Orange Peel Extract Research Articles

Protective and anticancer effects of orange peel extract and naringin in doxorubicin treated esophageal cancer stem cell xenograft tumor mouse model

Backgroundchemotherapy drugs are the common therapy for cancer cells with side effects. Recent studies reported that natural products may contribute to decreasing the side effects of chemotherapy drugs. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of orange peel extract (OPE) and its main compound; naringin (NR) to protect the side effects of doxorubicin (Dox) in esophageal cancer stem cells (CSCs) derived tumors in vivo. Methodsfor this purpose, Esophageal cancer cell (YM1) derived spheres were treated in vitro with OPE, NR, Dox, Dox in combination with OPE or NR. The cell viability was assessed by XTT and the apoptosis was measured using Annexin/7-AAD and the cell cycle was also quantified by using PI staining method. The pluripotency related genes expression was carried out using qRT-PCR The protective effects of OPE and NR were evaluated by body weight evaluation and oxidative stress factors: malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) measurement in xenograft mice tumor model injected with Dox. ResultsESCC CSCs overexpress SOX2 and OCT4 pluripotency genes. OPE or NR can protect the cellular toxicity of Dox in vitro mainly by decreasing cellular apoptosis of ESCC CSCs however S-phase cell cycle arrest has not been affected significantly. In vivo experiments revealed that the use of Dox simultaneously with OPE or NR not only can reduce the tumor size but also the body weight of the treated nude mice were maintained in comparison to Dox alone. In contrast to Dox alone, Dox in combination with OPE or NR showed less systemic toxicity and decreased oxidative stress fraction circulation, however, OPE seemed as more protective. ConclusionThe results suggest that these natural compounds can be used as adjuvant therapy to lower systemic toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents like DOX in ESCC cancer stem cells treatment.

Green solvents and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of bioactive orange (Citrus sinensis) peel compounds

Byproducts such as orange peel have potential uses because of their bioactive compounds, which are important for their potential to reduce the risk factors of diseases caused by aging. The lack of effective techniques and the high levels of pollution produced by the conventional extraction of bioactive compounds using organic solvents have highlighted the need to enhance the ‘green chemistry’ trend. This study evaluates the use of ultrasound to extract bioactive compounds from orange peel. The antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, and HPLC profile of phenolic compounds from orange peel extracts were obtained by a physicochemical evaluation. The results demonstrate that the optimal conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive orange peel compounds were a power of 400 W, a time of 30 min, and 50% ethanol in water. These conditions were used to obtain a total carotenoid concentration of 0.63 mg ß-carotene/100 g, vitamin C concentration of 53.78 mg AA/100 g, phenolic concentration of 105.96 mg GAE/100 g, and antioxidant capacity of ORAC = 27.08 mM TE and TEAC = 3.97 mM TE. The major phenolic compound identified in all orange peel extracts was hesperidin, with a maximum concentration of 113.03 ± 0.08 mg/100 g.

POTENSI EKSTRAK KULIT LIMAU BANJAR (Citrus reticulata) DENGAN METODE DPPH SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN

Free radicals are a factor that causes various degenerative diseases to occur. Degenerative diseases have become the biggest cause of death in Indonesia, such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease and premature aging. The body needs an important substance to help protect against attacks by free radicals that work by reducing the negative effects of these compounds, namely antioxidants. Natural antioxidants can be obtained through the consumption of herbal plants that contain secondary metabolites of antioxidants, such as banjar orange peel (Citrus reticulata). The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of banjar orange peel extract which was expressed by inhibitors Consentration 50 (IC50). The banjar orange peel was extracted by maceration method using aquadest solvent and antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazly) method by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 517 nm. The results showed that the banjar orange peel contained antioxidants which were 10 ppm (29,814%), 20 ppm (35,182%), 30 ppm (43,482%), 40 ppm (50,022%), 50 ppm (58,682%) with IC50 values ​​of 39,041 ppm which is included in the range of very strong antioxidant activity. The conclusion of the study is that the banjar orange peel extract has the potential to be developed as a source of natural antioxidants for humans.

