Organo-mineral Fertilizer System Research Articles

Modelling of humus balance under different systems of basic tillage and soil fertilization in crop rotations

Over the course of 2007-2015, the department of the irrigated agriculture had been conducting research in the area of the Ingulets irrigation system on the experimental fields of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (NAAS), which were established in 1996, with the aim to develop and scientifically substantiate agroecological and technological methods for crop rotations on the irrigated lands of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine that will ensure soil fertility, increase crop productivity, economic and energetic efficiency. In 2007-2010, studies were conducted to substantiate the systems of basic tillage using different ploughing tools. The 4-field grain-row crop rotation 1 included winter wheat with post-harvest cultivation of millet, corn, soybeans and spring rape. Five studied systems of basic tillage differed in methods, techniques and the depth of soil loosening. In 2011-2015, grain-row crop rotation 2 entailed soybeans, instead of spring rape seed, and winter barley with post-harvest cultivation of millet, instead of winter wheat. Five studied systems of basic tillage differed in the depth of soil loosening and non-renewable energy costs for their implementation. Experiments were performed under conditions of two organo-mineral fertilizer systems using by-products of crop rotation, fertilizer application in doses of N75P60; N97, 5P60 and inoculation of soybeans with microbial compounds. Following crop rotations 1 and 2, a decrease in humus content within the 0-40 cm soil layer to the level of 1976, 110.2-114.4 t/ha, was observed. To prevent further decline in humus content, an optimization model was developed by capping specific weight of soybeans in short-term crop rotation 25%, stubble plowing the stem and leaf mass of crops as well as applying fertilizer quantities corresponding to the expected yields. With the help of mathematical modelling, it was determined that the retention of post-harvest plant remains in soil and the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers increased humus content in soil used for growing rape by 0.3%, winter wheat – by 0.7%, and corn – by 0.9%.

АГРОХИМИЧЕСКАЯ САНАЦИЯ ОПОДЗОЛЕННОГО ЧЕРНОЗЕМА В УСЛОВИЯХ ТЕХНОГЕНЕЗА

The paper presents the results of lysimetric experiment on podzolized Chernozem to study productivity during rehabilitation measures. It was experimentally established that the maximum productivity in the crop rotation link was achieved on the variant of the experiment using the organomineral fertilizer system: the increase in control was 110 %. Testing was carried out in LLC "Agrofirma MTS Niva-Ryazan" on an area of 30 hectares, the soilleached Chernozem, winter wheat crop variety "Zarya", the increase in yield was 31%.

Вплив різних систем удобрення на кількість і якісний склад гумусу дерново-підзолистого ґрунту

Goal. To establish regularities of changes of fractional group composition of humus of sod-podzolic soil under the influence of different fertilizer systems in the conditions of Western Polissia. Methods. Field, laboratory analytical, calculation. Results. On the background of liming in the organic fertilizer system, there is a positive trend to increase humic acids in the arable layer of the soil. The organo-mineral fertilizer system creates conditions for the accumulation of resistant to destruction compounds of soil organic matter. The type of humus changes from very fulvate to fulvate. The organo-mineral fertilizer system creates the most favorable conditions for the accumulation of humus in the arable soil layer (the humus content increased by 28.6% as compared to the control). The degree of mobility of the entire system of humic substances changes in the direction of increasing the organo-mineral fertilizer system and decreasing the mineral and organic fertilizer systems as compared to the control and the background of liming. Conclusions. During long-term agricultural use of sod-podzolic soil at grain-plowing crop rotation under the organo-mineral fertilizer system against the background of liming, the humus content in the arable layer increased to 1.53%, the degree of humification of organic matter changed from very high to high. With the introduction of fresh organic matter in the form of manure under organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems. The content of mobile humic substances increased and the formation of humic acids intensified. The application of only mineral fertilizers increased the content of fulvic acids in soil organic matter.

