Transport Organization Research Articles

The Role of Stakeholders in Creating Mobility in Logistics Systems of Polish Cities

The basis for developing logistics solutions in cities is to know the requirements and expectations of current and potential transport users and for decision makers to strive to meet them. In building an urban logistics strategy, it is therefore necessary to take into account different stakeholder groups. Building stakeholder relations should be aimed at involving them in the development of a sustainable transport policy for the city. It should be noted, however, that the importance of stakeholders in transport policy is diverse. This assumption was made in the paper, which aimed to identify the role of the various groups of urban logistics stakeholders in the sustainable movement of people. This challenge is subordinated to the methodology proposed in the paper, which combines the analysis of urban logistics stakeholders and the assignment of roles to them in the pursuit of sustainable flows of people in the city with the identification of tasks in which stakeholders characterized by a particular role should be involved. Achieving the stated goal required collaboration with experts. Research on the roles of stakeholders, as well as the tasks in which they should be involved, was conducted in Polish cities. Infrastructure managers, small mobility organisers, public safety organisations and public transport organisations turned out to be the development leaders who, as a result, were recommended to be included in most tasks by local government units of Polish cities. What deserves special attention in the results obtained, on the other hand, is the role of the unpredictable main player, which is other cities.

A descriptive analysis of the Canadian prehospital and transport transfusion (CAN-PATT) network

ObjectiveOut-of-hospital blood transfusion (OHBT) is becoming increasingly common across the prehospital environment, yet there is significant variability in OHBT practices. The Canadian Prehospital and Transport Transfusion (CAN-PATT) network was established to collaborate, standardize, and evaluate the effectiveness of out-of-hospital blood transfusion (OHBT) across Canada. The objectives of this study are to describe the setting and organizational characteristics of CAN-PATT member organizations and to provide a cross-sectional examination of the current OHBT practices of CAN-PATT organizations. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional examination of all six critical care transport organizations that are involved in CAN-PATT network. Surveys were sent to identified leads from each organization. The survey focused on three main areas of interest: 1) critical care transport organizational service and coverage, 2) provider, and crew configurations, and 3) OHBT transfusion practices. ResultsAll six surveys were completed and returned. There are a total of 30 critical care transport bases (19 rotor-wing, 20 fixed-wing and 6 land) across Canada and 11 bases have a blood-on-board program. Crew configurations very between organizations as either dual paramedic or paramedic/nurse teams. Median transport times range from 30 to 46 minutes for rotor-wing assets and 64 to 90 minutes for fixed-wing assets. Half of the CAN-PATT organizations started their out-of-hospital blood transfusion programs within the last three years. Most organizations carry at least two units of O-negative, K-negative red blood cells and some organizations also carry group A thawed plasma, fibrinogen concentrate and/or prothrombin complex concentrate. All organizations advocate for early administration of tranexamic acid for injured patients suspected of bleeding. All organizations return un-transfused blood components to their local transfusion medicine laboratory within a predefined timeframe to reduce wastage. ConclusionsVariations in OHBT practices were identified and we have suggested considerations for standardization of transfusion practices and patient care as it relates to OHBT. This standardization will also enable a robust means of data collection to study and optimize outcomes of patients receiving OHBT. A fulsome description of the participating organizations within CAN-PATT should enhance interpretation of future OHBT studies that will be conducted by this network.

Improving the efficiency of multimodal transportation of chemical products from the Volgograd region to the near and far abroad

