow features can be extracted and revealed in the low-order modes, which are not obvious in the original flow field. When the stall cells are formed and developed, the flow characteristics are gradually determined by the modes, which are related to the features of the stall cells. When the compressor is operated under stable stall conditions, the low-order POD modes are composed of a series of harmonic modes, which are sinusoid-like in space and time with the frequency of the stall cell rotation.

COLREGS-based collision avoidance algorithm for unmanned surface vehicles using modified artificial potential fields

In this paper, to improve the safety of navigation in dynamic environments, a new collision avoidance method is presented for Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs). It is mainly focused on dynamic obstacles and safety requirements. Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) is introduced and the original artificial potential field (APF) algorithm is modified to ensure safe collision avoidance of USVs. The new attractive and repulsive potential field functions are designed and a new process of dynamic collision avoidance is constructed to solve the issue. At last, theoretical simulations and field tests are launched to validate our method. The simulation results show that the proposed method can perform safe navigation well. Through our USV platform, the effectiveness of the improved APF method for collision avoidance is also verified. Meanwhile, it is fast, effective, and deterministic.

Abutment Pressure Distribution Law and Support Analysis of Super Large Mining Height Face.

Under the condition of the shallow coal seam, the laws of roof activity after large mining height longwall face mining and prevention measures for large-area roof weighting are problems that need to be solved urgently. In the background of the super large mining height working face in the upper 108 working face of Jinjitan Coal Mine 12-2, the spatial distribution characteristics of the development and change of the mining-induced abutment pressure and the related support design in the 8.2 m super large mining height and fully mechanized mining face were conducted. It reveals the distribution characteristics of the dynamic stress field and internal and external stress fields. The influence range of the abutment pressure of the super high mining height working face was measured on site. The numerical simulation is carried out, the roadway support structure is analyzed, and the improvement measures are proposed. The research results demonstrate that: The influence range of abutment pressure is 234 m, the obvious influence range of the leading pressure is 47-60 m, and the peak position of the influence of the leading pressure is 15-20 m. The 5 m range is the lateral inward stress field of the coal pillar, the 10-15 m range is the outward stress field of the coal pillar, and the 20 m range is the original rock stress field of the coal pillar. Therefore, it is proposed that the reasonable size of the coal pillar for roadway protection is 20-22 m. Adjusting the distance between screw steel and FRP bolts from 1000 mm to 1200 mm, the length of the roof prestressed anchor cable should be appropriately reduced to 5.5-6 m according to the lithology of the roof.

A multi-channel input convolutional neural network for artifact reduction in quantitative susceptibility mapping

To develop a deep learning-based QSM reconstruction method for reducing artifacts to improve the accuracy of magnetic susceptibility results. To eliminate artifacts caused by susceptibility interfaces with gigantic differences, we propose a multi-channel input convolutional neural network for artifact reduction (MAR-CNN) for solving the dipole inversion problem in QSM. In this neural network, the original tissue field was first separated into two components, which were subsequently imported as additional channels into a multi-channel 3D U-Net. MAR-CNN was compared with 3 conventional model-based methods, namely truncated k-space deconvolution (TKD), morphology enabled dipole inversion (MEDI), and improved sparse linear equation and least squares method (iLSQR), and with a deep learning method (QSMnet). High-frequency error norm, peak signal-to-noise ratio, normalized root mean squared error, and structure similarity index were reported for quantitative comparisons. Experiments on healthy volunteers demonstrated that the results obtained using MAR-CNN had superior peak signal-to-noise ratio (43.12±1.19) and normalized root mean squared error (51.98± 3.65) to those of TKD, MEDI, iLSQR and QSMnet. MAR-CNN outperformed QSMnet reconstruction on all the 4 quantitative metrics with significant differences (P < 0.05). Experiment on data of simulated hemorrhagic lesion demonstrated that MAR-CNN produced less shadow artifacts around the bleeding lesion than the other 4 methods. The proposed MAR-CNN for artifact reduction is capable of improving the accuracy of deep learning- based QSM reconstruction to effectively reduce artifacts.

Evaluating the effect of refined flow channels in a developed biomimetic flow field on PEMFC performance

In this study, an improved biomimetic flow field was proposed, and the effects of the number of refined flow channels on the pressure drop, species distribution and performance of the PEMFC were analyzed by numerical simulation. Subsequently, these developed biomimetic flow fields (BIFFs) were compared to the conventional parallel flow field (CPFF) and conventional serpentine flow field (CSFF). The results show that compared with CPFF, the BIFF with ten refined channels (BI-10) offered the benefits of a low-pressure drop, uniform reactant distribution, and higher output power. In addition, BI-10 showed superior heat dissipation compared with CSFF. As the number of refined flow channels increased, the oxygen distribution of the BI-10 became more uniform, and the fuel cell performance also improved. The peak power density of BI-10 was approximately 29.05% higher than that of CPFF and 17.80% higher than that of the original biomimetic flow field (BI-6). In addition, the net power density of BI-10 was similar to that of CSFF; however, BI-10 had a more suitable temperature distribution. Therefore, by increasing the number of refined flow channels, the distribution of reactants was more uniform, the pressure drop was smaller, and the hydrothermal management ability was better.