Carbon dioxide emission and humus status of Albic Stagnic Luvisol under different fertilization regimes

The increase in the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere, which enhances the greenhouse effect and leads to climate change, is the fundamental scientific problem of nowadays. Modern approaches to fertility management technologies of acid soils based on the principles of resource conservation and environmental safety are presented. They are based on the results of the study of carbon dioxide emission intensity, humus status, and crop rotation productivity in a classic long-term agricultural experiment under the influence of long-term use of various fertilizer systems with the application of ameliorant doses calculated by pH buffering capacity and hydrolytic acidity. The organo-mineral fertilizer system with the addition of 10 t of manure per ha of crop rotation area + N65P68K68, liming with a CaCO3 dose calculated according to pH buffering capacity (2.5 t/ha) contributes most to the optimization of soil processes. At the same time, it ensures the rational use of fertilizers and ameliorants, preservation of fertility, optimizes the processes of humus formation and carbon dioxide release. A high level of productivity of Albic Stagnic Luvisols forms under these conditions – 7.38 t/ha of grain units. Application of 1.0 and 1.5 lime norms calculated according to soil hydrolytic acidity with organic-mineral and mineral fertilizer systems on Albic Stagnic Luvisols in a short four-field crop rotation is not only a high-cost measure. However, it causes significant carbon loss in the form of CO2 due to additional mineralization. It is accompanied by calcium leaching and creates environmental problems in the conditions of the periodic washing-off water regime. Therefore, liming by CaCO3 dose calculated according to acid-base buffering capacity should be carried out before each of the following rotations in order to harmonize the environmental and productive functions of Albic Stagnic Luvisols in the short crop rotation. The obtained research results will be used to improve the methodology for determining carbon dioxide emissions and predicting the effect of various fertilizer and liming systems on its balance in the soil.

Вплив екологізованих систем удобрення на формування продуктивності та якості зерна пшениці озимої

Goal. To study the formation of productivity and grain quality of winter wheat in environmental fertilizer systems. Methods. Field, laboratory, and statistical research. Results. The data are given of research in the influence of environmental fertilizer systems on the productivity of winter wheat. Use of environmental fertilizer systems allowed to increase the number of productive stems to 379–462 picks/m2, the productivity of the ear — to 1,26–1,48 g, the mass of 1000 seeds — to 33.5–41 g, and to get the yield of winter wheat at the level of 4,46–5.92 t/ha. The highest content of macronutrients (N, P, K) in the grain of winter wheat was fixed for fertilizer systems based on N60P90K90. The level of potassium and magnesium in the grain was higher than at use in the compositions of fertilizer of straw of peas + N30P45K45. Efficiency and perspectivity were revealed of the use of alternative fertilizers based on by-products with the addition of mineral fertilizers N30P45K45 + organic component (humus or microbiological fertilizer) and treatment of plants with a biostimulator. Due to that grain was yielded with optimal gluten content — 25.6–27.6%, protein — 11–11.9%, a slight amount of nitrates — 55.8–56 mg/kg, and the maximum allowable concentration of micro-elements. Conclusions. It was found that the use of the straw of peas as a by-product at entering N30P45K45 with humus or microbial fertilizer and plant treatment with biostimulant increased winter wheat yield by 52.3–59.4%, compared to the variants without fertilization. At the use of mineral (N60P90K90) and organo-mineral fertilizer systems, such an increase made 77.7–87.8%, which slightly increased the nitrate content in the grain. Application of natural fertilizer systems revealed a complex positive impact on the field od safe production of winter wheat according to ecological quality indicators.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРИЕМОВ БИОЛОГИЗАЦИИ В ЗВЕНЬЯХ СЕВООБОРОТОВ С ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЕЙ В ЛЕСОСТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЕ ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The performance of the set tasks for the production of the necessary volumes of grain is possible only on the basis of a scientific-based approach to the development of agricultural technologies on a systematic basis. Research aim: to evaluate the effectiveness of methods of biologization of crop rotation links with winter wheat at the expense of grain legumes and organomineral fertilizer systems in conditions of forest-steppe zone of the Volga region. The research was carried out in years long stationary field trial of the department of agriculture, crop production and breeding of FSBEI HE Ulyanovsk SAU in 4-6-month field crop rotations. The objects of study were of crop rotation links with winter wheat: 1) complete fallow-winter wheat; 2) peas - winter wheat; 3) Lupin - winter wheat; 4) Lupin + peas - winter wheat. In the structure of land use, there is still a high share of complete fallow, which has negative environmental consequences. The main reason for the introduction of complete fallows is the preservation of moisture for seeding winter crops. However, our research shows that when replacing complete fallows to grain legumes (peas, white lupine), 23.0-25.0 mm of productive moisture accumulates in the soil before seeding winter wheat, which, if agrotechnical requirements are met, allows you to get seedlings and sufficient development of winter wheat in the autumn period. Despite the higher yield of winter wheat by complete fallow, the productivity of links with legumes was higher. The inclusion of grain legumes in crop rotations as steam-generating crops can be used to eliminate the negative effects of complete fallow. The results obtained allow us to recommend combined tillage that includes soil loosening for grain legumes and surface tillage for winter wheat, as well as to use the organomineral fertilizer system straw + NPK, while the doses of mineral fertilizers are calculated on the planned yield of grain legumes of 2.5-3.0 t/ha and winter wheat - 4.5 t/ha.

