Orange Peel Extract Research Articles

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS polyphenolic profile of sweet orange peel extracts

With growing consumer awareness, exploitation of renewable resources is cost-effective and environment friendly. This work examines the potential of citrus peels as natural antioxidants and antimicrobials for food preservation. Extraction yield, total soluble phenols and flavonoids of various citrus peels (sweet orange, lemon, tangerine and grapefruit) were optimized by varying the solvent type. While the highest extract yield (~16 ​g/100g) was obtained from the sweet orange peels in methanol, extraction with ethanol maximized the concentration of total phenols and flavonoids (~80 ​mg catechol equivalents/100 ​g dry weight). In addition, sweet orange peel extract showed the highest DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging values. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of sweet orange peels revealed more than 40 polyphenolic compounds including phenolic acids and flavonoids, some of which have not been previously reported. The predominant polyphenols were narirutin, naringin, hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside naringenin, quinic acid, hesperetin, datiscetin-3-O-rutinoside and sakuranetin. The incorporation of sweet orange peel extract into two vegetable oils enhanced their oxidative stability. In addition, all citrus peel extracts possessed high antimicrobial activity against several food-borne pathogens, and the activity was highest for the sweet orange peel extract. Overall results suggested the great potential of sweet orange peels as natural antioxidant and antimicrobials, which can be efficiently extracted using a simple and low-cost method, for enhancing the storage stability and safety of vegetable oils.

Protective effects of jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extracts against cypermethrin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Protective effects of jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extracts against cypermethrin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Green synthesis of calcium carbonate nanoparticles using waste fruit peel extract

Nanotechnology is a trending field that addresses the issues in the range of 1–100 nm. Due to their small size, orientation and physical properties, nanoparticles are used immensely and the output of any other substance that has contact with such small particles is reportedly altered. The various chemical, physical, and biological methods can easily be used for the preparation of these particles. However, the biological approach is the better approach, being eco-friendly, less time-consuming and cost-effective as well as simpler than the other approaches. This paper uses the aqueous extract of orange peel to reduce and enclose the green synthesis of calcium carbonate nanoparticles. The formation of nanoparticles has been shown to be obtained at a fixed ratio of plant extract and metal solution. FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis has been used to characterize the nanoparticles. The crystalline phase of calcium carbonate nanoparticles was identified as polymorphic phase. The study provided an easy technique to synthesize the nanoparticles for further use in various fields.

Polymethoxyflavones in orange peel extract prevent skeletal muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise in rats.

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) contained in the peel of citrus fruits have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidepressant effects. However, their effects on skeletal muscle are unknown. We investigated whether PMFs could prevent skeletal muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise in rats. Downhill running for 90 min increased the levels of the inflammatory cytokines, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in skeletal muscles, especially in vastus lateralis, and the plasma creatine kinase levels. These increases were attenuated by a single oral administration of orange peel extract (OPE) 30 min before downhill running. A mixture of nobiletin, sinensetin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone, and tangeretin, which are the major PMFs of OPE, also showed similar effects on muscle damage. These results suggest that OPE has a protective effect against eccentric exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage, and that the effects may be attributed to the 4 major PMFs.

Carotenoid Production by Rhodosporidium paludigenum Using Orange Peel Extract as Substrate

Carotenoids are fat-soluble pigments that have various benefits in health and beauty. The demand and market of carotenoids are increasing; thus, the faster and cheaper biological production of these pigments using microorganisms is desired. In this study, the optimum medium pH and nitrogen concentration for carotenoid production by Rhodosporidium ( R. ) paludigenum using orange peel extract as substrate were determined. The soluble sugars from orange peels were extracted using distilled water at 100 °C. The yeast inoculum was cultivated in Yeast Peptone Dextrose (YPD) media before fermentation. The independent variables in the fermentation factorial design included initial medium pH (5; 6; and 7) and nitrogen concentration (0; 1; and 1.75 g/L urea in the medium). The decrease in reducing sugar concentration and the increase in biomass dry weight during fermentation demonstrated carbon source consumption by R. paludigenum for growth and carotenoid production. On the sixth day of fermentation (D6), the culture was harvested for the total carotenoid extraction and determination. The highest total carotenoid yield (107.63 µg/g) was achieved by the treatment group with an initial medium pH of 6 without nitrogen supplementation. This result indicated the orange peel extract potential as a substrate for carotenoid production using R. paludigenum as a workhorse. This was the first reported research in natural carotenoid generation using R. paludigenum (strain InaCC Y-236) locally isolated in Indonesia as the producer and orange peel extract as the substrate. Thus, this research would enrich the microbial carotenoid exploration and waste valorization to value-added products at the same time. The study can then be developed further and upscaled for industrial applications.Â

