Transport Organization Research Articles

JUSTIFICATION OF APPROACHES BEFORE PLACEMENT OF PASSENGER VESSELS IN THE DIRECTIONS OF THEIR WORK AND IMPROVING THE WORK PLANNING OF THE SHIPPING COMPANY’S FLEET

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to solve the task of arranging the passenger fleet and improving the planning of the fleet of the shipping company. To achieve the goal, the possible operating conditions of the passenger fleet were studied; developed approaches that will allow, taking into account different types of sailing, different directions of work, sizes of ships, as well as the possibility of replenishment of the fleet, to obtain the maximum value of the financial result when deploying the passenger fleet of the shipping company, which made it possible to improve the planning of the passenger fleet of the shipping company. The process of managing a shipping enterprise is a continuous development of management decisions, which largely depends on the final result of the work of any company. This is especially important for shipping, which functions in conditions of significant dynamics of both the external environment and the direct production of transport processes. The proposed solution will allow the shipping company to effectively locate its fleet, obtain the maximum financial result, taking into account the conditions of transportation and operation of vessels of various types of navigation, forms of organization of transportation, various types of vessels, routes, and also takes into account the possibility of replenishing the fleet of the shipping company in the event that its potential freight capacity does not exceed the amount of transport work. One of the most important areas of the shipping company’s work is planning and optimizing the use of the company’s resources. The shipping company strives for the maximum financial result from the work performed. If we consider the "external environment" as a management subject that also makes decisions corresponding to the options of the possible structure of passenger flows, then this kind of task can be formalized and presented in the form of a matrix game. A characteristic condition is that each party has no information about the decision of the other. Thus, the maximin (minimax) principle is implemented in a conflict situation. The value of the game determines the mathematical expectation of winning the first player, that is, the value of the financial result, which should be taken as planned. As a result, the forecast of the results of the shipping company will reflect the production capabilities of the "external environment" (the second player) and the conditions in which it will have to work. The proposed approach can also be used to determine the values of the planned indicators of other maritime transport enterprises - ports, ship repair plants, as well as standards of transport work; development of the replenishment (write-off) program of the shipping company’s fleet; determining the tariff policy related to the transportation of passengers in the shipping company’s region.

Optimal convoy composition for virtual coupling trains at junctions: A coalition formation game approach

This paper presents a virtual coupling (VC) train convoy composition optimization framework to create a multiple formation structure maximizing the capacity benefit while considering transportation requirements and system limitations. First, the operational constraints of VC trains in the convoy formation process are mapped as headway time transitions. A coordination strategy is proposed by utilizing the natural deceleration process at junctions to minimize the negative effects of the coupling process. Multiple composition structures are created by forming varied potential convoys that adhere to these constraints and transportation schedules. Second, a utility function for convoy composition is modeled using the coalition formation game theory to quantify the operational efficiency of VC trains passing through bottleneck sections. It reveals that coupling time and convoy structure are interdependent factors that jointly impact the capacity benefits. Thirdly, a train convoy formation algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal convoy composition by comparing formation structures, designing preference relations, and estimating lower bounds. This algorithm guarantees the convergence of the optimal structure result. Finally, the proposed framework is evaluated on four typical rail transit market segments and transportation organization scenarios. The application results demonstrate that the optimized convoy structures increase capacity benefits in the four typical market segments by 26.1%, 30.7%, 24.7%, and 18.9%, respectively. VC improves the capacity of the bottleneck sections by increasing the operating density. The present study lays a theoretical foundation for strategic-level applications of virtual coupling.