Баланс фосфору за різних систем удобрення в агроценозі Центрального Лісостепу

Goal. To give a comparative assessment of the balance of phosphorus, and to determine a connection with the productivity of cereals in the short crop rotation for long-term application of organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. By-products of crops were used as organic fertilizer at saturation of the crop rotation with the legume. Methods. Studies were carried out in the stationary field experiment in the Cherkasy state agricultural experimental station of NSC «Institute of agriculture of NAAS» in 2011–2019 on the area of 0.75 ha in 5 fields with the seed size of the plot 30 m2, and 4-times repeatability. They used field, laboratory, comparative-calculation, and mathematical methods. Results. At the use of organic fertilizer system, a strong correlation was revealed between the output of f.u. and the main products and the rate of turnover and balance capacity of P2O5: in the first case, the opposite (R=0.65–0.69±0.02; R2=0.42–0.48), in the second — direct (R=0.67–0.85±0.02; R2=0.45–0.72). Compared to the organo-mineral fertilizer system correlation weakened somewhat. Per unit of output of f.u. and the primary product increase of the capacity of the P2O5 balance was in 1.78 and 2.11 times smaller. Between the P2O5 balance capacity and balance capacity of N and CO2 was a direct correlation on the average level: R=0.53±0.02; R2=0.23 for N, and R=0,90±0,03; R2=0,86 — for CO2. Per unit of the capacity growth of balance of phosphorus, they fixed 7.62 kg N and 0.79 tons of CO2, which was significantly higher as compared to the organo-mineral fertilizer system. Conclusions. Assessment of dynamics of yield of grain crops in 2011–2019 had shown the following: in organic fertilizer system the increasing trends were detected in winter wheat and barley; in organo-mineral fertilizer system regression coefficients for the variable degree functions at the cultivation of barley were higher in 1.5–1.8 times, winter wheat — were approaching each other. Grain yields at the use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems of cultivation were decreasing, at the use of organic fertilizer system, the drop in trend was in 1.9 times less.

Humus content for different use of sod-podzolic sandy soil and the amount of CO2 emissions lost

The results of studies of changes of humus content under different soil tillage systems and fertilization of sod-podzolic sandy loam during 4 rotations of grain-sowing crop rotation are presented in the paper and the amounts of CO 2 emission losses are established. Fertilizer systems have been found to have a greater impact on humus content than soil tillage systems. During the 36-year study period, humus loss on a background without fertilizer for plowing a year was 0.13 t / ha, while for fieldless cultivation - 0.11 t / ha. At application of 1 ha of crop rotation area 7.8 t of manure and N 57 P 63 K 70 kg of mineral fertilizers and systematic tillage with rotation of the slice accumulates 0.11 t / ha of humus annually, while for fieldless cultivation - 0.31 t /Ha. It is established that in Polissya zone in sod-podzolic sandy loam soil in rotation with one field of perennial legumes without fertilizer maintenance of deficient humus balance only by reducing the load during the main cultivation is impossible. It was found that during the systematic rotation of fertilizer application during the four rotations of the organo-mineral fertilizer system, grain yields increased on average from 36 to 62%, triticale in the spring by 2.5 times. Against the background of the fertilization system with the elements of biologicalisation (3.9 tonnes of manure + N8 + 1.2 tonnes of straw + 3.3 tonnes of siderata per 1 ha of crop rotation area), on the contrary, crop rotation yields declined mainly by 8-46%. Thus, higher yields from the organo-mineral fertilizer system, as compared to the control, led to more organic feedstock entering the soil for organic matter accumulation and carbon sequestration, which resulted in better humus formation and sequestration of organic carbon. At an average CO 2 emission intensity of 6.3 kg / ha / h. from the soil, during the day the amount of emissions is about 167 kg per 1 ha, and for the whole growing season about 20.1 t / ha of carbon dioxide. Thus, on turf-podzolic sandy loam soils during crop growing, unproductive CO 2 losses range from 2.1 to 4.2 kg / ha / h. Further studies on establishing the role of soil cultivation methods with modern tools in shaping the fertility of Polissya light soils and minimizing the unproductive emission losses of organic matter are promising.