Ameliorative effects of jamun seed and orange peel extracts on microcystin LR induced alterations in calcitonin cells and parathyroid gland of rats.

This study investigated changes in calcitonin cells (C-cells) and parathyroid glands (PTG) induced by microcystin LR (MCLR) exposure to rats and evaluated ameliorative effects of jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed (JSE) and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel (OPE) extracts. Wistar rats were treated as-Group A (control), Group B (MCLR), Group C (MCLR + JSE), Group D (MCLT + OPE), Group E (OPE) and Group F (JSE). Microcystin dose was (10 μg/kg body wt/day whereas OPE and JSE dose was 200 mg/kg body wt/day. Thyroid and PTG were fixed on 15 and 30 days following the treatment. C-cells of treated rats for 15 days with MCLR; MCLR + JSE and MCLR + OPE exhibit degranulation, mitochondrial swelling and prominent RER. In MCLR treated rats few cells completely lack secretory granules. After 30 days MCLR treatment accumulation of secretory granules and degeneration were noticed in C-cells. C-cell nuclear volume (NV) of MCLR, MCLR + JSE and MCLT + OPE treated rats show an increase. In MCLR, MCLR + JSE and MCLR + OPE treated rats PTG exhibit hyperchromatic nuclei, nuclear elongation and increased NV after 15 days. After 30 days MCLR treatment nuclei of PTG become more hyperchromatic, more elongated, show degeneration of nuclei and increase in NV. NV is increased in Group C and Group D. PTG remain unaltered 30 days following treatment with OPE and JSE. Microcystin LR provoke physiological effects on the blood calcium and alterations in C cells and PTG, which cause serious threat to organism. These changes can be protected by JSE and OPE.

Facile green synthesis of ZnFe2O4/rGO nanohybrids and evaluation of its photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant, photo antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities

In this work, we report a facile hydrothermal green synthesis of ZnFe2O4/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids (denoted as G-ZnFe2O4/rGO NHs) in the presence of orange peel extract as natural surfactant. The obtained G-ZnFe2O4/rGO NHs were systematically characterized in detail, and then they were served as photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue (MB) and in vitro biological applications. Importantly, the as-prepared G-ZnFe2O4/rGO NHs showed best photocatalytic performance (92.4 %) than bare G-ZnFe2O4 toward methylene blue degradation under visible light irradiation. In addition, the photo antibacterial and in-vitro anticancer activity of the resulting nanohybrids were evaluated against Escherichia coli and A549 cell line respectively. Under a simulated visible irradiation for 40 min, the G-ZnFe2O4/rGO NHs exhibited effective antibacterial activity and the bacterial survival was found to be 29.43 ± 4.2 %. The cytotoxic activity of the G-ZnFe2O4/rGO NHs showed significant cytotoxic activity against A549 cell line with an IC50 value of 249.9 μg/mL. The present study clearly suggests that G-ZnFe2O4/rGO NHs have great potential in various tribological applications for saving energy, economic, environmental remediation, and biomedical applications.

Characterization of flavored milk containing bitter orange peel extract and Gaz-angubin.

In this study, the effects of adding Gaz‐angubin at three different levels (5%, 10%, and 15% w/v) and bitter orange peel extract with three different concentrations (0.025%, 0.050%, and 0.075% w/v) on selected characteristics of the flavored milk were investigated during 10‐day storage at 4°C. The results showed that increasing the level of Gaz‐angubin and bitter orange peel extract increased viscosity, antioxidant activity, and total polyphenol content, decreased total microbial count, and improved the sensory characteristics of the flavored milk (p < .05). Generally, the flavored milk sample containing 15% Gaz‐angubin and 0.075% bitter orange peel extract was selected as the best treatment.