A preliminary study on the barriers and facilitators to improving the health, safety, and well-being of aging heavy vehicle drivers

Introduction. Managers from road freight transportation organizations were interviewed on barriers and facilitators to implementation of occupational health, safety, and well-being interventions for aging heavy vehicle drivers. As aging drivers are more likely to be seriously injured or die in a work-related incident than younger drivers, it is important to recognize strengths and weaknesses throughout the system to identify intervention that addresses their specific needs. Method: A Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) control structure was constructed to chart the controllers, controls, and feedback channels in the system to identify gaps in health, safety, and well-being intervention in the system. The STAMP control structure also charted the barriers and facilitators within levels across the system. Eleven managers were recruited into the study representing a range of road freight transportation organizations throughout Australia. Results: Interview data revealed that barriers and facilitators existed at most levels of the system. Facilitators included advice from external agencies, support from upper management, modern technology, and regular social communication with drivers. Barriers were a lack of guidance on aging issues, operational conflicts with health and safety objectives, and the drivers’ fear of disclosing health information associated with their driving role. In regards to formalized intervention in place to support aging heavy vehicle drivers, the system is reliant on fitness to drive medical assessments based on age and jurisdiction. Conclusions: As there was generally a lack of senior direction cited from the upper levels of the system on aging issues, there was much variation across the study on how aging risks are managed in the workplace for heavy vehicle drivers. Practical Applications: This study recommends that managers across the road freight transportation industry receive formalized aging-awareness health and safety training in how to manage work-related driving hazards for aging heavy vehicle drivers.

The impact of politics on transport system of the Russian Federation

The article presents a detailed analysis of the impact of policy on the transport system of the Russian Federation. The main directions of state policy related to transport are studied, considering both global trends and regional characteristics. The article pays special attention to safety issues, environmental aspects and meeting the needs of passengers and cargo carriers. The impact of political decisions on creating a safe transport environment, preventing accidents and reducing the number of victims is analyzed. Meeting the needs of passengers and freight carriers is considered an important aspect of transportation policy development and implementation. The article also discusses the main regulatory documents governing transportation infrastructure in Russia, including federal laws and government resolutions. These documents establish rules and requirements for the development and operation of transportation infrastructure, as well as regulate the activities of transportation companies and organizations. The paper also examines the impact of policy on the transportation infrastructure of two major cities in Russia, Moscow and St. Petersburg. These cities have complex transportation systems with high passenger and freight volumes. Based on the analysis, conclusions are formulated to assess the results of policy influence on the development of the transportation system in Russia. These include evaluating the effectiveness of policy interventions, meeting their objectives, identifying problems and making recommendations for improving transport policies. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the importance of developing and implementing sound transportation policies to create a modern, efficient, and sustainable transportation system in Russia that can meet contemporary challenges and societal needs.

Analisis Dampak Covid-19 pada Volume Transaksi Saham dan Harga Saham:

The reason for this study was to decide the effect of Coronavirus on stock exchange volume and stock costs. The object of this exploration is a gathering of transportation organizations recorded on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020. The populace in this study is 42 transportation organizations. What's more, the example utilized is upwards of 20 organizations. This study utilizes optional information. The information examination strategy utilized in this exploration is elucidating subjective information examination method. The consequences of this study demonstrate that the volume of stock exchanges and costs impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic diminished, upwards of three organizations, including area, air and ocean transportation, which encountered a decay. What's more, that accomplished an increment upwards of 4 organizations, remembering ocean transportation organizations and land transportation organizations for delivery administrations.

Unique Features of the m6A Methylome and Its Response to Salt Stress in the Roots of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris).

Salt is one of the most important environmental factors in crop growth and development. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an epigenetic modification that regulates plant-environment interaction at transcriptional and translational levels. Sugar beet is a salt-tolerant sugar-yielding crop, but how m6A modification affects its response to salt stress remains unknown. In this study, m6A-seq was used to explore the role of m6A modification in response to salt stress in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Transcriptome-wide m6A methylation profiles and physiological responses to high salinity were investigated in beet roots. After treatment with 300 mM NaCl, the activities of peroxidase and catalase, the root activity, and the contents of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in the roots were significantly affected by salt stress. Compared with the control plants, 6904 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 566 differentially methylated peaks (DMPs) were identified. Association analysis revealed that 243 DEGs contained DMP, and 80% of these DEGs had expression patterns that were negatively correlated with the extent of m6A modification. Further analysis verified that m6A methylation may regulate the expression of some genes by controlling their mRNA stability. Functional analysis revealed that m6A modifications primarily affect the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, transport, signal transduction, transcription factors, and cell wall organization. This study provides evidence that a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism mediates gene expression during salt stress by affecting the stability of mRNA in the root.

ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ КОМПАНИИ КАК СРЕДСТВО АДАПТАЦИИ К ИЗМЕНЕНИЯМ ВНЕШНЕЙ СРЕДЫ

The influence of changes of typical organizational management structures in transport companies on the effectiveness of its adaptation to the changing environment is analyzed.
 The impact is studied which affects the efficiency indicators of increasing the intensity of communication flows, including the formation of the position of a communication broker in the organization structure, an increase in the number of communication channels per agent, an increase in the intensity of interaction between individual agents when using modern means of communication, such as corporate messengers, online meetings, videoconferences.
 The research method is numerical modeling of the behavior of a transport industry company, presented as a set of interacting agents. The nature of the organization model construction reflects the prevailing organizational culture in it (the study considers models of two types of organizational culture – hierarchy and adhocracy).
 The novelty of the work is in quantifying the effectiveness of the transport organization in processing information about changes in the environment through modifications of the organizational structure.
 The results of the study show that the organizational effectiveness is determined by the static and dynamic characteristics of the organizational management structure. Static characteristics include the depth of hierarchy levels, the density of interaction between agents and departments in the organization; dynamic characteristics include the speed of information dissemination, indicators of the impact of agents on each other.
 Conclusions. A comprehensive analysis of the environment, the organizational structure of management and the level of training individual agents that make up the organization allows to select a modification of the communication environment that ensures an increase in the effectiveness of the adaptive abilities of the transport industry organization.

A Methodological Framework Based on a Quantitative Assessment of New Technologies to Boost the Interoperability of Railways Services

Concerning the increase in the number of trips and tourists after the COVID-19 pandemic, TSPs (Transport Service Providers) and transport organizations are trying to improve their operability to answer the needs and expectations of passengers. This paper presents a methodology to assess and evaluate to what extent innovative technologies meet the needs of tourists and TSPs involved in the digital ecosystem for door-to-door trips in Europe, making railways and public transport more attractive and consequently encouraging people to use more intermodal solutions in public transport. In this study, two kinds of quantitative data are used: operational KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) and USI (User Satisfaction Index) surveys. The Effectiveness concept, as a metric of the capacity to meet these needs and expectations by the innovative technology, is calculated by merging both types of quantitative data. The method considers tourists’ socio-demographic profiles, allowing comparisons among TSPs and profiles for a specific technology, and it is extended to figure out correlations among variables through regression and Bayesian Networks analysis. In addition, specific socio-demographic data relevant to the needs and expectations were studied through the ANOVA test. This work belongs to the methodological framework of the IP4MaaS (Innovation Program 4 Mobility as a Service) project, which sets six demo sites on which this assessment method will be applied in a further stage. The concept of Effectiveness is applied in all the above-mentioned demo sites for the final assessment. Some IT innovations such as Location-Based Experience and Journey Planning have shown high Effectiveness. This work could be interesting for TSPs and IT (Information Technology) developers, researchers, policymakers, and organizations in the transport sector.

СБАЛАНСИРОВАННОСТЬ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ГОРОДОВ: ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ

The article selects, studies and structures possible approaches to the assessment of the balance of transport services for the population of cities. The authors have been analyzed the experience in solving the problem of balance the system of transport services for the population of cities and some regulatory documents in the organization of passenger transportation, including those governing the optimization of the structure of public passenger transport. The paper presents ideas about the current level of balance of the Tyumen public passenger transport system. It has been formulated the conclusions about the relevance and prospects of this kind of research in relation to the transport service systems in large cities of the Russian Federation.