Effect of fertilizers on the accumulation of nutrients by the green mass of the oatmeal mixture in the Vologda Oblast

In the Vologda region over 2016–2018 on average on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil the studies revealed that the calculated doses of fertilizers increase the yield of green mass of the oatmeal mixture by 38–48%, the accumulation of crude protein increases by 315–369 kg/ha, the metabolic energy increases by 26.3–31.8 GJ/ha compared to the reference. In terms of reimbursement, there is an advantage of the organomineral fertilizer system of annual crops over the equivalent mineral fertilizer system by 4.6 kg of green mass and by 12 MJ of metabolic energy per 1 kg of fertilizers.

Ефективність рідких комплексних добрив за різних систем удобрення картоплі в умовах Полісся України

Results of researches on efficiency of use of liquid organomineral fertilizers at the background of different fertilizer systems are provided. Researches were done on light gray forest soil in a 5-field short- crop rotation. Results of three-year stationary researches of medicines Mochevin K No. 1, Mochevin K No. 2, Organik D2M and the Humate of potassium influence on productivity and quality indicators of a potato harvest are analyzed. Thus, the highest productivity on options without introduction of liquid complex fertilizers was received in agro technologies which were based on an organomineral system, – 31.9 t/hectare. At the same time, the gain of relatively biological control made 7.8 t/hectare or 32.2 %. Processing by liquid complex medicines increased efficiency of technology of cultivation, having provided additional increase in productivity by 3.5–8.0 t/hectare or 11.0–27.3 %. Thus, Mochevin K No. 1 was the least effective – the gain depending on a fertilizer system made 3.5–5.1 t/hectare or 11.0–17.5 %. The humate of potassium promoted yield increase on 5.0–6.8 t/hectare or 15.8–23.1 %, Organik D2M – on 5.4–8.0 t/hectare or 17.5–27.3 %, and Mochevin K No. 2 – on 6.3–8.0 t/hectare or 20.2–27.3 %. In general, the organomineral system with use of complex liquid fertilizers of Mochevin K№2 and Organik D2M provided the largest productivity of culture in experience (38.0–38.5 t/hectare) and also increasing in plasticity of a grade, reduced variation of productivity after years. It is established that a determinant factor rendered use of liquid organomineral fertilizers on improvement of quality indicators of a potatoharvest (content of ascorbic acid and starch). This way, processing of potato landings the medicines Organik D2M and the Humate of potassium at the background of an organomineral fertilizer system provided the high content of ascorbic acid in tubers. Organik D2M promoted obtaining the largest content of starch after all fertilizer systems – 15.0–15.2 %. Further researches will be directed to studying of efficiency of complex liquid use of fertilizers in the system of organic production at the increased income levels to the soil of alternative and traditional types of organic fertilizers (straw, green manure crops, manure, vermikompost).