The mechanism studies of the adsorption–desorption process of rutin from water/ethanol solution and the extract of bitter orange peel by the carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes

AbstractCarboxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐COOH) have been used as an efficient adsorbent for the adsorption of rutin from water/ethanol solution and extract of bitter orange peel. Batch experiments such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, concentration of the rutin, and temperature were carried out to study the sorption process. Kinetic studies were well described by a pseudosecond‐order kinetic model for MWCNT‐COOH. Besides, the adsorbed values of rutin at equilibrium were calculated to be 62.89 mg/g, which agreed well with the experimental data (62.13 mg/g). Isotherm studies showed that the Langmuir isotherm was found to be the best model for the description of the sorption data. ΔG° values at temperatures of 298, 308, and 318 °K were −1.9, −4.5, and −5.3 kJ/mol, respectively; these negative values for MWCNT‐COOH indicated the nature of the spontaneous adsorption process. In addition, rutin molecules can be desorbed from MWCNT‐COOH by up to 93.4% of the sorbed amount by increasing the solution pH to 11, which indicates the ability of reutilization of MWCNT‐COOH. In addition, the results of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that MWCNT‐COOH leads to the adsorption and extraction of rutin about 50% from the extract of bitter orange peel.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Extract Prepared by Plasmochemical Extraction Method and Degradation of Methylene Blue under Solar Irradiation

In pursuit of greener nanoscale research, the utilization of the reductive potency of a common byproduct of food-processing industry, i.e., orange peel, has been researched to prepare “green” silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirmed that silver nanoparticles were formed at the investigated concentrations of Ag+ (0.25–6.0 mmol/L) during 5–10 minutes, at ratio AgNO3 : extract (mL) = 1 : 1, and at 75°C. From the SEM images, the silver nanoparticles are found to be almost spherical. Powder XRD results reveal that Ag nanoparticles had a face-centered cubic crystal structure. The zeta potential value for AgNPs obtained was −21.7 mV, indicating the moderate stability of synthesized nanoparticles. The effect of pH on nanoparticle synthesis has been determined by adjusting the pH of the reaction mixtures. The catalytic effectiveness of the prepared green catalyst, AgNPs, has also been investigated in catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The catalytic degradation reaction under solar irradiation was completed (99%) within 35 min, signifying excellent catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles in the reduction of MB.

Studying effect of addition green inhibitor on compression strength of reinforced concrete

In recent years the use of inhibitors in producing high-performance concrete has increased significantly to mitigate chloride and sulphate attacks. The present inhibitors in the market are toxic to the environment. Hence, the objective of the present investigation was to study a novel, eco-friendly and green waste plant (orange peel) extracts inhibitor and study its effects on compression strength of reinforced concrete. This inhibitor was added to the concrete mix with concentrations of 1% and 3% by weight of cement with two types of superplasticizers. Results showed that the tested penetrating type corrosion inhibitor as an admixture of the concrete samples did not impair on compressive strength, but with one of the superplasticizers showed higher (acceptable) values compared to the other type of superplasticizer due to the difference between their ability in reducing the ratio of water of the concrete samples.

Sustainable route of synthesis platinum nanoparticles using orange peel extract

ABSTRACTPlatinum is the best catalyst to promote electrochemical reactions in fuel cell. Despite the high cost of platinum, finding a cheaper, sustainable, and environmentally to produce catalyst is needed. Green synthesis has been used to produce metal nanoparticles using reducing agents drawn from natural sources. In this study, the green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles is using orange peel extract as a bio-reducing agent. The reaction to produce platinum nanoparticles is undertaken in both acidic and alkaline media and has been employed at different selected pH values. The catalyst was physically and electrochemically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and cyclic voltammetry. The prepared platinum nanoparticles have different distributions at different pH, while the particle size of the platinum remains in the range of 1.6–4.0 nm. The platinum nanoparticles are supported on carbon black for methanol oxidation reaction. The electrochemical analysis reveals that the methanol oxidation peak of the prepared platinum supported on carbon black is at 0.9 V (vs. RHE). The synthesized platinum nanoparticles have strong potential to be used in the methanol oxidation reaction in a DMFC, as they are well distributed, but the nanoparticles need further improvement to be applied in carbon support and alloying to reduce the amount of platinum.