An Effective Field Theory for large oscillons

We consider oscillons — localized, quasiperiodic, and extremely long-living classical solutions in models with real scalar fields. We develop their effective description in the limit of large size at finite field strength. Namely, we note that nonlinear long-range field configurations can be described by an effective complex field ψ(t,x) which is related to the original fields by a canonical transformation. The action for ψ has the form of a systematic gradient expansion. At every order of the expansion, such an effective theory has a global U(1) symmetry and hence a family of stationary nontopological solitons — oscillons. The decay of the latter objects is a nonperturbative process from the viewpoint of the effective theory. Our approach gives an intuitive understanding of oscillons in full nonlinearity and explains their longevity. Importantly, it also provides reliable selection criteria for models with long-lived oscillons. This technique is more precise in the nonrelativistic limit, in the notable cases of nonlinear, extremely long-lived, and large objects, and also in lower spatial dimensions. We test the effective theory by performing explicit numerical simulations of a (d + 1)-dimensional scalar field with a plateau potential.

Earth's Paleomagnetic Field and its Changes Through Time

Paleomagnetic data is the only way to access the behavior of the geomagnetic field of internal origin through geological time. Therefore, the complete description of the paleosecular variation (PSV) is fundamental for unraveling the evolution of the Earth's core. Modeling of PSV relies on observing the fluctuations in the direction and intensity of the field on the surface, the evaluation of the paleomagnetic data dispersion in different times and situations of low and high reversal rates, the kinematics of the virtual poles during reversals, and other aspects. Magneto-cyclostratigraphy is a powerful tool to constrain the age of sedimentary formations, and the recognition of patterns of magnetic variation represents a breakthrough in the development of cyclostratigraphy. This paper reviews some of the contributions to the subject of the Laboratory of Paleomagnetism at Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas the University of São Paulo.

Innovative Research on Market Analysis of New Energy Cars Based on Online Reviews

With twitch the intensification of competition in the new energy car market, it is particularly important for car enterprises to prepare to grasp the market competition situation and changes. In this paper, by extracting the model comparison information of consumers in online reviews, the competition situation among models is shown through the directed attribute relationship diagram, which is used to point out the shortcomings of the existing research methods of new energy car market competition situation, and propose a new market analysis idea. The results show that when consumers compare models, they break the original market segmentation, cross level and cross field comparison, and there are significant differences in the range of competitive products at different time points, which will help improve the existing market competition situation research methods in the process of serving automobile enterprises in the future.

Recent developments in acoustic emission for better performance of structural materials

Acoustic emission (AE) is casually used for characterization of materials and structures. The damage mechanisms emit elastic signals with distinguishable characteristics allowing their identification as has been verified in all types of cementitious media, masonry, and polymer composites. Furthermore, the sensitivity of AE allows conclusions earlier than the moment of damage manifestation, providing therefore, early data in a structural health monitoring approach. Recently, AE was shown sensitive to the original strain field, allowing projections to the final damage. Results indicate monotonic relations between AE parameters and strain field even at small fractions of the ultimate load. This contributes to the real-time assessment of the material condition, before the load-bearing capacity is compromised, while being also promising for in-situ application. This study highlights the new trends showing the potential of using AE complemented with other techniques to adequately monitor and predict the behavior of structural materials.

Convergence analysis of machine learning algorithms for the numerical solution of mean field control and games: II—the finite horizon case

We propose two numerical methods for the optimal control of McKean–Vlasov dynamics in finite time horizon. Both methods are based on the introduction of a suitable loss function defined over the parameters of a neural network. This allows the use of machine learning tools, and efficient implementations of stochastic gradient descent in order to perform the optimization. In the first method, the loss function stems directly from the optimal control problem. The second method tackles a generic forward-backward stochastic differential equation system (FBSDE) of McKean–Vlasov type, and relies on suitable reformulation as a mean field control problem. To provide a guarantee on how our numerical schemes approximate the solution of the original mean field control problem, we introduce a new optimization problem, directly amenable to numerical computation, and for which we rigorously provide an error rate. Several numerical examples are provided. Both methods can easily be applied to certain problems with common noise, which is not the case with the existing technology. Furthermore, although the first approach is designed for mean field control problems, the second is more general and can also be applied to the FBSDEs arising in the theory of mean field games.