Adaptive technologies for intensification of winter wheat grain production in biologized crop rotation

The studies were conducted at the experimental base of the Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture in 1996–2014 to adapt fertilizer systems and basic tillage to achieve yields of 3–5 t/ha. The article cited data on winter wheat – the second crop of the third rotation of the eight-field grain-grass-crop rotation for 2013–2014. We studied the effect of organomineral, organic, mineral fertilizer systems on the winter wheat yield using a differentiated approach to their use in combination with different primary tillage systems (dump plowing to the depth of the arable layer, multi-depth loosening and loosening to a depth of 15–16). The organomineral fertilizer system differed with the saturation with organic fertilizers of 7 t/ha of arable land per year + N36P32K60 according to the balance sheet for receiving 4 t/ha of grain with spring fertilizing using ammonium nitrate, where the yield was 4. 03 t/ha, and the saving on mineral fertilizers, depending on crop rotation and soil saturation with organic matter, was 25–35 %. The yield of winter wheat by the water-saving technology amounted to 4.03 t/ha with a planned level of 4.0 t/ha. At the same time, at the purchase price of 7 rubles/kg, the level of profitability rose to 195.85 %, the cost of 1 center of grain amounted to 236.6 rubles.

Productivity of sugar beet and barley in short crop rotations as affected by fertilization and tillage

Purpose. To find out the dependence of sugar beet and barley productivity in short crop rotations on organo-mineral fertilizer system and soil tillage with the use of manure and harvest residues (straw of cereals and sugar beet tops).Methods. Field, laboratory, and statistical.Results. The study was carried out in the area of insufficient soil moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the slightly saline chernozem in a long-term stationary experiment in the following short crop rotations: crop rotation system esparcet + Festuca pratensis and grain-hoed crop rotation in the link with bare fallow with the 25 % share of sugar beet. Fertilization for the experiment was organo-mineral, both in crop rotation and under sugar beet. Barley was grown after sugar beet against the background of the aftereffect of fertilizers applied to sugar beet. The ploughing of harvest residues of all the crops of the rotation into the soil against the background of mineral fertilization was not inferior to the use of manure and mineral fertilization system by the effect on the sugar beet and barley yields.Conclusions. Under the application of 25 t/ha of manure + N90P90K90, in the crop rotatory system, root yield and sugar yields were 37.6 and 6.56 t/ha, respectively. To compare, in grain-hoed crop rotation, these values were 38.3 and 6.62 t/ha, respectively. When ploughing the crop residues of all crops in the rotation into the soil + N90P90K90, root yield in both crop rotation systems was at the level of the treatment 25 t/ha of manure + N90P90K90. Sugar beet productivity under the combined tillage in the grain-hoed crop rotation and all fertilization systems was not inferior to ploughing. Under the application of 25 t/ha of manure + straw in both crop rotation systems, root yield was 36.4 and 34.2 t/ha, respectively, and sugar yield was 6.13 and 5.81 t/ha, respectively. Barley yield in both crop rotation systems under the aftereffect of fertilizers applied to sugar beet + straw + N90P90K90 had advantages in the link with bare fallow compared to the link esparcet + Festuca pratensis. Barley yield under the combined soil tillage was not inferior to ploughing.

WAYS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER SYSTEMS IN SHORT-TERM CROP ROTATION

Objective. To evaluate the influence of different fertilizer systems in combination with microbial preparations on the change of nutritional regime of sod-podzolic soil and the yield of crops of short-term crop rotation in the Polissia region. Methods. Fields — stationary experiment, laboratory, mathematical and statistical. Results. On the basis of studies conducted in a long-term stationary experiment on sod-podzolic soil, analysis and determination of dependence between the content of available compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium on fertilizer systems and microbial preparations was performed. It was found that the highest nutrient reserves in the soil were in the organo-mineral fertilizer system “manure + green manure + NPK” in combination with microbial preparations: the content of mineral compounds of nitrogen — 82.32 kg/ha, available phosphorus — 223 mg/kg of soil, and exchangeable potassium — 122 mg/kg, which is 1.8, 1.4 and 1.6 times higher than the parameter of the mineral fertilizer system, respectively. At the same time, due to the inoculation of seeds nitrogen reserves in the soil can increase up to 26 %. The application of the fertilizer system “manure + green manure + NPK” provides an optimal level of root nutrition of crops of short-term crop rotation and, as a consequence, the highest productivity of crops, which amounted to: winter rye — 5.2 FU (fodder units), potatoes — 7.7 FU, oats — 3.3, lupine — 3.8 FU on background without inoculation and 5.7, 8.3, 3.9 and 4.4 FU, respectively, when microbial preparations were applied. The increase due to inoculation with this fertilizer system amounted to 0.5 fodder units (FU) for winter rye, 0.5 FU for potatoes, and 0.6 FU for oats, and 0.6 FU for lupine. Conclusion. The nutrient regime of sod-podzolic soil depends on the use of various fertilizer systems in combination with microbial preparations. Organic-mineral fertilizer system “manure + green manure + NPK” under the use of microbial preparations is most effective for growing crops on sod-podzolic soil in short-term crop rotation. This combined fertilizer system contributes to the greatest accumulation of nutrient reserves: nitrogen mineral compounds — 82.3 kg/ha, available phosphorus — 220 mg/kg of soil and exchangeable potassium — 122 mg/kg.