Emotional response as a personal determinant of professional fatigue of employees of transport and logistics organizations

Emotional response as a personal determinant of professional fatigue of employees of transport and logistics organizations

Psychological and pedagogical conditions for the development of social interaction skills in autism

Psychological and pedagogical conditions for the development of social interaction skills in autism

Clinical phenotype associated with variants in TANGO2: A case study

Transport and Golgi organization 2 (TANGO2) disease is a severe inherited disorder that presents with multiple symptoms and a broad spectrum of phenotypes, including metabolic crisis, encephalopathy, cardiac arrhythmia, and hypothyroidism. The clinical picture of a TANGO2 gene biallelic mutation involves encephalopathy and rhabdomyolysis and is marked by cardiac rhythm disorders and neurological regression. The presentation of encephalopathy varies and can range from isolated language delay and cognitive impairment to multiple disabilities and spastic quadriparesis. A TANGO2 gene mutation causes serious illness with a limited life expectancy due to the unpredictable risk of cardiac rhythm disorder and death, particularly during rhabdomyolysis. Clinicians must therefore consider the TANGO2 gene when confronted with rhabdomyolysis in a patient suffering from an early developmental disorder. Currently, managing this disease is purely symptomatic. Here, we report the clinical features of a 10-year-old girl with mutations in the TANGO2 gene. Unique to our case was the lack of elevated creatine kinase during the early acute crises of cardiac failure and multi-organ failure, as well as the lack of any prior mental retardation associated with the aberrant heart rhythm.

APPLICATION OF LOGISTICS METHODS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION OF OVERSIZED CARGO

In this article, the authors consider the main technical and operational indicators of cargo transportation on the example of KLAAS LLC. The features of unimodal, intermodal and multimodal delivery technologies are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages for specific conditions of cargo transportation are revealed.
 Purpose: is to analyze the features of various cargo delivery schemes, to justify the choice of a scheme for specific conditions of transportation.
 Method or methodology of the work: statistical analysis, synthesis were used in the article.
 Results: the factors influencing the choice of cargo transportation scheme are determined, the features of various schemes and the possibility of combining them in the process of transportation are analyzed, taking into account specific conditions.
 Scope of application of the results: research activity on the development of new approaches in the field of organization of transportation and transport services.

Commercial and legal conditions for the organization of sea passenger transportation

This article explores current trends and prospects in passenger cruise ship chartering. In light of events in recent years, including the global COVID-19 pandemic, the cruise industry has faced serious challenges, prompting companies to look for new approaches to support their operations. The article examines different chartering models, including long-term and short-term agreements, as well as the possibility of sharing vessels between operators. Two organizational and legal forms of operation of marine passenger ships are considered in more detail: liner and cruise. Formalized and provided a schematic representation of the process of interaction of the participants of sea passenger transportation in various forms of ship operation. The interaction schemes of the shipowner, the charterer and the managing agent are described. The interaction technology of the participants in the passenger transportation process is considered in the context of the types of ship charter contracts. Differences in technological processes of interaction of participants in the process of organization and provision of sea passenger transportation, distribution of responsibilities, risks, costs and income in the organization of sea passenger transportation according to various schemes of interaction of participants are given.

Unification of the Construction of Tank Vehicles as an Important Element in Improving the Safety of Transport and Rescue Operations

Aim: The aim of the research was to verify the assumptions regarding the need to unify and standardize the design of tank vehicles in order to make it easier for rescuers from specialized chemical-ecological rescue groups (SRGChem) to make the right decisions at the scene. Ultimately, such unification is expected to allow the safe elimination of the threat by improving the rescue efforts of the groups in question. To carry it out, it is necessary to analyse rescue operations and draw conclusions, which should be made available to the manufacturers of tank vehicles, carriers and SGRchem rescuers. Project and methods: In the first stage of consideration, an analysis of the literature was carried out, followed by a survey of the rescuers who are members of SRGChem in order to find out their opinions on the unification of the construction of tank vehicles. Questions included emergency unloading valves. Interviews were also conducted with experts familiar with the issues of the subject in question, in particular practitioners who perform command functions in the SGRchem on a daily basis. Results: A survey of emergency responders from specialized chemical and environmental rescue groups shows that the vast majority of this group sees a significant problem arising from the varied design of tank vehicles for transporting hazardous substances. An overwhelming number of respondents indicated that unification of the construction of tank vehicles transporting hazardous substances is feasible, but requires a lot of discussions with the manufacturers in terms of seeking new solutions, i.e., insurance relief for tank vehicles that would be certified for unified construction. Conclusions: The transportation of hazardous materials is a complex process that requires specialized knowledge. The organization of transport in accordance with current safety regulations and standards ensures not only the minimization of risks arising from the transport of hazardous materials, but also its full efficiency. It is important to remember that every participant in the transport of dangerous goods has certain responsibilities. The greatest scope is imposed on the carrier and the shipper. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to an indispensable element of transport safety – that is, training, which should be carried out for all employees who come into contact with dangerous goods. All these considerations lead to the conclusion that unification of the construction of tank vehicles would have a significant impact on improving the safety of transport and the effectiveness of ongoing rescue operations. Keywords: safety, transport, rescue, training, hazardous substances