Long-term change of the eruption activities of Sakurajima volcano, Japan, inferred from the fallout tephra deposits

Stratigraphic analysis of fallout tephra deposits in and around a volcano provides a framework for understanding the long-term temporal change in the volcano’s activities. Here, we reconstruct the evolution of the volcanic activities of Sakurajima volcano based on reconstructed tephra stratigraphy by original field surveys, compilations of geological and archeological data, and new 14C dating. We define three eruption stages of Stage 1 (30–24 ka), Stage 2 (12.8–4.8 ka), and Stage 3 (4.5 ka–present), based on a major hiatus and shifting of the volcanic centers. Stages 2 and 3 are further subdivided according to the predominant mode of volcanic activity. Revised distribution of tephra deposits indicates that a total of 14.5 km3 (5.8 km3 dense rock equivalent) of fallout tephra has erupted from Sakurajima. Among them, Stage 2a (13–8 ka) produced the largest volume of tephra fallout deposits, suggesting that Sakurajima peaked in magma discharge during Stage 2a (2.9 km3/kyr) and then decreased rapidly toward Stage 2b (8–4.8 ka; 0.07 km3/kyr). The eruption of large-volume tephra deposits in Stage 2a, followed by the development of a thick volcanic ash layer in Stage 2b, indicates the eruption style shifted from explosive pumice eruptions in Stage 2a to ash-producing Vulcanian activity in Stage 2b, with decreasing magma discharge rate. Thick volcanic ash deposits covered by several fallout tephra deposits during Stage 3 also reflect a shift in activity from repeated Vulcanian explosions with lava effusions in Stage 3a (4.5–1.6 ka) to predominantly pumice eruptions during the historical period (Stage 3b) with an increasing magma discharge rate. The case study of Sakurajima presented here demonstrates that the combined analysis of the distribution, stratigraphy, and age of pumice fall layers with the lava and pyroclastic cone deposits on the volcanic edifice is a powerful tool for deciphering the growth history of complex stratovolcanoes.

Machine learning opportunities to conduct high-fidelity earthquake simulations in multi-scale heterogeneous geology

The 2019 Le Teil earthquake is an illustrative example of a moderate (MW4.9) yet damaging event, occurring at shallow depth (≈1 km) in a region with little to no geophysical data available. Therefore, using a high-fidelity wave propagation code, we performed numerical simulations of the Le Teil earthquake in a highly uncertain framework, investigating several seismic sources and geological set-ups. With respect to the former aspect, a point-source model and an extended kinematic fault model were compared. The latter aspect was investigated by comparing a 1D-layered to a 3D geological model. Those models were enhanced with random fluctuations, in order to obtain three alternative non-stationary random geological fields. The synthetic waveforms obtained from regional geophysical models were globally coherent with the recorded ones. The extended fault source model seemed more realistic than the point-source model. In addition, some geological random fields improved the synthetics’ agreement with the recordings. However, the three random field samplings led to a high variability in induced ground motion responses. Given the computational burden of high-fidelity simulations, we used two dimensionality reduction methods, namely the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a deep neural network (3D UNet), to investigate this variability. The methods were applied to a database of 40,000 3D geological random fields. Both the PCA and the 3D UNet condensed the variability of the 3D geological fields into a few components. These were sufficient to reconstruct the original fields with great accuracy. More importantly, the seismic response arising from the propagation throughout the reconstructed fields was in excellent agreement with the response of the original geological fields in more than 75% of the dataset. By building a structured ensemble of complex geological fields from their reduced representation, it may become possible to find a relationship between the reduced representation and the generated ground motion. Thus, our study proves the interest of dimensionality reduction to perform uncertainty analyses in complex geological media.

The effects of FDI on innovative entrepreneurship: A regional-level study

A growing number of studies report findings on FDI's impacts on entrepreneurship activities in the host country, but less attention is given to the question of how FDI spills over to different types of entrepreneurship. This study empirically tests how FDI innovation activities influence innovative entrepreneurship entry and growth. Fixed-effect panel data analysis was applied to examine original field data from multiple official databases in China in 31 provinces from 1998 to 2007. The study shows that FDI innovation activities increase innovative entrepreneurship entry. The relationship is positively moderated by IPR protection. Moreover, FDI innovation activities also promote entrepreneurial growth. These findings contribute to a better understanding of dissimilar FDI spillovers to different entrepreneurship types. Such insights help expand the theoretical and practical research of FDI spillover on entrepreneurship from entrepreneurship as a whole to the attributes and processes of entrepreneurship.