Influence of Long-Term Application of Fertilizer Systems on Fertility of Ordinary Carbonate Chernozem in the Conditions of the Central Ciscaucasia

The paper studies the influence of systematic application recommended and estimated mineral (N69P63K45 and N141P68K60) and organomineral (manure 8 t/ha + N44P42K24and manure 15 t/ha + N87P36K7) fertilizer systems within grain-grass-hoe crop rotation on density, porosity, structural condition of soil, water stability of structural units, water permeability, change of humus content and basic nutrition elements in rainfed conditions and at irrigation in comparison with their initial content and with indicators in control option – without fertilizers and irrigation throughout long-term field experiment on ordinary carbonate chernozem in a steppe zone of the Central Ciscaucasia. It is defined that over 68 years of experiments the content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and reaction of soil solution did not change. The maximum losses of humus and available forms of nutritious elements occurred in options without fertilizers in rainfed and irrigated conditions, bulk density of soil increased, porosity and water permeability decreased. The use of fertilizers improved agrophysical and water properties of soil: its density decreased, porosity, structure index, water stability, water permeability and hygroscopicity increased. The introduction of estimated organomineral fertilizer system to the scheme of experiment since 1986 restored the humus content in soil to the reference value and ensured its positive balance (+2.6 t/ha).

Вплив способу основного обробітку грунту і удобрення на агрофізичні властивості дерново-підзолистого грунту Передкарпаття за вирощування пшениці ярої

Викладено результати дослідження з вивчення впливу способу основного обробітку грунту і органічних добрив, отриманих на виході біогазових установок, за органічної та органо-мінеральної систем удобрення на агрофізичні показники дерново-підзолистого грунту за вирощування пшениці ярої сорту Кларіса в умовах Передкарпаття. Дослідження виконано продовж 2016-2018 років на полях ФГ “Фортуна” у с. Негівці, Калуського району, Івано-Франківської області. Встановлено, що застосування органічних добрив, отриманих на виході біогазових установок, за органічної і органо-мінеральної систем удобрення та способів основного обробітку грунту позитивно впливало на оструктурення дерново-підзолистого грунту в технології вирощування пшениці ярої . Найбільше агрономічно цінних агрегатів (0,25-10 мм) було у варіанті поверхневого обробітку ґрунту за органо-мінеральної системи удобрення на час сівби – 62,4 %, або на 3,7 % більше порівняно із контролем та перед збиранням врожаю культури – 61,6 %, або на 3,8 % більше порівняно із контролем. У цьому ж варіанті коефіцієнт структурності грунту був найвищим – 1,66 на час сівби і 1,60 – перед збиранням врожаю, або відповідно на 0, 2 4 і 0, 22 порівняно до контролю перевищував показник. За органо-мінеральної системи удобрення у варіанті поверхневого обробітку грунту (дискування на глибину 8-10 см) щільність грунту на час сівби пшениці ярої у шарі 0-10 см становила 1,16 г / см 3 , у шарі 10-20 см – 1,18 г / см 3 , що на 0 ,05-0,06 г / см 3 менше, ніж на контролі. Перед збиранням врожаю пшениці ярої щільність в шарі грунту 0-10 см становила 1,21 г / см 3 , 10-20 см – 1,23 г / см 3 , що відповідно на 0,03 і 0,02 г / см 3 менше, ніж на контролі. Загальна шпаруватість шару ґрунту 0-10 см за органічної системи удобрення у варіанті поверхневого (8-10 см) обробітку грунту на час сівби пшениці ярої становила 53,4 %, за органо-мінеральної – 54,2 %, що відповідно на 4,4 % і на 5,2 % більше порівняно із контролем; у шарі грунту 10-20 см вони становили відповідно – 52,8 % і 53,1 % та 4,1 і 4,4 %. Перед збиранням врожаю культури за органо-мінеральної системи удобрення загальна шпаруватість у шарі грунту 0-10 см становила 53,7 %, 10-20 см – 52,6 %, що відповідно на 5,9 % і 4,6 % перевищило показники на контролі; за органічної системи удобрення вони становили відповідно – 52,3 % і 51,8 % та 4,5 % і 3,8 %.