Методологические аспекты организации грузоперевозок железнодорожным транспортом в проектах развития Восточного полигона с учетом рисков инфраструктурных ограничений

Purpose: To develop a methodology for the organization of freight transportation in the project of comprehensive modernization of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) and Trans-Siberian Railway (Transsib) (Eastern polygon). Methods: The study is based on operational data of freight traffic on the railway infrastructure of the Eastern polygon of JSC "Russian Railways", their systematization and analysis. The method of in-depth analysis of structured data on the dependence of the performance indicators of the projected railway infrastructure and the passage of projected freight volumes, taking into account empty wagons, is used. Results: The methodology of regulation of the organization of freight rail transportation has been updated. The key problems, risks and restrictions of freight transportation in the Eastern polygon development project are classified. The results of statistical processing and data mining are presented, specifying the parameters of the forecast model for the growth of freight volumes and the increase in the capacity of the Eastern polygon. An algorithm has been developed for analyzing freight rail transportation in the projects of the development of the Eastern polygon, taking into account the risks of infrastructure restrictions. Practical significance: An assessment of the degree to which risks of infrastructure restrictions impact the effectiveness of the organizing freight traffic in the railway infrastructure development project is given.

Timing of Transport of Patients with COVID-19.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of mortality or ECMO cannulation for patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 transferred from sending hospitals to receiving tertiary care centers as a function of the duration of time at the sending hospital. To determine outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID-19 who were transferred to tertiary or quarternary care medical centers. Retrospective cohort study of critical care transports of patients to one of seven consortium tertiary care centers from March 1, 2020, through September 4, 2020. Age 14 years and older with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 transported from a sending hospital to a receiving tertiary care center by the critical care transport organization. Patients transported with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 to tertiary care centers had a mortality rate of 38.0%. Neither the number of days admitted, nor the number of days intubated at the sending hospital correlated with mortality (correlation coefficient 0.051 and -0.007, respectively). Similarly, neither the number of days admitted, nor number of days intubated at the sending hospital correlated with ECMO cannulation (correlation coefficient 0.008 and -0.036, respectively). It may be reasonable to transfer a critically ill COVID-19 patient to a tertiary care center even if they have been admitted at the sending hospital for several days.

Problems of recovery of lost profits in the organization of freight rail transportation

The interests of clients of the railway industry and Russian Railways in matters of recovery and compensation for “lost profits” and “lost opportunities” are not considered and regulated in laws and by-laws regarding railway transportation. Claim work is based on compensation for real damage both from users of railway transport services and from the Russian Railways holding.An algorithm for the formation, submission and resolution of claims in the provision of rail transportation services is considered. The functionality of the personal account for the clients of JSC “Russian Railways” of the project “Electronic Claimant” was analyzed. The importance of developing a basic formula that takes into account the factors affecting the amount of lost profits is indicated. The existing scheme for conducting recourse work to recover losses of Russian Railways JSC is given and a scheme for conducting claim work to compensate for lost profits of Russian Railways JSC on the basis of a unified automated system of act and claim work is presented. It is proposed as a basis for further elaboration of this issue, a mechanism for rebilling in the event of final losses from a failed transportation for clients of the Russian Railways holding. The expediency of applying a possible replacement transaction when the company finds another counterparty is also considered. The application of these measures will make it possible to create equal competitive conditions in the market for all customers and the Russian Railways holding.