Study on Photo-Catalytic and Antimicrobial Activity of Green Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles Coated Vitrified Tiles

In the current study, a facile and eco-friendly method has been developed for the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from titanium isopropoxide solution using <i>Datura metel</i> (Vellai Umathai) leaves and orange peel extract. Silver nanoparticles (60 nm) and silver nanoplates (130 nm) have been synthesized and characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The silver nanoparticles are doped with TiO₂ nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of Ag nanoparticles and nanoplates doped TiO₂ nanoparticles coated on vitrified tiles was investigated, wherein, degradation of methylene blue, rapidly on exposure to sunlight was observed. Analysis of the antimicrobial activity measured using colony forming units showed a 4-log reduction in the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria and a 5-log reduction in the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria.<div><br></div>

Combined impacts of zein coating enriched with methanolic and ethanolic extracts of sour orange peel and vacuum packing on the shelf life of refrigerated rainbow trout

AbstractIn this study, the antioxidant potency of aqueous ethanolic and methanolic extracts of sour orange peel was assessed. The antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics of zein coating enriched with these extracts were then evaluated for refrigerated fish stored with vacuum packing (VP). The antioxidant activities of the hydroalcoholic extract were more potent than those of the methanolic extract. The total viable counts of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., and psychrotrophic bacteria in all of the samples were significantly decreased, compared with the control, for the storage period. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, peroxide, total volatile basic nitrogen, and free fatty acids were significantly lower in all treated samples, compared with the control. In the sensorial assessment, the coated samples enriched with different concentrations of extracts were mostly preferred by the sensory analyst. In combination, the coating layers increased the shelf life of fish for 12 days. Edible coatings are significant protective agents for perishable foods such as seafood. Longer shelf lives are feasible with different processing methods, such as edible coatings and plant extracts, and with suitable combinations of these agents. The enrichment of zein coatings by essential oils or extracts can improve the sensory attributes (such as flavour, taste, and colour), as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics.

Comparative study of spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetry properties of CuONPs from citrus peel extracts

This work presents synthesized nano-sized particles of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) from three different citrus peels extract. The as prepared nano sized crystalline particles were characterized with UV-Vis, FTIR, Zeta potential, XRD, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and TEM. The UV spectra of CuONPs from grape (GPE), lemon (LPE) and orange (OPE) peel extracts showed maximum absorption peaks at 320 nm, 326 nm and 337 nm respectively. The energy band gaps were calculated to be 2.78 eV, 2.74 eV and 2.23 eV for CuONPs/GPE, CuONPs/LPE and CuONPs/OPE respectively. The average crystalline spherical sizes for CuONPs from TEM were found to be 5.13 ± 0.67 nm, 3.92 ± 0.55 nm and 4.63 ± 0.7 nm for CuONPs/GPE, CuONPs/LPE and CuONPs/OPE respectively. The comparative CV studies of the bare screen print electrode (SPE) and the modified SPE with CuO NPs from the peel extracts GPE, LPE and OPE respectively, showed that the green synthesized NPs are good catalyst with pronounced current response as compared to the bare SPE in the order CuO NPs/GPE, CuO NPs/OPE and CuO NPs/LPE. The result reveal that the CuONPs from GPE has the best electrocatalytical properties, and suggesting that the synthesized CuONPs can be used in electrochemical sensor fabrication.

Green synthesis, cytotoxicity, antioxidant and photocatalytic activity of CeO2 nanoparticles mediated via orange peel extract (OPE)

The advancement of metal oxide nanomaterials via green synthesis protocol proved leading tools for nanotechnology applications especially as drug deliver carriers, biosensors and clinical pharmaceutical. The aim of the current study was to synthesize cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) using orange peel extract (OPE) and evaluate its enactment for the antioxidant, anticancer and photocatalytic activities. Structural and morphological investigations of green synthesized CeO2 NPs was examined by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, Raman spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis). Further, cytotoxicity and ROS activity of green synthesized CeO2 NPs exposed against cervical cancerous cells (HeLa). Green synthesized CeO2 NPs revealed the considerable antioxidant activity and hold effective methylene blue (MB) dye degradation in the presence of sunlight.