THE CURRENT STATE OF CONTAMINATION OF LANDSCAPES AND IRRADIATION OF THE POPULATION IN THE HUMID ZONE OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the research is to assess the long-term effects of the traditional organo-mineral systemof fertilizer of grain and potato crop rotation on radioactive contamination of drained sod-podzolicsoils and the accumulation of radionuclides in plant products in comparison with forest plantations andfallow. To establish the level of exposure of different population groups in the contaminated areas of thehumane zone of Ukraine in the current radioecological situation in the region. Comparison of the activityof radiation at the fallow and in the forest with fields of the experimental farms at the backgroundof the organo-mineral fertilizer system showed that on average, on crop rotation in the layer 0–10 cm, itwas 2.5 times lower than that of the fallow. However, in the layer of 10–20 cm the level of activity in thearable land was much higher than in the forest and fallow, which is due to the movement of a significantamount of radionuclides into the lower part of the loose layer. The conducted researches indicate that inthe remote period after the Chernobyl accident in the conditions of Northern Polissya under high levels ofradiation practically it is impossible to use the gifts of the forest. Another important task of the study wasto determine the current levels of activity of radiation by people of all ages and kind of activity, childrenof kindergartens and schools living in the zone of Northern Polissya of Zhytomyr region. Determination ofthe activity of radiation by children of preschool age showed that out of 96 in 68, uncertain radiation, andin 26 children the activity was within 0.009–0.096 and in one child 0.136 millisyears (mSv). Determinationof the dynamics of activity of radioactive radiation in schoolchildren showed that for changes in themode of life and diet, the activity of radiation compared with children of kindergartens increased from0.012 to 0.112 mSv, that is, almost by 10 times. Especially high activity of radioactive radiation was infirst-graders. The average activity of 37 pupils was 0.133 mSv, which was higher than the average in theschool by 18%. The clear dependence of radiation activity on the age of pupils is uncertain. It was within9-12% of the maximum permissible radiation of 1 mSv. The study of radiation activity among workers ofvarious kinds of activity showed that in 293 studied average activity of radiation was 0.083 mSv, whichwas by 7 times lower than in preschool children, and 1.3 times less than the average for schoolchildren.Despite the fact that there has been a decrease in the level of radiological activity over time, the ecologicalsituation of radioactive contaminated radionuclide areas remains difficult. In spite of this funding of thestate program «Radiological protection of the population and environmental rehabilitation of the territorythat was exposed to radioactive contamination» is suspended.

Enzymatic Activity of Chernozem Typical Depending on The Main Cultivation of Soil and Fertilizer

All agrotechnical and agrochemical measures aimed at increasing soil fertility have an effect on enzyme activity. Measures such as soil cultivation, the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers into the soil,activate or suppress the enzymatic processes. The research relies on the intensity and direction of biochemical processes in the soil, containing a series of methods, the use of which has enabled the establishment of a favorable enzymatic active layer of arable chernozem typical. Such methods include: field, laboratory, analysis. The level of differentiation of protease, urease, phosphatase, amylase, catalase, depending on the cultivation of soil and fertilizer, was revealed in the process of comparative analysis of enzymic activity of typical black soil in sunflower agrocenosis. Field experiments on the study of fermentative activity of typical black currant were conducted during 2012-2016. The object of research was soil cover. It was established that the activation of biochemical processes in the soil is ensured by the organo-mineral fertilizer system - compost 4.5 t + N40P48K54 + 3.5 t by-products and seed weight per hectare of crop rotational area. Application of the mineral fertilizer system reduces the enzymatic activity of typical black soil. The highest activity of the protease and catalase passes in the arable layer for powered-unpowered cultivation. Higher phosphatase activity was observed for differentiated soil cultivation. Research on this problem should be continued in order to establish a relationship between the parameters of enzymatic activity of soil with the structure of microbial cenosis of typical black soil of different systems of basic cultivation and fertilization