Modernization of the transport system in the Asian-Russian sector as the basis for global economic restructuring security

The research in this article allows us to conduct a comparative assessment of the relationships between the intensification of innovative processes of development of transport, which largely determine today the main parameters of economic development efficiency of the respective regional territories and national states as a whole. The subject of the study is transport parameters of the movement of the resource component in space and time on the efficiency and competitiveness of the productive link of the regions and expanding the organization of trade relations of the subjects of the economy. Resources, the level of their territorial dispersion and dispersion with the possibility of placing productive forces and capacities, are largely determinant today in the development of the needs of the production sector and the impact of stock parameters on business efficiency and competitiveness of the economies of national states as a whole. Particular attention is paid to the development of both external interstate and internal national linear transport networks, including rail, road and water transport. [1]
 The relevance of this publication is confirmed by the active development of Russia's transportation corridors, including the "North-South" and "West-East" corridors, which will be of great importance in utilizing Russia's vast resource potential in the joint development of advanced corporate production facilities with national friendly states that possess modern production and human resources capabilities.
 The scientific basis of this study is represented by complex analysis methods of generalization and evaluative expert assessments of the effect. [2]
 The main target parameters of the scientific justification of the article results are:
 
 Confirmation of the possibility of using the practices of advanced enterprises of developed Asian countries, which rely on the influence of freight delivery speed and minimization of commodity stocks in the manufacturing sector, on labor productivity and, as a result, on intensive growth of economic efficiency as a whole.
 Substantiation of the importance of integration processes between Russia and Asian countries through corporate participation in global innovative development of transportation routes, which will stimulate the intensification of the economy by actively developing communication between participating countries in the organization of transportation of raw materials and goods.
 
 The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the justification for the need for comprehensive development of the transport system of Russia and Asian countries, in the current conditions of sanctions pressure and the reorientation of global markets. The hypothesis is that the modernization of transport arteries will be the basis for increasing labor productivity and forming an innovative transport support for the production potential of the country, not only through the supply of hydrocarbon raw materials to the West and Asia but through corporate participation in the development of an efficient transport infrastructure of the country in international business.

Organization of passenger rail transportation on the section with the combined track Nyzhankovychi- Starzhava

Passenger transportation by rail is an important component of ensuring cross-border cooperation between our country and neighboring EU countries. Transport transformations are being carried out on both sides of the border, and directives are being developed and implemented to establish uniform rules and standards for the successful operation of transport and passenger movement. At the same time, the organization of traffic is being improved, taking into account the features of the infrastructure, as well as changes in traffic flows, in particular passenger flows at border areas. An important difference between the railway system of our country and neighboring EU countries is different tracks. The width of the track on our side of the border is mainly 1520 mm and 1435 mm in EU countries. This leads to a number of related features of rail transport. In addition, there are different approaches to traffic regulation. Therefore, it is essential to develop approaches for managing through transportation, in particular, on test sections of the railway track. This work is aimed at solving the current problem of organizing passenger transportation in areas adjacent to the Khyriv station. Both the 1,520 mm track and the combined 1,520/1,435 mm track are used on the site, which allows organising traffic with cars designed for the appropriate track width. A mathematical model of the movement of passengers using trains on different tracks is built - a combined track between two stations on the border with Poland (Nyzhankovychi-Starzhava) and a track with a width of 1520 mm (Sambir-Khyriv), taking into account the topology of the station with conditional distances and stations as the vertices of the corresponding graph. In view of the peculiarities of the stations, possible routes are considered for choosing a train formation scheme, namely, routes between stations of train formation and rotation. As a result, schedules for following passenger trains on border sections were constructed and studied, which allows for determining a rational scheme of train movement and their maintenance at stations. As an example, calculations were made for the Nizhankovychi-Starzhava section. It was found that in order to ensure the given passenger flow and organization of traffic on this section and adjacent tracks, it is necessary to introduce at least three passenger trains. The developed methodology can be used also for other border areas between the stations of Poland and Ukraine. The implementation of the proposed international route State Border – Nyzhankovychі – Khyriv – Starzhava – State Border along the 1435 mm track will allow our Polish neighbors to unite their two provinces with the help of their rolling stock passing through our territory, as well as to reduce the mileage of rolling stock and the distance between the two large cities of Poland. We, in turn, benefit from providing transport services and opening new international passenger routes, with further implementation of freight transport routes on the same sections of tracks.