Orange Peel Extract Research Articles

Mitigation of lead and Cadmium from vegetable crops through different biochemical adsorbent treatments at Sanganer industrial area, Jaipur

The most difficult challenge in the world is widespread access to good and healthful food. For the human diet, vegetables are considered as a crucial element and are regarded as natural nutritional reserves. Heavy metals are threatening dietary contaminants, and their consumption causes a variety of health problems. In urban and peri-urban regions people utilize wastewater, particularly sewage effluent, to irrigate agricultural fields because of the scarcity of fresh water. Nevertheless, there is growing worry about the possible health concerns linked with consuming tainted veggies. This scenario is especially concerning in vegetables cultivated in industrial locations, which have a high prevalence of heavy metal build-up. As a result, a research project was launched to determine the long duration impact of polluted water irrigation on concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in soil and vegetable crops. In soil, vegetable and water samples, a high concentration of Lead and Cadmium was found. In this study, heavy metals were reduced in spinach and kale obtained from peri-urban locations by treating them with various biochemical adsorbent solutions. Using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), the amount of heavy metals in soil, vegetable and water samples was evaluated. To find the most effective adsorption therapy for HM'smitigation, the data was statistically analysed. Treatment with several biochemical adsorbent solutions resulted in a considerable decrease in heavy metal concentration. Among various chemical adsorbents, 15% sodium carbonate proved maximum reduction potential and among various biological adsorbents, 15 % orange peel extract proved maximum reduction potential for HMseradication off vegetable sampling.

Comparative analysis of different chemical and biological adsorbents for the reduction of arsenic and mercury from vegetable species in the Sanganer, Jaipur

Heavy metals (HMs) pollution has become a universal menace to the ecosystem and environment due to a variety of natural and human-induced actions. Vegetables are accounted as nature reserves for nutrients hence they are a vital element of human food. The toxicity of heavy metals to many types of ailments on their ingestion through food is one of the most toxic food pollutants. Irrigation with contaminated water, industrial pollutants, and overuse of metal-containing pesticides, etc. contribute to the contamination of vegetables. Current research work was executed to alleviate the residue of HMs (As and Hg) in Spinach and Reddish collected from agricultural fields near Sanganer industrial area through chemical and biological adsorbent treatments. Physicochemical characteristics of irrigating water samples and field soils were identified. The extent of HMs in soil, water, and vegetable samples was calculated with the help of an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The data was statistically examined to find the most effective adsorbent treatment for heavy metal mitigation. The incessant use of contaminated water for irrigation may create the progressive deposition of HMs in the soil, which may eventually lead to increased heavy metal uptake by growing vegetable crops. Adsorbent treated vegetable samples showed a significant reduction in loads of HMs as compared to untreated samples. Amid various chemical adsorbents, 15% sodium carbonate proved maximum reduction potential and among various biological adsorbents, 15% orange peel extract proved maximum reduction potential for amputation of HMs from vegetable samples. On the whole, consumption of vegetables could be safer when treated with these adsorbent solutions as they are intelligible and can mitigate heavy metal residues from vegetables.

Application of Orange Peel Extract (Op) as Antioxidant Additive for Enhancing Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel

Application of Orange Peel Extract (Op) as Antioxidant Additive for Enhancing Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel

Pengaruh pH Awal dan Suhu selama Penyimpanan terhadap Stabilitas Ekstrak Pewarna Kulit Buah Jeruk Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

The orange peel of Mandarin oranges contains carotenoid compounds which have potential as natural yellow and orange dyes and also as a source of antioxidants. The dye obtained from Mandarin orange peel has unstable properties. The purpose of this study was to know the effect of initial pH and temperature during storage on the stability of the Mandarin orange peel dye extract and determine the best initial pH and temperature during storage to maintain the stability of the Mandarin orange peel dye extract (Citrus reticulata). The experiment of this study used Completely Randomized Design with two factors. The first factor is initial pH consisting of three levels: pH 4, 7, and 10. The second factor is temperature during storage consisting of two levels: 4±3ºC and 28±3ºC. The results showed that initial pH had significant effect (P<0.01) on carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, brightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowess (b*). The temperature during storage had significant effect on carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, brightness (L*), and yellowess (b*) but had not significant effect (P>0.05) on redness (a*). The dye extract of Mandarin orange peel was more stable at the storage conditions of pH 7 (neutral) and cold temperature (4±3ºC) during 4 weeks storage with decreased of carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, increase in brightness (L*), decrease in redness (a*), and decrease in yellowess (b*) successively was 42,96%; 21,02%; 26,36%; 20,89 dan 16,89%.
 Keywords: Mandarin orange peel extract, carotenoids, pH, temperature, color stability.