Introduction. The industrial sector of Russia is the most important segment of the country’s economy. Until the beginning of the 21st century, large chemical enterprises in Russia were focused on the domestic market. There was a so-called supply strategy formed back in the USSR for the Union Socialist republics. The products of the chemical industry were mainly transported by road around the city and to neighboring regions, the main cargo traffic for longer distances was mastered by rail and river transport. Currently, the largest chemical industry enterprise in the Volgograd region, AO Kaustik, is actively exporting to Europe, South America and Asia. To carry out international transportation of the company’s products, hired tractors with semi-trailers that meet all modern standards of environmental safety are used. The interaction of road transport with rail, river, and sea is actively taking place, effective logistics multimodal systems for the delivery of chemical products are being organized. Road and rail transportation of products is organized with Asian countries, with European countries – by road, rail and sea, with South American countries – by sea. Today, the company’s transport carries out international multimodal transportation to the near and far abroad. The issue of improving the efficiency of road transport is relevant. The paper considers the links of the logistics system of transportation of chemical products of the enterprise between the countries, along the routes: Russia – Netherlands and Russia – Kyrgyzstan. The comparison of road and rail transportation by time and cost on Volgograd – Bishkek route is carried out. The full loading of the vehicle with transport packages according to the calculation takes place in compliance with the loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer. Improving the efficiency of transportation depends on the organization of loading and unloading points, customs control points, movement along routes, and the work of drivers. The statistical regularities of the distribution of the execution time of elements and operations in the loading point of the enterprise are investigated. The ways of organizing the work of motor transport drivers on the international Volgograd – Bishkek – Volgograd route are considered, the calculation of the duration of the elements of the transportation process and their cost is presented.Materials and methods. The paper uses methods of statistical and economic analysis of data on the functioning of the chemical industry in the region. Graph-analytical methods are used to form transport packages and ensure that the car is fully loaded. Methods for determining the shortest distances and drawing up routes on the transport network are used. Methods of organizing the work of drivers are used to ensure single and tour work on the international route. The effectiveness of the proposed measures is evaluated by economic methods.Results. It is revealed that the chemical industry of the region has a stable economic situation that allows it to develop new international markets. The links of the multimodal logistics system for the delivery of the company’s products along Volgograd – Bishkek and Volgograd – Netherlands international routes are investigated. Improving the efficiency of transportation depends on the organization of loading and unloading points. A statistical analysis of the elements and stages of the transportation process of caustic soda was carried out. A scheme for placing transport packages with bags of caustic soda in a semi-trailer of a motor vehicle has been developed. International routes of transportation of products of AO Kaustik using road transport have been developed: Volgograd – Bishkek and Volgograd – Netherlands routes. The mode of operation of motor transport when performing international transportation using tour and single organization of drivers’ work is calculated. We recommend a tour trip as the most effective way to organize the work of drivers. Tour riding is recommended as the most effective way of organizing the work of road transport in the organization of international transportation to near and far abroad. The final price of 1 ton of transported products on the Volgograd – Bishkek route has been determined. The effective functioning of road transport in the international logistics system for the delivery of caustic soda allows you to reduce transport time, transport costs and reduce the cost of a unit of production for the end user.Conclusions. The article develops measures to improve the organization of international transportation of products of JSC «Caustic» using road transport. The final price of 1 ton of products in the Bishkek warehouse, taking into account the initial cost of granular caustic soda and transportation costs in the case of organizing a single driver’s ride, will be 83246 rubles/ton, and for tour driving, respectively, 81355 rubles/ton.

Analysis for models of interaction between road passenger transport operators

Introduction. The authors consider the current models for the organization of urban passenger road transport, the structure of each of the models and their characteristics. The reason for writing the work was the poor study of the factors that determine the break-even transportation of passengers and, as a result, the construction on this basis of a system of interaction between transport authorities and transport operators. Thus, the purpose of the study is to create models of interaction between subjects and objects of passenger road transport. The working hypothesis of the study is to overcome the existing fragmentation of models through the development of additional blocks, the content of which is a scientifically based choice of models for the interaction of participants in the transport process in the system of passenger road transportation.Methods and materials. Three existing models for organising the work of passenger road transport are analysed. Their influence on the economic efficiency and safety of the transport process is considered. The prerequisites for the creation of algorithms for the transition from one model to another and for evaluating their effectiveness are determined.Results. According to the authors, this study will be useful for both the organizers of passenger road transport and carriers. From a practical point of view, this study will be useful to improve the efficiency and break-even of passenger road transport, as well as to maximize the ‘transparency’ of financial interaction between participants in this market.Conclusions. Further direction of research on this topic will be carried out in the direction of developing a methodology for switching models between themselves, i.e. when and how it is expedient to apply one or another model of passenger road transportation.