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES OF ISOLATED CITRUS BIOFLAVONOID FROM ORANGE: CHARACTERIZATION AND IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY AGAINST COLON CANCER CELL LINES COLO 320DM AND HT29

The aim of the present research was to perform green synthesis of gold nanoparticles of isolated citrus bioflavonoid from Citrus sinensis (orange) peel extract and to evaluate its anticancer potential. Methanolic extract of orange peel was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and citrus bioflavonoid was isolated by using column chromatography. Gold nanoparticles were developed by green synthesis method, wherein 1 % aqueous solution of isolated citrus bioflavonoid were mixed with 1% solution of HAuCl4 and incubated at ambient temperature for 4 to 5 hours and observed for the color change which indicated formation of nanoparticles. Obtained gold nanoparticles were evaluated by UV visible spectra, FTIR, SEM, XRD analysis and for antimicrobial potential against E coli, S.aureus and P. aeruginosa. Cytotoxicity study was carried out by using in vitro assays, namely MTT, SRB and Tryphan blue assay, against colon cancer cell line Colo 320 DM, and HT 29. results of SEM showed that nanosized particles in the range of 80-100nm were formed. Results of cytotoxicity studies revealed that CBFGNP exhibited 72.28% inhibition, against Colo320 DM whereas pure CBF showed 70.46% inhibition. Against HT 29, CBFGNP exhibited 69.79% inhibition, whereas for MTT assay and SRB assay, CBFGNP showed 80.15% and 58.29% inhibition, respectively. Moreover, CBFGNP exhibited 90.29% and 85% non viability against Colo320 DM and HT29. Based on the results, it can be concluded that gold nanoparticles of citrus bioflavonoid (CBFGNP) exhibits more cytotoxicity against Colo320 DM and HT29 as compared to pure citrus bioflavonoid when assessed by three different in vitro cytotoxicity assays.

Fast Orange Peel-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Use as Visual Colorimetric Sensor in the Selective Detection of Mercury(II) Ions

This paper presents the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract. The effects of different factors such as silver ion concentration, reaction time, temperature, pH, and extract quantity on the AgNPs synthesis were studied, enabling us to determine optimum synthesis conditions. We characterized the AgNPs with different techniques: UV–Visible Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), FTIR, and XRD. The AgNPs showed yellowish brown to golden brown colors and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band around a wavelength of 420 nm. FESEM images showed polydisperse AgNPs having an average size of about 55 nm. The XRD profile of the synthesized nanoparticles showed peaks that are characteristic of silver while the FTIR spectrum highlighted the functional groups associated with reducing silver ions and stabilizing the AgNPs. With the selected optimum conditions, the AgNPs were formed in less than 1 min. This is the fastest reaction time so far reported and is significantly shorter than in earlier reports. The AgNPs colloid solution was applied as nanosensor in the visual colorimetric detection of mercury(II) ions in water. The golden brown AgNPs colloid solution turned colorless and the characteristic SPR absorption band disappeared when mercury(II) ions were added to the solution. While the AgNPs show good sensitivity and selectivity for the colorimetric detection of mercury(II) ions with a detection limit of 1.24 × 10−6 mol/L (0.25 ppm), we also demonstrated the suitability of the method for detecting mercury(II) ions in drinking water.

Orange peel extracts as biodegradable corrosion inhibitor for magnesium alloy in NaCl solution: Experimental and theoretical studies

Performance of orange peel extracts (OPE) to retard the magnesium alloys corrosion is thoroughly evaluated by Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization curves. OPE would be an effective inhibitor with the efficiency of 85.7% at very low concentration of 0.030 g L −1. The inhibition effect of selected three pure components including in OPE is much inferior or comparable with that of OPE, whereas the cost of pure compounds is too expensive to be afforded. The protective self-assembly film would be formed on the magnesium surface by immersion in OPE. Structure characterization is performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The adsorption of OPE on magnesium surface follows the Langmuir adsorption rule with both chemical and physical interactions. The interaction between three selected pure compounds and magnesium alloys is further calculated by density functional theory (DFT). Moreover, the possible inhibition mechanism is constructed on the basis of above results along with the FTIR measurements. The low cost and green inhibitor is explored in this work, which would replace the expensive inhibitors with the similar or better performance.