Nanostructured Molybdenum-Oxide Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: An Outstanding Increase in Capacity.

This work aimed at synthesizing MoO3 and MoO2 by a facile and cost-effective method using extract of orange peel as a biological chelating and reducing agent for ammonium molybdate. Calcination of the precursor in air at 450 °C yielded the stochiometric MoO3 phase, while calcination in vacuum produced the reduced form MoO2 as evidenced by X-ray powder diffraction, Raman scattering spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images showed different morphologies and sizes of MoOx particles. MoO3 formed platelet particles that were larger than those observed for MoO2. MoO3 showed stable thermal behavior until approximately 800 °C, whereas MoO2 showed weight gain at approximately 400 °C due to the fact of re-oxidation and oxygen uptake and, hence, conversion to stoichiometric MoO3. Electrochemically, traditional performance was observed for MoO3, which exhibited a high initial capacity with steady and continuous capacity fading upon cycling. On the contrary, MoO2 showed completely different electrochemical behavior with less initial capacity but an outstanding increase in capacity upon cycling, which reached 1600 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles. This outstanding electrochemical performance of MoO2 may be attributed to its higher surface area and better electrical conductivity as observed in surface area and impedance investigations.

Navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract as a phytogenic feed supplement: impacts on growth, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolites of heat stressed growing rabbits

Currently, using agricultural wastes in animal production has gained worldwide interest. Hence, herein, an eight-week trial was performed to explore the effects of supplemental navel orange peel extract (NPE) on the growth, feed utilization, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant, and hematological parameters of heat-stressed rabbits. In total, 75 weaned rabbits were randomly assigned into five groups. The first group was reared in the winter (mild weather) and fed an untreated pelleted diet (W-NPE-0; control). The other four groups were reared in the summer (hot climate) and fed the control diet fortified with 0 (S-NPE-0), 250 (S-NPE-250), 500 (S-NPE-500), or 1000 (S-NPE-1000) mg NPE/kg diet. The results indicated that thermal-stressed rabbits (S-NPE-0) had significantly lower feed intake, growth performance, hematological indices, serum lipid profile, and antioxidative status, but higher lipid peroxidation compared to the W-NPE-0 group. However, the highest final weight and feed intake were recorded in the S-NPE-1000 group compared with the S-NPE-0 group. Also, supplemental NPE in the growing rabbit diet, especially the S-NPE-1000 group, enhanced the hematological and antioxidative indicators. In conclusion, NPE supplementation in growing rabbit diets could be used to efficiently mitigate the detrimental effects of chronic temperature stress on performance, hematobiochemical features, and oxidative stability.

The Effect of Solvent Type on Oil Yield on Essential Oil of Sweet Orange Peel Extract (Citrus X Sinensis)

Introduction: Citrus fruits can be processed into various types of preparations that are very useful. Sweet orange (Citrus X sinensis) is a type of orange that is consumed by squeezing it into a drink. So far, sweet orange peels (Citrus X sinensis) have not been fully utilized and become waste that is thrown away. Meanwhile, the peels of citrus fruits have useful content, so that the peels of citrus fruits can be processed into products that are useful for the community. Wet sweet orange peel is better to use than dried sweet orange peel. This is because the sweet orange peel contains essential oils which have not completely evaporated so that the oil can be taken directly.
 Method: This research is a laboratory-based experimental study.
 Results: From the analysis, it was found that the water content of sweet orange peel was 75.5%. The results of data analysis showed that the highest oil yield was obtained using the soxhletation method for 12 hours using 6.15% hexane as a solvent, 4.89% ethanol as a solvent, and 1.67% aquadest as a solvent. When compared to these three solvents, hexane solvent is more effective than ethanol and aquadest. It shows that in general the essential oil from lime peel produced is still within the range of essential oil quality standards based on ISO 3519:2005.
 Conclusion: In this study, the best solvent was hexane. The sweet orange peel essential oil produced has a greenish yellow color for hexane and aquadest solvents and yellowish green for ethanol solvents. The essential oil produced has a density of 0.8580 g/cm3.