Formation of winter wheat grain quality depending on fertilizer system and tillage

Purpose. To establish the peculiarities of forming winter wheat yield and grain quality, depending on fertilizer system and main tillage in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical (correlation, dispersion) using computer programs Microsoft Office Excel and Statistica 6.0. The researches were carried out during 2011–2017 in the stationary field experiment on the experimental field of the Educational and Scientific-Innovative Center for Agrotechnologies of LLC “Agrofirma “Kolos” (Skvyra district, Kyiv region). Results. The most 1,000 kernel weight was recorded for mineral fertilizer system. Lower indices were observed for organic fertilizer system and in variants with no fertilizer. Test weight of grain under mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems corresponded to the second class of quality (according to the State Standard 3768-10 at least 740 g/l) and was 740.2–742.7 g/l. Tillage did not significantly affect the test weight of winter wheat grain. In the variant of shallow low-tillage significant decrease of grain vitreousness was noted, which is explained by decrease of agrophysical and agrochemical indices of soil fertility. It has been established increase in protein content (by 1.4–3.5 %) in winter wheat grains under mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems, but use of shallow low-tillage resulted in decrease of this index (by 4.3 %) as compared with the control. Under mineral fertilizer system, winter wheat grain was formed with higher gluten content than under organomineral and organic systems. In the case of shallow low-tillage gluten content in grain declined significantly as compared to control (by 4.7 %). Falling number for winter wheat grain in mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems was quite high (in the range of 225–231 s) that is significantly higher as compared to the control in differentiated and alternating deep and shallow tillage. Under organomineral fertilizer system winter wheat yield did not differ significantly from that of the mineral system. The yield of winter wheat significantly decreased compared to the control (by 0.8 t/ha) with shallow low-tillage. Conclusions. Winter wheat grain quality indices were better under mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems. Under organic system they were worse owing to nitrogen deficit. The application of shallow low-tillage significantly reduced the winter wheat grain quality indices. The highest yield of winter wheat was received under mineral fertilizer system (6.8 t/ha), significant decrease was observed under organic fertilizer system.

Параметри вмісту гумусу в чорноземі типовому залежно від агровиробничого використання

The results of the study of the application of fertilizer systems and basic soil tillage on the content and balance of humus in chernozem of the typical right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine are presented. It has been established that the content of humus in chernozem is typical (layer 0-30 cm) for the application of fertilizers in the field crop rotation is within the range of 3.63-4.06% depending on the research options. The highest content of humus in crop rotation was in the version for the organo-mineral fertilizer system, which is 4.06% on the background of shallow, non-polar soil cultivation and has the best effect on the preservation of humus. Application of organo-mineral fertilizer system in the field crop rotation promotes the largest formation of humus + 0.16 t/ha. Mineral fertilizer system is not able to restore the newly created humus in the arable layer of soil.

Optimization of physical and chemical properties of sod-podzolic soils in conditions of radioactive contamination

It was shown that the removal of calcium and magnesium by crop rotation of lupine, triticale, potatoes, oats is from 30 kg /ha at the natural background fertility of soddy-podzolic soils, up to 50 kg/ha with the long-term use of traditional and alternative organomineral fertilizer systems. With 10 t/ha of manure, more than 200 kg/ha of CaCO3 comes to the soil, while the use of by-products of crop production as fertilizers to bring carbonates into soil at a level of 45 kg/ha. As a result, an alternative fertilizer system, in comparison with the traditional, has a marked deterioration of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, with a tendency to increase the accumulation of radionuclides in the resulting products. It is established that, taking into account losses on harvesting and washing up, it is possible to maintain a positive balance between calcium and magnesium only at the expense of ameliorants and organic fertilizers.