A Sustainable Approach for the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and its Application as Antimicrobial Agents

In this research, a green and safe approach for synthesizing nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) was successfully executed using the aqueous extracts of orange peels (OPs) and pomegranate peels (PPs). The morphological structure and metallic nature of the synthesized Ni NPs were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The results reveal the prepared Ni NPs was in the range 1μm to 100 nm with pyramidal structure, high crystalline and purity. However, the average Ni NPs size were calculated using XRD analysis and found to be 28.18 nm. In addition, the synthesized Ni NPs showed a high activity against pathogenic bacteria. The Ni NPs fabricated with PP extract had the largest inhibition zone (32 mm) at 210 mg/ml against Escherichia coli, whereas the inhibition was smaller against Staphylococcus aureus (30 mm) and Candida albicans (27 mm). Moreover, the Ni NPs fabricated with OP extract showed higher antimicrobial activities against E. coli (36 mm), S. aureus (34 mm), and C. albicans (30 mm). The results of this study indicate that Ni NPs synthesized with PP or OP extracts have promising antimicrobial activities and potential for various antimicrobial applications.

Green Wastes Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Studies

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared using a simple green synthesis approach in an alkaline medium, from three different extracts of citrus peels waste. The synthesized nano-crystalline materials were characterized by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-vis analysis of the nanoparticles showed broad peaks around 360 nm for the ZnO NPs (Zinc oxide nanoparticles) from three citrus peels’ extracts. ZnO NPs exhibited Zn–O band close to 553 cm−1, which further verified the formation of the ZnO NPs. A bandgap of 3.26 eV, 3.20 eV and 3.30 eV was calculated for the ZnO NPs from grape (ZnO NPs/GPE), lemon (ZnO NPs/LPE), and orange (ZnO NPs/OPE) peels extract, respectively. The average grain sizes of the ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated to be 30.28 nm, 21.98 nm, and 18.49 nm for grape (ZnO NPs/GPE), lemon (ZnO NPs/LPE), and orange (ZnO NPs/OPE) peel extract, respectively. The surface morphology and sizes of the nanoparticle were confirmed by ESEM and TEM analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the zeta potential of the as-prepared ZnO NPs from OPE, LPE, and GPE was −34.2 mV, −38.8 mV, and −42.9 mV, respectively, indicating the high stability of the nanoparticles. Cyclic voltammetric properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated across extracts, and the results showed that the citrus peels extracts (CPE) mediated ZnO NPs modified screen plate carbon (SPC/ ZnO NPs/CPE) electrodes exhibited enhanced catalytic properties when compared with the bare SPCE. The electroactive areas computed from the enhancement of the bare SPCE was approximately three times for SPCE/ ZnO NPs/LPE, and SPCE/ZnO NPs/GPE, and two times for SPCE/ZnO NPs/OPE, higher than that of the bare SPCE. Comparison across the extracts suggested that the catalytic properties of the nanoparticles were unique in ZnO NPs from GPE.

Potential of Pectin in Lemon’s and Bali Orange’s Peel as Antidislipidemia and Antioxidant in Hypercholesterolemia Rats (Rattus novergicus)