Antimicrobial Properties of Lyophilized Extracts of Olive Fruit, Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts against Foodborne Pathogenic and Spoilage Bacteria and Fungi In Vitro and in Food Matrices.

Several novel antimicrobials with different concentrations of olive, pomegranate, and orange fruit pulp extracts were produced from agricultural byproducts and, after lyophilization, their antimicrobial activity and potential synergistic effects were evaluated in vitro and in food samples against foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and fungi. The Minimum Inhibitory of the tested bacteria was 7.5% or 10%, while fungi were inhibited at a concentration of 10% or above. The optical density of bacterial and yeast cultures was reduced to a different extent with all tested antimicrobial powders, compared to a control without antimicrobials, and mycelium growth of fungi was also restricted with extracts containing at least 90% olive extract. In food samples with inoculated pathogens and spoilage bacteria and fungi, the 100% olive extract was most inhibitory against E. coli, S. typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes in fresh burger and cheese spread samples (by 0.6 to 1.8 log cfu/g), except that S. typhimurium was better inhibited by a 90% olive and 10% pomegranate extract in burgers. The latter extract was also the most effective in controlling the growth of inoculated fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium italicum, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) in both yogurt and tomato juice samples, where it reduced fungal growth by 1–2.2 log cfu/g at the end of storage period. The results demonstrate that these novel encapsulated extracts could serve as natural antimicrobials of wide spectrum, in order to replace synthetic preservatives in foods and cosmetics.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against Alternaria solani, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato.

This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by pomegranate and orange peel extracts using a low concentration of AgNO3 solution to controlearly blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani. The pathogen was isolated from infected tomato plants growing in different areas of Saudi Arabia. The isolates of this pathogen were morphologically and molecularly identified. Extracts from peels of pomegranate and orange fruits effectively developed a simple, quick, eco-friendly and economical method through a synthesis of AgNPs as antifungal agents against A. solani. Phenolic content in the pomegranate peel extract was greater than orange peel extract. Phenolic compounds showed a variation of both peel extracts as identified and quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The phenolic composition displayed variability as the pomegranate peel extract exhibited an exorbitant amount of Quercitrin (23.62 mg/g DW), while orange peel extract recorded a high amount of Chlorogenic acid (5.92 mg/g DW). Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV- visible spectroscopy which recorded an average wavelength of 437 nm and 450 nm for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited 32x73.24, 2223.71, 2047.29 and 1972.46 cm−1, and 3260.70, 1634.62, 1376.62 and 1243.76 cm−1 for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical shape of nanoparticles. Zetasizer analysis presented negative charge values; −16.9 and −19.5 mV with average particle sizes 8 and 14 nm fin case of pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. In vitro, antifungal assay was done to estimate the possibility of biosynthesized AgNPs and crude extracts of fruit peels to reduce the mycelial growth of A. solani. AgNPs displayed more fungal mycelial inhibition than crude extracts of two peels and AgNO3. We recommend the use of AgNPs synthesized from fruit peels for controlling fungal plant pathogens and may be applied broadly and safely in place by using the chemical fungicides, which display high toxicity for humans.

Electrospun nanofiber based on Ethyl cellulose/Soy protein isolated integrated with bitter orange peel extract for antimicrobial and antioxidant active food packaging

The present work was aimed to produce a novel bioactive nanofiber (NFs) based on Ethyl cellulose (EC), Soy protein isolated (SPI), and containing Bitter orange peel extract (BOPE) by electrospinning technology. The EC/SPI NFs were formulated with different weight ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 denoted as ES11, ES21, and ES12, respectively, and investigated by several analyses. Based on the obtained results, the maximum hydrogen interactions between these two polymers, ES11 NFs offered a uniform morphology without bead with the diameter of 185.33 nm as a result of the compatibility of the polymer solutions of EC and SPI. Moreover, appropriate thermal stability was presented along with more porosity (78%), maximum water vapor transmission rate (657 g/m2.24h), good tensile stress (6.12 MPa), and acceptable water contact angel (82.3°). Therefore, ES11 NFs were selected as the optimal sample for incorporation of the BOPE as the antibacterial and antioxidant agent. According to the antioxidant activity test, the highest concentration (20% wt) of this extract increased the antioxidant activity of NF around 64.7% and also inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria (S. areus, and E. coli). Therefore, the ES11 electrospun NFs containing 20% BOPE can be a beneficial system to increase the safety and quality of foods.