Nobiletin Alone or in Combination with Cisplatin Decreases the Viability of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines

Aim: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most aggressive subtype of thyroid cancer, presenting high mortality. Currently, no curative treatments exist and new therapeutic strategies are required. Although nutraceuticals were reported to have anticancer properties, few studies exist on ATC. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of nutraceuticals in ATC cell lines (T235, T238) in comparison with normal thyroid cells (PCCL3).Methods: The IC50 values of isothiocyanates (ITCs: sulforaphane, SFN; phenethyl isothiocyanate, PEITC) and polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs: nobiletin; orange peel extract, OPE) were determined. ITCs decreased ATC metabolic viability more efficiently than PMFs. The effects of PEITC and nobiletin on viability and cell cycle, alone or in combination with conventional drugs, were evaluated.Results: PEITC did not affect viability of normal thyroid and ATC cells, while nobiletin decreased viability in a dose-dependent manner in all cell lines, although cell cycle was not arrested. At 100 μM, nobiletin reduced ATC cell viability as efficiently as conventional drugs, such as cisplatin, while being less toxic to normal thyroid cells. When conjugated with 1 μM cisplatin, the combination decreased viability of T235 cells more efficiently than each compound alone.Conclusion: These results suggest nobiletin as a potential anticancer agent that warrants further investigation in ATC.

The Effectiveness of Botanical Insecticides of Four Plant Types and Adjuvants on Nutrition Index of The Fifth Instar Larvae of Heliothis Armigera Hubner

The effectiveness of the botanical insecticide formulations derived from a mixture of the ethanol extracts of the four plants; sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis), Mexican sunflower leaf (Tithonia diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) with and without miracle adjuvant has been examined on the nutritional index of the fifth instar larvae of H. Armigera. Nutritional index parameters were observed using a complete randomized design (CRD) with six treatment concentrations (0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%, 2.00%, 4.00%) and 15 larvae for the iterations. The observation data were analyzed by variance if there was any difference followed by Duncan’s test at the level of 5%. The results showed that all treatment concentrations, both with and without miracle adjuvant, could reduce the larval nutrition index and differ from the control treatments, namely; relative consumption rate (RCR) at 19,506% - 28,457% without adjuvant and at 16,566% - 36,740% with adjuvant; relative growth rate (RGR) at 10,545% - 45,545% without adjuvant and at 22,545% - 62,545% with adjuvant; efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) with and without adjuvant at 14,041% - 24,951% and 16,651% - 57,302% respectively, while the efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) is at 14,629% - 30,106% without adjuvant and at 16,651% - 57,302% with adjuvant. On the contrary, the approximate digestibility (AD) increased by 18,195% - 30,656% without adjuvant and 22,223% - 62,579% with adjuvant. The effect caused by botanical insecticide formulation with miracle adjuvant is higher compared to the one without any adjuvant. Effective concentration with adjuvant occurs at 2%, and 4% without adjuvant. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of sweet orange peel contained 5 secondary metabolites (alkaloid, terpenoid, steroid, tannin, saponin), 2 (Flavonoid and Tannin) in Mexican sunflower leaf, 5 (Flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, steroid, and tannins) in ginger rhizomes, and 3 (terpenoids, steroids, saponins) in lemongrass stems.

Development of Antibacterial Nanocomposite: Whey Protein-Gelatin-Nanoclay Films with Orange Peel Extract and Tripolyphosphate as Potential Food Packaging

Antibacterial and biodegradable whey protein isolate (WPI-) gelatin nanocomposites were prepared using natural orange peel extract (OPE) in percentage of 7, 14, and 21% (v/v solution) and Cloisite 30B (5% w/w dry whey protein) made by a casting method. Mechanical, physical, and antibacterial properties of prepared films were measured as a function of OPE concentration. Higher concentrations of OPE led to higher antibacterial activity, tensile strength, and water solubility, but lower moisture content and transparency. The films microstructures were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and ATR-FTIR. Overall, the film containing 21%(v/v) OPE resulted in the best antibacterial, mechanical, and physical performance. Addition of tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a crosslinker to this sample led to the significant increase in transparency. Cloisite 30B, OPE, and TPP can therefore be used to improve the properties of WPI films as a promising natural food packaging.