Abstract: Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by an increase or decrease in plasma lipid fractions. Lemon’s and Bali Orange’s Peels, which are usually discarded, can be used because they contain pectin compounds. The presence of pectin compounds contained in the Lemon and Bali oranges Peels is expected to potentially reduce the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This research method was conducted with pure experimental, namely One Group Pre-Test-Post Test Design. With 5 groups of white rats, the first was a positive control group which was only given normal food, the second was a negative control group which was given hypercholesterolemia and the third group was the treatment group who were given Lemon orange peel extract 10%, Bali orange peels extract 10% and a mixture Lemon and Bali orange peel extract 10%. The results of this study were obtained that the administration of Lemon orange peel ethanol extract and Balinese orange peel can effectively reduce total cholesterol levels, from 181.87 mg / dL to 69.29 mg / dL, down around 61.91%, HDL levels are almost the same, levels LDL decreased from 56.76 mg / dL to 45.71 mg / dl, meaning around 19.47%, Triglyceride levels decreased from 192.50 mg / dL to 77.83 mg / dL, which was around 59.57%, levels MDA decreased from 8.19 mg / dL to 6.37 mg / dL, which is down about 22.22% in white rats (Rattus novergicus) made hypercholesteroalmia. Ethanol extract of Lemon and Bali orangse peels containing pectin can effectively reduce total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Trygliceryde, and Malodialdehyd (MDA) Levels Keywords: Hypercholesterolamia, Pectin, Antidislipidemia, and Antioxidant

Evaluation of In-Vitro and In-Vivo Anticoagulant Activity of Orange Peel Extract

Evaluation of In-Vitro and In-Vivo Anticoagulant Activity of Orange Peel Extract

Mixed glycerol and orange peel-based substrate for fed-batch microbial biodiesel production

The aqueous extraction of orange peel waste (OPW), the byproduct of the juice extraction process generated annually in massive amounts (21 Mton), yields a carbohydrate-rich liquid fraction, termed orange peel extract (OPE). Several studies highlight that the combination of glycerol, a biodiesel byproduct, with carbohydrate mixtures might boost microbial lipid production. This study performed first a shaken flask screening of 15 oleaginous yeast strains based on their growth and lipid-producing abilities on OPE- and glycerol-based media. This screening enabled the selection of R. toruloides NRRL 1091 for the assessment of the process transfer in a stirred tank reactor (STR). This assessment relied, in particular, on either single- and double-stage feeding fed-batch (SSF-FB and DSF-FB, respectively) processes where OPE served as the primary medium and nitrogen-containing glycerol-OPE mixtures as the feeding one. The continuous supply mode at low dilution rates (0.02 and 0.01 h−1 for SSF-FB and DSF-FB, respectively) starting from the end of the exponential growth of the initial batch phase enabled the temporal extension of biomass and lipid production. The SSF-FB and DSF-FB processes attained high biomass and lipid volumetric productions (LVP) and ensured significant lipid accumulation on a dry cell basis (YL/X). The SSF-FB process led to LVP of 20.6 g L−1 after 104 h with volumetric productivity (rL) of 0.20 g L−1 h−1 and YL/X of 0.80; the DSF-FB process yielded LVP, rL and YL/X values equal to 15.92 g L−1, 0.11 g L−1 h−1 and 0.65, respectively. The fatty acid profiles of lipids from both fed-batch processes were not significantly different and resembled that of Jatropha oil, a vastly used feedstock for biodiesel production. These results suggest that OPE constitutes an excellent basis for the fed-batch production of R. toruloides lipids, and this process might afford a further option in OPW-based biorefinery.

Nanofibrous cosmetic face mask for transdermal delivery of nano gold: synthesis, characterization, release and zebra fish employed toxicity studies.

This study involves the generation of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) via a novel natural/non-toxic methodology using tea and orange-peel extracts. These were then embedded into a novel blend composed of a polyethylene oxide and gelatin (PEO-Gel) fibre mat. The scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the addition of both collagen (COL) and ascorbic acid (AA) into the PEO-Gel system (PEO-Gel-AA-COL system) enhances the Au NP incorporation into nanofibres leading to a diameter of 164.60 ± 20.95 and 192.43 ± 39.14 nm in contrast to the spraying observed with the Au PEO-Gel system alone. Releasing studies conducted over 30 min indicated that the PEO-Gel-AA-COL-orange peel Au (OpAu) system accounts for a higher content of Au release than the green tea Au (GtAu) NP system where a maximum release could be attained within 10–30 min depending on the amount of Au NPs that have been incorporated. Moreover, the transdermal diffusion studies conducted using Strat membrane indicated that Au NPs from both formulations (PEO-Gel-AA-COL-GtAu nanofibre, PEO-Gel-AA-COL-OpAu nanofibre) have diffused through the stratum corneum and trapped in the dermis and epidermis indicating its transdermal deliverability. Additionally, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay revealed that nanofibres have similar radical scavenging activity like AA standard. Toxicity evaluation on a zebra fish embryo model confirmed that both GtAu NPs and OpAu NPs do not induce any teratogenic activity and are safe to be used in the range of 1.0–167 µg ml−1.