SUATU STUDI LITERATUR: AKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETIC DARI KULIT JERUK (Citrus sp.)

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, which is not able to secrete insulin in sufficient quantities or the body is unable to use insulin effectively so there is an excess glucose level and immediately suffer from some complications against the organs. Diabetes mellitus can be cured by herb utility which are thought to have compounds that has an antidiabetic effect. Therefore, this literature study discusses the antidiabetic activity of orange peel (Citrus sp.). The literature search was carried out on the Google Scholar search engine which used some keyword included antidiabetic, extract, orange peel, Citrus. In this literature study, there are inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting journals as literature sources. The results of 12 literatures review that orange peel had antidiabetic activity by decrease blood glucose levels in some animal trials that had received an effective dose of orange peel extract in each of the reviewed studies. Hence, it can be concluded that various type of Citrus peels has antidiabetic effect.

Orange peel extract influenced partial transformation of SnO2 to SnO in green 3D-ZnO/SnO2 system for chlorophenol degradation

In recent times, visible light enhancement has become much more considered due to the enlightening properties of nanocomposite systems. This has potential applications for wastewater treatment due to the blemish of toxic organic chemicals from industrial sectors. Therefore, this work is focused on novel 3D ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposites synthesized by the green method (orange peel extracts supported combined chemical processes) utilized for the removal of chlorophenol effluent. The orange peel extract has been incorporated as one of the major components to synthesize an effective nanocomposite. Also, the pure materials were synthesized along with these nanocomposites and tested under various instrumental techniques. The characterized results showed that the composites prepared with orange peel extract exhibited hexagonal 3D ZnO nanospheres with 3D tetragonal structured SnO2 nanocubes. Elemental analysis showed that the partial amount of SnO2 has transformed to SnO due to the reducing ability of orange peel extract. Also, the existing different (Zn2+, Sn4+, and Sn2+) states helped in delaying the transfer of electron-hole recombination to obtain photocatalytic chlorophenol degradation. Further, the prevailing line dislocation can compromise more vacancy and interact with more electrons. The high surface area, least crystallite size, and lower bandgap inspired to enhance the visible light activity. Simultaneously, the pure form of nanomaterial has poor light absorption under visible light. This study achieves the photocatalytic degradation of 77.5% against chlorophenol using a green 3D composite system.

A Novel Green Preparation of Ag/RGO Nanocomposites with Highly Effective Anticancer Performance.

The efficacy of current cancer therapies is limited due to several factors, including drug resistance and non-specific toxic effects. Due to their tuneable properties, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and graphene derivative-based nanomaterials are now providing new hope to treat cancer with minimum side effects. Here, we report a simple, inexpensive, and eco-friendly protocol for the preparation of silver-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (Ag/RGO NCs) using orange peel extract. This work was planned to curtail the use of toxic chemicals, and improve the anticancer performance and cytocompatibility of Ag/RGO NCs. Aqueous extract of orange peels is abundant in phytochemicals that act as reducing and stabilizing agents for the green synthesis of Ag NPs and Ag/RGO NCs from silver nitrate and graphene oxide (GO). Moreover, the flavonoid present in orange peel is a potent anticancer agent. Green-prepared Ag NPs and Ag/RGO NCs were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results of the anticancer study demonstrated that the killing potential of Ag/RGO NCs against human breast cancer (MCF7) and lung cancer (A549) cells was two-fold that of pure Ag NPs. Moreover, the cytocompatibility of Ag/RGO NCs in human normal breast epithelial (MCF10A) cells and normal lung fibroblasts (IMR90) was higher than that of pure Ag NPs. This mechanistic study indicated that Ag/RGO NCs induce toxicity in cancer cells through pro-oxidant reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant glutathione depletion and provided a novel green synthesis of Ag/RGO NCs with highly effective anticancer performance and better cytocompatibility.