Bitter orange peel extract induces endoplasmic reticulum-mediated autophagy in human hepatoma cells

Abstract This study was aimed at investigating the anti-cancer effect of bitter orange peel extract (BOPE) on Hep3B, a human hepatoma cell line. Upon treatment of Hep3B cells with 6.25–100 μg/mL of BOPE for 72 h, its antiproliferative effect was shown to increase in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The observations, such as concentration-dependent elevation of LC3 fluorescent puncta, increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, no characteristic apoptotic nuclear fragmentation, and no significant effect on percentages of annexin V-positive apoptotic cells, confirmed the autophagy triggered by BOPE in Hep3B cells. Moreover, BOPE promoted ROS generation and induced endoplasmic reticulum stress through calcium ion-related AMPK/TSC2/mTOR and DAPK/Beclin-1 pathways, leading to autophagic cell death. Furthermore, our analysis showed that the major components of BOPE, tangeretin and nobiletin, exhibited a synergistic effect on the growth inhibition of Hep3B cells. Thus, these results suggest that BOPE may be used as a functional food against liver cancer.

Investigation of physicochemical and antioxidant properties of gelatin edible film mixed with blood orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract

The present study aims at developing Grey triggerfish skin gelatin films containing phenolic extracts from blood orange (Citrus sinensis) peel, as an alternative for the existing synthetic packaging films. The effect of drying pretreatment on the phenolic compounds’ profile and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extracts was investigated. Physicochemical, thermal and mechanical properties of gelatin films incorporated with orange peel extract, at different concentrations and plasticized with glycerol were investigated. Films were also tested for their antioxidant capacity, monitored through the β-carotene bleaching, DPPH radical-scavenging and reducing power activities. Results showed that the fresh orange peel extract (FOPE) was more effective against all bacteria tested and exhibited higher antioxidant effect than the thermally-dried orange peel extract (DOPE). In addition, the LC-ESI-MS analysis showed that the quinic acid was the major compound among the total poly-phenols followed by rutin, trans-ferulic acid, naringenin and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinate. After its addition, FOPE modified the mechanical and thermal properties of gelatin films, which showed more deformable texture than the control gelatin film. This effect may be caused by the interactions between phenolic compounds of the extract and gelatin chains, as assessed by the Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The FOPE-added films presented higher antioxidant properties than the control. Furthermore, release kinetics of FOPE through gelatin film showed controlled quasi-Fickian diffusion. The overall results emphasized the potential use of phenolic compounds from blood orange by-products to produce bioactive films intended for food packaging.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK MANIS (Citrus sinensis) DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI PENGAWET PANGAN

Microbial contamination may cause food poisoning and a decrease in food quality. Preservatives such as Citrus senensis sweet orange peel waste can be used to extend the shelf life of food. The purpose of this study was to measure the potential antioxidant and antibacterial activity of orange peel extract and its application to improve the quality of meatballs, wet noodles, and tofu. Meatballs, wet noodles, and tofu were soaked with the extract for 90 minutes prior to storage at room temperature (28±2°C) for 4 days. The results showed that the inhibition zone of the extract using disc diffusion assay was 17.67±0.58 mm against Escherichia coli, 16±1 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, and 12.67±1.15 mm against Salmonella Typhi. Sweet orange peel extract had an antioxidant activity of 66.41% with total phenol of 2,656.48±55.46 mg GAE/100g. The extract was able to reduce total bacteria between 0.5 and 1.0 log CFU/g in meatballs, wet noodles and tofu. The application of the extract on meatballs, wet noodles and tofu preserved aroma and color attribute until 4th day of storage at room temperature (28±2°C). Decrease of texture attributes were observed starting from 3rd day of storage at room temperature (28±2°C).