Collaborative Determination Method of Metro Train Plan Adjustment and Passenger Flow Control under the Impact of COVID-19

Aiming at the problem of metro operation and passenger transport organization under the impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), a collaborative determination method of train planning and passenger flow control is proposed to reduce the train load rate in each section and decrease the risk of spreading COVID-19. The Fisher optimal division method is used to determine reasonable passenger flow control periods, and based on this, different flow control rates are adopted for each control period to reduce the difficulty of implementing flow control at stations. According to the actual operation and passenger flow changes, a mathematical optimization model is established. Epidemic prevention risk values (EPRVs) are defined based on the standing density criteria for trains to measure travel safety. The optimization objectives of the model are to minimize the EPRV of trains in each interval, the passenger waiting time and the operating cost of the corporation. The decision variables are the number of running trains during the study period and the flow control rate at each station. The original model is transformed into a single-objective model by the linear weighting of the target, and the model is solved by designing a particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm (PSO-GA). The validity of the method and the model is verified by actual metro line data. The results of the case study show that when a line is in the moderate-risk area of COVID-19, two more trains should be added to the full-length and short-turn routes after optimization. Combined with the flow control measures for large passenger flow stations, the maximum train load rate is reduced by 35.18%, and the load rate of each section of trains is less than 70%, which meets the requirements of COVID-19 prevention and control. The method can provide a theoretical basis for related research on ensuring the safety of metro operation during COVID-19.

Research on the Traffic Organization of Heavy-haul Trains Based on Automatic Parking Technology

In recent years, the transportation capacity of Shuohuang Railway, an important coal transportation corridor in China, has become saturated. To exploit potentialities and raise efficiency, transportation organization optimization is the key way in the short term. Based on elaborating the present situation of traffic volume on the Shuozhou-Huanghua railway, the traffic volume of 2030 is predicted by the time series method, which is found that under the condition of existing equipment and transportation organization, the railroad capacity is not able to meet the transportation demand. This paper analyzes the technical conditions under the traffic volume target of 450 million tons and proposes the phased optimization steps of transportation organization on the Shuozhou-Huanghua railway from two aspects of station operation efficiency and train transportation organization based on a new type of automatic parking device. A series of optimization measures for capacity expansion and efficiency improvement are raised, such as dwell time compression of cargo at the station, skylight influence area compression and interval parking mode on skylight day. It is found that when the proportion of 20,000 tons of trains reaches more than 60%, the Shuozhou-Huanghua railway can achieve the volume target of 450 million tons. The compression of the skylight influence area could add 197 additional trains of 20,000 tons every year. And the interval parking mode could increase the annual capacity by about 690,000 tons.

Improved Optimization Algorithm in LSTM to Predict Crop Yield

Agriculture is the main occupation across the world with a dependency on rainfall. Weather changes play a crucial role in crop yield and were used to predict the yield rate by considering precipitation, wind, temperature, and solar radiation. Accurate early crop yield prediction helps market pricing, planning labor, transport, and harvest organization. The main aim of this study is to predict crop yield accurately. The incorporation of deep learning models along with crop statistics can predict yield rates accurately. We proposed an improved optimizer function (IOF) to get an accurate prediction and implemented the proposed IOF with the long short-term memory (LSTM) model. Manual data was collected between 1901 and 2000 from local agricultural departments for training, and from 2001 to 2020 from government websites of Andhra Pradesh (India) for testing purposes. The proposed model is compared with eight standard methods of learning, and outcomes revealed that the training error is small with the proposed IOF as it handles the underfitting and overfitting issues. The performance metrics used to compare the loss after implementing the proposed IOF were r, RMSE, and MAE, and the achieved results are r of 0.48, RMSE of 2.19, and MAE of 25.4. The evaluation was performed between the predicted crop yield and the actual yield and was measured in RMSE (kg/ha). The results show that the proposed IOF in LSTM has the advantage of crop yield prediction with accurate prediction. The reduction of RMSE for the proposed model indicates that the proposed IOFLSTM can outperform the CNN, RNN, and LSTM in crop yield prediction.

Knowledge to action: Resilience planning among state and local transportation agencies in the United States.

The results of a nationwide survey of state and local agencies conducted in 2020 are summarized to understand priorities for improving transportation emergency management (EM) and resilience. Questions on EM activities, policies, and operations were answered by 190 respondents from across the country. In addition to comparing responses across transportation, EM, and other organizations (law enforcement, public works, health, environmental services, etc.), differences are analyzed based on agency size, location, experience, and hazard exposure. Respondents were also asked to prioritize EM activities for additional funding. Capabilities such as Emergency Planning, Traffic Control, Response Teams, and Situational Awareness emerge as priority areas. Approximately 60 percent of transportation agencies report updates of EM plans within the last 5 years compared to 70 percent of EM and 38 percent among other agencies. Four general linear models (GLMs) are developed and tested to determine the attributes of respondents who support improvements in (1) planning, (2) communications, (3) collaboration, and (4) transformation of agencies. An evaluative framework for measuring and managing resilience is developed and tested based on the responses. The analysis reveals diverse EM experiences, capabilities, and priorities, providing insight into future directions for sustaining and improving transportation resilience.