Pressurized Extraction as an Opportunity to Recover Antioxidants from Orange Peels: Heat treatment and Nanoemulsion Design for Modulating Oxidative Stress.

Orange peel by-products generated in the food industry are an important source of value-added compounds that can be potentially reused. In the current research, the effect of oven-drying (50–70 °C) and freeze-drying on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential from Navelina, Salustriana, and Sanguina peel waste was investigated using pressurized extraction (ASE). Sixty volatile components were identified by ASE-GC-MS. The levels of terpene derivatives (sesquitenenes, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and esters) remained practically unaffected among fresh and freeze-dried orange peels, whereas drying at 70 °C caused significative decreases in Navelina, Salustriana, and Sanguina peels. Hesperidin and narirutin were the main flavonoids quantified by HPLC-MS. Freeze-dried Sanguina peels showed the highest levels of total-polyphenols (113.3 mg GAE·g−1), total flavonoids (39.0 mg QE·g−1), outstanding values of hesperedin (187.6 µg·g−1), phenol acids (16.54 mg·g−1 DW), and the greatest antioxidant values (DPPH•, FRAP, and ABTS•+ assays) in comparison with oven-dried samples and the other varieties. Nanotechnology approaches allowed the formulation of antioxidant-loaded nanoemulsions, stabilized with lecithin, starting from orange peel extracts. Those provided 70–80% of protection against oxidative UV-radiation, also decreasing the ROS levels into the Caco-2 cells. Overall, pressurized extracts from freeze-drying orange peel can be considered a good source of natural antioxidants that could be exploited in food applications for the development of new products of commercial interest.

Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide and graphene from coal

The present research work deals with the synthesis and characterization of the graphene oxide (GO) and graphene from coal as a precursor material. First, the collected coal was dried and converted into the finely powder forms using ball milling process. The GO was synthesized from the coal by means of strong oxidizing agents and it was further reduced in the presence of chemical reagent (sodium borohydride) and plant origins (orange peel extract (OPE)) to produce graphene nanosheets. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), simultaneous thermogravimetry (TG) method with differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were studied to investigate the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and graphene and their nanostructure morphology, size distribution in solution along with thermal properties. The FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy established the formation of GO from coal, and DLS and SEM analysis further confirm the developed methodology for synthesis of the GO and graphene from coal resources. The XRD analysis established the successful synthesis of the GO from the coal. The TG method with DTA and DSC also verified the prepared GO and graphene. The methodologies implemented here for synthesis of the GO and subsequent graphene has fulfilled the objectives of the current research works.

Cypermethrin-Induced Alterations in Serum Calcium and Phosphate of Rats: Protective Role of Jamun Seed and Orange Peel Extracts

Cypermethrin-Induced Alterations in Serum Calcium and Phosphate of Rats: Protective Role of Jamun Seed and Orange Peel Extracts

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Extract for Application in Catalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye

Interest in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been steadily increasing primarily due to their numerous applications in various fields, low-cost, use of non-toxic environmentally-friendly materials and easy implementation. This study focused on the biosynthesis of AgNPs using orange peel extract (OPE), optimization of process conditions, and application in catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye used in the textile industry. A central composite design in response surface methodology resulted in optimum conditions of 0.0075 g dry peel/mL for OPE concentration, pH of 11 and 1.5 mM silver nitrate concentration. The optimum conditions for the response variables corresponded to the peak absorbance of 0.79 and SPR wavelength of 403.8 nm in UV-vis spectra, and minimum particle size of 12.9 nm. In addition, peak absorbance and SPR wavelength appeared to be related to the size of the AgNPs. A full-factorial design for the catalytic degradation of MB dye by the biosynthesized AgNPs for 1 h indicated the maximum influence of AgNPs compared to the concentrations of MB dye and NaBH4 in decreasing order. The MB dye was reduced rapidly with NaBH4 in the presence of AgNPs due to their catalytic action. The findings of the study show the potential of OPE for the biosynthesis of AgNPs with excellent catalytic activity for the treatment of MB dye in industrial effluent.