Phytochemical Compositions and Antimicrobial Activities of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia Peels on Selected Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Jollof Rice

Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic (EtOH) extracts of orange (C. sinensis Pers.) and lime (C.aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) peels on some selected pathogenic bacteria isolated from jollof rice.&#x0D; Study Design: Antimicrobial analysis, phytochemical analysis&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Wesley University Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria, between June and July 2017.&#x0D; Methodology: Antimicrobial analysis of aqueous and EtOH extracts prepared from orange and lime peels were done by using the agar well diffusion method against the selected pathogenic bacteria. The extracts were screened for anti-nutrients such as alkaloids, tannins, oxalate, phytate and glycosides.&#x0D; Results: The EtOH extracts of orange peel showed a remarkable zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (23.5 ± 0.1 mm) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (11.4 ± 0.0 mm) and Bacillus cereus (9.8 ± 0.0 mm). Whereas, the aqueous extracts of orange showed no zone of inhibition against the tested pathogenic bacteria. In addition the EtOH peel extract of lime showed maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus (15.5 ± 0.0 mm) followed by E. coli (14.3 ± 0.1 mm) and B. cereus (12.1 ± 0.2 mm), whereas its aqueous peel extract showed no zone of inhibition against K. pneumonia, S. aureus, E. coli and B. cereus. Both EtOH extracts of orange and lime peels showed no zone of inhibition against K. pneumonia. Streptomycin, the reference antibiotic, had no zone of inhibition against B. cereus and S. aureus whereas it recorded maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli (24.0 ± 0.0 mm) and K. pneumonia (25.1 ± 0.1 mm). The phytochemical analysis showed presence of oxalate, alkaloids, phytate, tannins and glycoside in the aqueous and EtOH extracts of lime and orange peels. The antimicrobial activities of EtOH extracts of both lime and orange peels demonstrated inhibitory effect against the targeted organisms such as B. cereus, S. aureus and E. coli.&#x0D; Conclusion: The exploration of novel antimicrobial agents from natural resources such as plant like Lime and sweet orange as food preservative is due to the presence of various secondary metabolites.

Functional Yoghurt Supplemented with Extract Orange Peel Encapsulated Using Coacervation Technique.

Orange peels (OP) as a fruit waste is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds (PC). In this research, the different concentrations of orange peel were extracted to obtain the highest PC concentration. The aqueous orange peel extracts (OPE) were encapsulated using coacervation method. Different ratios between wall materials (whey protein concentrate (WPC) and gum arabic ((GA) 3:1, 3:2 and 3:3) were investigated. The ratios between OPE and wall materials were 1:10 and 1:20. Encapsulated OPE was supplemented in yoghurt. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was evaluated for capsules while phenolics content (PC), physiochemical and texture properties of yoghurt samples were evaluated during cold storage (fresh, 7 and 15 days). The higher EE (95.4%) was observed when used WPC: GA at ratio 3:1 and OPE: wall materials at ratio 1:10. There aren't any significant influences on the physiochemical and texture properties of yoghurt samples. The organoleptic properties of supplemented yoghurt had gained acceptable flavor and satisfied scores from judging persons. Application of microcapsules as a carrier of orange peel extract in yoghurt (WPC: GA at ratio 3:1 and OPE: wall material at ratio 1:10) had the best potential to be successfully applied.

Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity studies of hesperidin isolated from orange peel extract in Sprague Dawley rats

Citrus sinensis contains glycoside hesperetin-7-rhamnoglucoside (hesperidin) which harbor an array of therapeutic potentials including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory. However, a systematic examination of safety is needed before its utilization. Hence, the present investigation is aimed to evaluate acute and sub-chronic toxicity of hesperidin isolated from the citrus fruit. Hesperidin (73%) was isolated from a methanolic extract of dried peel of the citrus fruit, characterized using FTIR, and standardized by HPLC. Its acute oral toxicity (AOT) and sub-chronic toxicity studies were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats. Hesperidin (5000 mg/kg) showed 10% mortality in AOT. In sub-chronic toxicity study, hesperidin (250 and 500 mg/kg) did not induce any abnormalities in body weight, food consumption, clinical signs, ophthalmological and neurological observations, urine analysis, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights, and gross pathology. However, hesperidin (1000 mg/kg) showed significant (p < 0.05) alterations in body and organ weights, hematology, clinical chemistry, and tissue histopathology. To conclude, hesperidin has median lethal dose (LD50) of 4837.5 mg/kg, and Low Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) at 1000 mg/kg for both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Thus, hesperidin isolated from citrus fruit showed a good safety profile in animal study.