A green synthesis of gold–palladium core–shell nanoparticles using orange peel extract through two-step reduction method and its formaldehyde colorimetric sensing performance

Gold–palladium core–shell nanoparticles (Au@PdNPs) have been successfully synthesized through a two-step facile and green method. HAuCl4 and H2PdCl4 were used as the precursors, while orange peel extract (OPE) was used as both reducing and stabilizing agent. Initially, OPE was used to synthesize the gold core nanoparticles (AuNPs), followed by the reduction of PdCl42− solution to produce the Pd shell. The synthesized nanoparticles showed a strong visible absorbance at 534 nm indicated the formation of AuNPs at an optimum water/OPE ratio of 16.67, while the formation of Au@PdNPs was indicated by the disappearance of the peak at 534 nm. Further characterization by using IR spectroscopy indicated that –OH groups of OPE plays the main role in the nanoparticles formation, while TEM images observed a core–shell structure of the Au@PdNPs with an average core diameter of 40 nm and an average shell thickness of 7 nm. In the presence of different formaldehyde concentrations, the core–shell nanoparticles showed a clear color change from light to dark brown. Linearity of the absorbance responses from the formaldehyde concentration range of 36.3 mM to 3.63 M (R2 = 0.991) was achieved with an estimated LOD of 304.9 mM, suggested that the developed nanoparticles are promising to be applied for formaldehyde sensing.

Jamun seed and orange peel extracts protects effects of microcystin LR on serum calcium and phosphate of rats

Wistar rats were treated as Group A: Control; Group B: microcystin LR (MCLR); Group C: microcystin LR and jamun seed extract (MCLR+JSE); Group D: microcystin LR and orange peel extract (MCLR+OPE); Group E: orange peel extract (OPE); Group F: jamun seed extract (JSE). MCLR dose was 10 µg/kg body wt/day whereas OPE and JSE dose was 200 mg/kg body wt/day. Serum calcium and phosphate were analyzed on 15 and 30 day. Serum calcium of rat exposed for 15 day to MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE decreased. Although there is little increase in levels of group C and group D but treatment with OPE and JSE is not able to completely restore decreased calcium levels caused by MCLR. After 30 day calcium decreased after MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE treatment. Levels in group E and F remain unaltered. Levels in group C and D exhibit elevation as compared to group B which indicates that treatment with OPE and JSE recovered calcium. Serum phosphate decreased after 15 day in MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE treated rats. Phosphate levels of group C (compared with group F) and group D (compared with group E) show decrease. After 30 day exposure to MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE phosphate levels decreased. Levels of group C and D when compared with group B are increased. Phosphate levels of group C (compared with group F) and D (compared with group E) are decreased. This indicates that OPE and JSE treatment provoked some recovery of phosphate levels. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3940650

Fumigant Toxicity of Siamese Citrus Fruit Extract (Citrus nobilis) as a Botanical Pesticide in Culex sp.

Toxicity is the ability of a substance that is destructive when exposed to organisms. These substances can come from plants to used as plant-based pesticides. Siam orange peel waste (Citrus nobilis) can be used as the main ingredient of botanical pesticides because it contains bioactive compounds. The purpose of this research is to see the ability of the concentration of siam citrus fruit extracts that can cause mosquito death by 50%. This type of research is experimental and a quantitative approach. The experimental design used a Factorial Complete Randomized Design consisting of seven different treatments and three observation times. These treatments were the concentration of 0% conjoined orange peel extract as a negative control, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, 90%, and commercial products as a positive control, the treatment was carried out in four replications. Data were analyzed using probit regression analysis. Probit test results obtained that LC 50 value is 49.86%, the concentration that can be used is in the treatment of P3 with a concentration of 60% of Siamese orange peel extract. The conclusion of this research proves that the administration of conjoined orange peel extract can cause Culex mosquito mortality by 50% at a concentration of 60%.