Characterization of functional fish ham produced from Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi enriched with natural antioxidant and vegetable fiber

In this study, the effect of grape pomace (GE), orange peel extract (OE), and nisin (N) with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP: 70% CO2 + 30% N2) was investigated on the quality and shelf life of ham produced from low fat Silver carp surimi (containing inulin fiber [FI] and salatrim [S]) kept in the refrigerator with T1: control (con-taining nitrite), T2: control + MAP, T3: GE 0.5%+ FI 5% +OE 0.5% +N 0.5%, T4: S 5%+ OE 0.5%+ GE 0.5% +N 0.5% + MAP, T5: FI 2.5%+ S 2.5%+ GE 0.5%+ OE 0.5%+ N 0.5%+ MAP. The texture characteristics of ham at the beginning of storage, cooking loss, chemical indices (peroxide value, pH, color index), and microbial (total count bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, mold and yeast, Clostridium botulinum) during 42 days storage in the refriger-ator (4 ± 1°C) were evaluated. The results of the tests were analyzed according to Duncan’s by SPSS software with 95% confidence. The results showed that inulin and salatrim fibers have a positive effect on the texture and cooking loss of ham and inulin had a better effect, so the value of cooking loss in treatment 3 was 1.62% and control treatment was 2.09%. Using three natural preservatives along with MAP could slow down the oxidative spoilage, microbial and color index changes in ham. These combinations also inhibited the growth of C. botulinum. In most tests examined, treatment 3 showed no significant difference with treatment 1 (ham containing nitrite) (P > 0.05), so this treatment shows that natural additives (nitrite replacement) improve the quality properties of low-fat ham.

Postprandial Bioactivity of a Spread Cheese Enriched with Mountain Tea and Orange Peel Extract in Plasma Oxidative Stress Status, Serum Lipids and Glucose Levels: An Interventional Study in Healthy Adults.

Postprandial lipemia, glycemia and oxidative stress may affect the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of the present intervention study was to investigate the effect of a spread cheese enriched with mountain tea (Sideritis sp.) and orange peel (Citrus sinensis) extract on postprandial metabolic biomarkers in healthy volunteers. In a cross-over design, 14 healthy subjects 20–30 years old were consumed either a meal rich in fat and carbohydrates (80 g white bread, 40 g butter and 30 g full fat spread cheese) or a meal with the spread cheese enriched with 6% mountain tea–orange peel extract. Differences in postprandial total plasma antioxidant capacity, resistance of plasma to oxidation, serum lipids, glucose and uric acid levels were evaluated at 0, 1.5 and 3 h after consumption. Plasma total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased 3 h after the consumption of the meal in the presence of the extract-enriched cheese, compared to the conventional cheese (p = 0.05). Plasma resistance to oxidation was increased at 30 min in the Functional meal compared with the Control meal. A tendency to decrease the postprandial rise in glucose and triglyceride levels, 1.5 h and 3 h, respectively, after the intake of the meal with the extract-enriched cheese was observed (p = 0.062). No significant changes in the concentrations of the remaining biomarkers studied were observed (p > 0.05). Further studies with a larger sample are needed in both healthy adults and patients with cardiovascular disease to draw safer conclusions about the postprandial effect of the extracts on metabolic biomarkers that predict cardiovascular risk.

Efficacy of a Natural Papain-Induced Enzyme on Virgin Coconut Oil-Based Hand and Body Lotions with Added Orange Peel Extract

A natural papain enzyme was extracted to separate the virgin coconut oil from blondo and water, and the virgin coconut oil was then made into a hand and body lotion. The highest yield of virgin coconut oil (13.8±5.30%) was obtained with a 45% papain enzyme extract. The virgin coconut oil had an acid number of 0.135±0.50%, which fulfilled the SNI 7381:2008 standard for acid numbers. The peroxide number for the virgin coconut oil was 1.16±0.51 meq/kg and in accordance with the SNI 7382:2008 standard for peroxide numbers. The organoleptic test for hand and body lotion products prepared from the virgin coconut oil extracted with the papain enzyme was carried out with 32 respondents. The lotion colour had adequate acceptance by the respondents, who also viewed the lotion texture, homogeneity and humidity as satisfactory.