Blockchain technology as a driver of sustainable development in railway transportation

The article attempts to provide a critical assessment of the current experience of blockchain technologies as a driver of sustainable development in railway transportation and logistics. The main trends in the development of blockchain technologies in the development of logistics are identified. Using the example of Russian railway transport, the key projects implemented in the organization of transportation with the help of a distributed data register are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of digital smart contract solutions are noted. It is shown that the application of distributed registry technology provides transparency of tariff formation in transportation logistics based on the rating of suppliers, with the help of which users make their choice; increase the reliability of information about transported goods; guarantee high-tech monitoring and control of the technical condition of rolling stock; as well as high quality and speed of payment production.

АЛГОРИТМ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ПЕРЕВОЗОК НА ОСНОВЕ КРИТИЧЕСКОГО ЭЛЕМЕНТА МАТРИЦЫ КОРРЕСПОНДЕНЦИЙ

The passenger urban transport system based on unmanned automatic transport of small capacity, which is closed, i. e. functioning independently - without human participation, is considered. Data collection, analysis and organization of transportation in such system are carried out using information technologies and intelligent algorithms. The correspondence matrix serves as an information basis for drafting a transportation plan. An algorithm for drawing up a transportation plan based on the correspondence matrix is proposed, in which the critical element correlates with the condition of sufficient accumulation of requests for transportation. In addition, the algorithm provides the possibility of in-passing transportation of passengers. It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm makes it possible to achieve a level of comfort comparable to the comfort of a taxi ride, but at the same time, the economic effect of transportation is higher than that of a taxi, due to a larger number of passengers traveling together. The considered model is aimed at increasing the mobility and flexibility of passenger transportation in conditions of high traffic flows and is distinguished by economic and environmental benefits, since the method of passenger transportation by unmanned vehicles provides high carrying capacity of urban transport systems with a high level of passenger comfort on the route.

Comparison of Organisational Structures of Selected Passenger Railway Transport Companies and their Impact on Strategic Goals of Companies

Abstract Establishing an appropriate organizational structure is an essential condition for the successful implementation of a corporate strategy. According to current strategists, strategy and structure are interrelated and should be developed in parallel. There is no definitive organizational structure of a company. Based on theories and research on the organizational structure of selected passenger rail transport organizations, it has been shown that an appropriate organizational structure is an important prerequisite for the implementation of the selected strategy. New organizational structures can provide new and interesting opportunities for managers and employees. However, these structures may pose a threat to employees due to the scale of work and, possibly, they may threaten their job. Developing new organizational structures without considering the consequences for those affected is surely inappropriate. At a time of liberalization and increasing competition, an effective organizational strategy is becoming a significant competitive advantage for rail passenger transport organizations.

ACTIVATORS OF MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS REGARDING THE SALE OF TOURIST SERVICES

Objective. Identification and systematization of activators of marketing communications, as an iterative integrator of processes, factors, tools that ensure the promotion of tourist services. Methods. In the research process, the following methods were used: theoretical generalization (when characterizing the concepts of "marketing communications", "tourist service"), analysis and synthesis (for the formation of a complex of methods of marketing communications of tourist enterprises), matrix (when systematizing the activators of marketing communications regarding the sale of tourist services). Results. Tourist services, i.e. transportation, temporary accommodation, food, excursion, resort, sports, entertainment and other services are provided by tour operators, travel agents, accommodation establishments, restaurant establishments, transport organizations, etc. That is, the range of business entities that must ensure interaction and communication is wide and requires established communications. The communication policy of the business entity involves the integration of management decisions regarding the goals of marketing communications, the implementation of the communication process for their implementation, a set of marketing communications methods that should ensure an effective commercial result from the sale of tourist services. In a certain sense, the provision of tourist services can be represented as a communication process, within the framework of which communications take place between travel agencies and tourists, as well as within these groups. As a result, different marketing communication systems can be considered: between travel agencies and customers, between travel agencies and between tourists, all of which require different methods of marketing communications. In order to successfully implement the communication process, which has an iterative feature, i.e. the possible unlimited sequence options and combinations of communication policy elements, it is necessary to identify and systematize the activators of marketing communications regarding the implementation of tourist services. By activators we will understand the factors, tools, processes of marketing communications that ensure the promotion of tourist services, overcoming the negative consequences of macroeconomic (consequences of the war in Ukraine, political, economic, social instability, etc.) and microeconomic (limitation of costs for marketing communications, lack of a strategic vision for the development of tourist enterprises, shortcomings in the training of personnel involved in the field of tourism, etc.) upheavals. The activators of marketing communications regarding the sale of tourist services can be considered separate processes related to the quality of tourist services, demand formation, informational support of tourist enterprises, social moments of communication with consumers and the public, etc.; factors (institutional, social, cultural, infrastructural); tools (formally established rules and informal traditions, market segmentation, modification of tourist services, language environment, entrepreneurial culture, special information systems) and methods of marketing communications (advertising, sales promotion, personal sales, PR, sponsorship, direct marketing, direct communications, promotion -tours), which in the proposed combination ensure the realization of the goals of marketing communications of tourist enterprises.

Accounts receivable management in transport organizations

In a crisis in the international settlement system, there is a need to strengthen payment discipline and accelerate payments. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have also led to a reduction in the liquid means of transport organizations and also increased the problem. Acceleration of repayment of accounts receivable increases cash security. The methods of accounts receivable management integrated into the system based on a client-oriented approach are investigated. The proposed system allows you to track the balances of accounts receivable, comparing them with sales volumes and turnover indicators. The concept of the cycle of accounts receivable circulation is formulated. It is revealed that the existing indicators of turnover of accounts receivable and the volume of sales do not accurately reflect the quality of repayment of accounts receivable, the relationship between these indicators is not revealed. They do not disclose the possibility of additional release of funds from settlements with debtors. To solve this problem, a new indicator has been introduced – the rate of repayment of receivables. An approach is proposed to substantiate the expediency of accelerating payments based on the elasticity of revenue from the sale of transport services to the rate of repayment of receivables.

Cross-Asset Resource Allocation and the Impact on Road Network Performance

The allocation of available budget among different assets is one of the most complex problems that administrations have to face in the management of transport infrastructures. In order to effectively distribute the available budget over multiple assets (e.g. pavements, bridges, guardrails, signs, lighting systems, etc.), administrations need decision support tools. Typical practice was to allocate resources with one of the four methods: historical-based, formula-based, asset value-based, needs-based. However, none of these methods considers performances and therefore they are not able to optimize the use of the resources according to the objectives set. Therefore, transportation organizations are increasingly looking to performance-based and optimization methods to improve their transparency, credibility and decision-making in the cross-asset budget allocation processes. One of the main issues of performance-based methods is the identification of a structure of performance indicators linked to strategic objectives. This study first presents a performance-based "hybrid" framework, combining top-down/bottom-up processes, for allocating funds among different classes of highway assets using an interactive multi-objective approach. Then, some examples of performance indicators linked to the most common objectives used on the Italian road network are presented, with particular attention to some assets often considered as complementary.

Impacts of intelligent transportation systems on energy conservation and emission reduction of transport systems: A comprehensive review

With the development of smart cities, new requirements have been put forward for the control of carbon emissions (CEs) in the transportation system. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) provide a solution to the problems of traffic congestion and CEs caused by the rapid increase in the number of vehicles. This work aims at the impact of ITS on the energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) of transportation networks. This work screened more than 100 pieces of relevant literature on ECER from Google Scholar and classified and analyzed them one by one. First, the development of the transportation system is studied. The monitoring of the transportation network is developing in a brilliant direction, from the initial induction coil detector to the current ITS. Then, the realization path of the ECER transportation system is studied from three aspects: transportation, transportation organization and management, and energy upgrading and replacement. Finally, the impact of ITS on ECER in different transportation domains is summarized. The results indicate that the traffic system has undergone traditional video surveillance and has become increasingly intelligent. Visually presenting traffic data in the management system plays a very influential role in alleviating traffic congestion and vehicle ECER. However, selecting the best vehicle parameters is necessary to realize ECER for the transport system. At the same time, the implementation of these energy-saving measures requires the traction and promotion of government policies in order for ECER transportation to fulfill its potential role. • Study the impact of ITS on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction (ECER) of the transportation networks. • The realization path of the transportation system ECER is studied from three aspects. • The impact of ITS on ECER in different transportation fields is summarized.

3D urban transport environment

The paper investigates issues related to the solution of problems in the development of public transport infrastructure in urban agglomerations. The opportunities of further development of the existing typical city public transport infrastructure have been studied. The conclusion about the possibility of reforming the existing typical urban public transport infrastructure is drawn. It is proposed to use the available airspace together with the ground and underground public transport as a direction for the development of urban public transport infrastructure. The formation of an urban transport 3D environment is studied. It is shown that the joint application of all three urban transport environments will significantly expand the potential of urban public transport infrastructure. The possibility of using ultralight aircraft as an air vehicle is considered. It is proposed to use new types of aircraft as air vehicles. The prototype of an aircraft based on cylindrical vane propellers under the code name “Cyclolet” is described. Its flight technical characteristics are given. The conclusion about the possibility of using an aircraft of the “Cyclolet” type on the basis of cylindrical vane propellers as an air vehicle in the organization of permanent public transportation in urban agglomerations in the Russian Federation and abroad is drawn.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПЕРЕВОЗОК

The authors propose a mechanism aimed at improving the planning and organization of technological transportation at the enterprise, which allows the most efficient use of its own and attracted fleet of rolling stock. The application of the mechanism makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the operation of vehicles through the use of a new approach in the appointment and control of applications with the introduction of a set of services supported by the base of own and attracted vehicles. Synchronization of rolling stock and loading/unloading points will reduce non-technological downtime of vehicles.

Risk Management and Public Administration for Entities of Urban Public Transport: The Case of Silesian Voivodeship, Poland

The paper presents risks related to the organisation of urban public transport, broken down to entities and the level of city transport policy, public transport organiser, and operators providing services.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT MODEL for ROAD TRANSPORT SYSTEMS INFORMATION SECURITY

The problem of transportation safety was and will be exist. Transport safety is the target of the functioning of the transport organizational and technical system, that is composed for achieve the situation (set of situations) of the vehicle operating, fixed at a specific point of time, characterized by the accidents absence or the optimization of quantitative safety and environmental performance indicators over a specified period of time. Violation of this equilibrium leads to emergencies. It is necessary to have an operational safety management system in place for transport that works to prevent, preservating accidents and reduce the risk of their occurrence. Promising direction for improvement of monitoring information support of auto transport systems is driver operative informing by telematics ways about system technical condition while driving. In the event of a problem situation, the specialist will play out scenarios for its solution. To make the right and operative decision, the specialist must be an expert, and the path to the expert lasts at least 10 years. There is a necessity to create intelligent expert systems that will determine the actual condition of the vehicle that will based on the obtained parameters, through engineering knowledge, will let to make decisions and to pass it on to the device, that will informing the driver for necessity to execute a specific scenario. While solving most of the tasks related to ensuring the safety of traffic and the organization of passengers and cargo transportation in economic activity process, there is a necessity to ensure the monitoring of motor transport systems through the introduction of informational, telecommunication and satellite technologies of automotive systems and units diagnostic centers. In the presence of sufficient quantity and quality of parametric sensors that record and transmit data on the current technical condition of truck systems and units and the presence of operating diagnostic algorithms in remote informational and analytical centers, sudden failures of truck systems and units that are performing transport work and are located at a considerable distance from their own service stations can be avoided.

Historical and contemporary problems of african americans in the field of school education in the USA

This article is devoted to the historical and contemporary problems of the African-American community in the field of school education in the USA. The paper analyzes the creation of a public school system for the black population in the Southern states during the Reconstruction era of 1865-1877. Exploring the subsequent emergence and perpetuation of racial segregation in education system of the Southern states, this article focuses on how these changes affected the educational abilities of the African-American community. The paper examines in detail the specific measures taken by the authorities to desegregate public schools in the period 1950-1970s, including changing the boundaries of school districts and the organization of school bus transport, as well as the specifics of the problems of their implementation both in the South and in other parts of the country. The author of the study analyzes in detail how the current problems of public schools associated with unequal financial and educational opportunities affect the African-American community. Special attention is paid in the article to the attempts of the American authorities to find effective measures to solve the pressing problems of school education.