Investment Options Research Articles

Optimal demand response scheduling and voltage reinforcement in distribution grids incorporating uncertainties of energy resources, placement of energy storages, and aggregated flexible loads

Instead of expanding power plant capacities, which is an extremely expensive investment option, demand response offers an economical solution to the challenges arising from the variability and intermittency of the renewable energy resources and demand variations, particularly during demand peak periods. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization framework for the optimal power flow problem that integrates a stepwise demand response involving flexible and aggregated loads. The process includes short-term demand forecasting using long short-term memory (LSTM) networks in a smart distribution grid, followed by the optimal allocation of energy storage systems, and load aggregators. By determining the optimal solution point of the multi-objective problem analytically, significant system costs and peak demand can be reduced without compromising system stability. Through numerical studies for a sample study case, a reduction of 22% in system costs, 2% in total voltage variation, and 10% in peak demand is observed for a negligible impact on customers’ convenience.

INVESTING IN SYSTEMS DIGITAL FINANCE IN PERSPECTIVES ON ISLAMIC LAW STUDIES CASE: SYSTEM ONLINE LOANS

This research aims to determine the number of cases of illegal businesses imitating licensed entity websites as if the website officially belonged to the licensed entity. Therefore, one way to protect potential investors from illegal businesses is to find out whether the company is registered with the Financial Services Authority (OJK) or not. Therefore, this article examines sharia investment options to avoid illegal business. This study uses a descriptive-qualitative approach to study literature. Additionally, all the data collected will likely be essential to what is being researched. Thus, the research report will contain quotations and data processing to provide an overview of the report's presentation. The results of this research are several Sharia investment instruments that have been registered with the OJK to avoid fraudulent investments, including Sharia stock investments, Sharia mutual fund investments, Sharia deposits, retail sukuk, and gold.

Credit Rating by CRISIL

A rating is essentially an evaluation tool used by analysts or rating agencies to assess the financial strength of any investment option. Specifically, a credit rating is a numerical assessment of the creditworthiness of a borrower, either in general terms or concerning a particular debt or financial obligation. Companies and governments are typically evaluated by credit rating agencies such as S&P Global, Moody’s, or CRISIL in India. These agencies are compensated by the entity seeking the credit rating for itself or one of its debt issues.

Ranking Investment Preferences in India's Dynamic Market: From SIPs to ETFs

This study examines the Indian stock market using the Weighted Point Method (WPM) to evaluate various investment options. The research focuses on five key investment vehicles: Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs), Government Savings Schemes, Bonds and Debentures, Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs), and Fixed Deposits (FDs). These options were assessed across four critical indicators: Economic Indicators, Corporate Earnings, Market Sentiment, and Sectoral Analysis. The WPM analysis revealed that Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) emerged as the most preferred investment option, achieving the highest preference score of 0.91795. SIPs demonstrated consistently strong performance across all evaluated criteria, suggesting they offer a balanced approach to investing with potential for steady growth and effective risk management. Bonds and Debentures ranked second with a preference score of 0.72492, showing particular strength in Market Sentiment. Fixed Deposits (FDs) secured the third position with a score of 0.64406, highlighting their continued relevance in the Indian investment landscape, especially for risk-averse investors. Government Savings Schemes and ETFs ranked fourth and fifth respectively, each showing strengths in specific areas. The study underscores the complex and dynamic nature of the Indian stock market, emphasizing the importance of considering multiple factors in investment decision-making. It highlights the value of quantitative methods like WPM in providing a structured approach to comparing diverse investment options. The findings suggest that while SIPs appear to be the most attractive option overall, the Indian market offers a range of investment vehicles catering to different risk appetites and financial goals. The research concludes that investors should consider their personal objectives, risk tolerance, and investment horizon when making decisions, and regularly review their strategies in light of evolving market conditions and economic indicators.

Evaluation of constraints for investment in NOx emission technologies: case study on Greek bulk carrier owners

PurposeThe maritime industry is the transport mode that contributes most to air pollution. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) identified the reduction of air pollution by ships as a crucial issue. Since 1 January 2020, ships have had to adopt strategies and new technologies to eliminate air pollution. However, ship compliance with nitrate oxide (NOx) emission restrictions is more challenging. This paper aims to identify shipowners' challenges in investing in new technologies.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applied a hybrid methodology combining a survey, a balanced scorecard and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) to identify and evaluate constraints and weights in investment decision-making for NOx technologies. A survey was carried out to validate constraints.FindingsA survey was carried out, representing 5.1% of Greek-owned ships by deadweight capacity. The findings provide a weighted list of seven crucial technical and economic constraints faced by ship operators. The constraints vary from ship retrofit expenditure to crew training and waste management. Additionally, NOx emission technologies were compared. It was found that liquefied natural gas is the preferred investment option for the survey participants compared with selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation and batteries.Originality/valueSeveral studies have dealt with the individual technical feasibility of NOx reduction technologies. However, apart from technical feasibility for a shipowner, the selection of a NOx technology has several managerial and safety risks. Therefore, the originality of this paper is to reveal those constraints that have a higher weight on shipowners. With this cost-benefit approach, investment challenges for ship operators are revealed. Policymakers can benefit from the results of the employed methodology.

Sustainable Investment Factors Getting Prominent in India (Mechanism of ESG Funds)

Despite the escalating concerns about the environmental, social & governance (ESG) factors in the corporate world, limited academic studies & researches have been conducted on this subject. ESG theory & practices are highly unexplored in growing economies like India. Major proportion of capital market investors do not even have adequate knowledge about the ESG funds as a sustainable investment option. Direct or indirect cause of this scenario is lack of clear dissemination of ESG related information & various ESG fund alternatives available in the market. This informative article / research report aims to cover the conceptual base of ESG theme & it’s prominence in the Indian market. It also highlights various categorical parameters used by SEBI to judge the ESG performance of the companies. Over & above this, the basic terminologies associated with ESG like ESG rating, ERPs, ESG Indices & ESG funds are also discussed in this article.

A STUDY OF INVESTOR BEHAVIOR TOWARDS TAX SAVING INSTRUMENTS. A STUDY IN RAIGARH

The tax saving season start from 1st April for both salaried and businessmen as a smart investor, one should look for tax saving investment, which not only provides the benefit of tax exemption but also help earn tax- free income. with the plethora of investment option available for investors for tax saving, it become increasingly difficult to choose a right option. however, for most of the investors the tax planning is let-do-it-later affair. Tax saving is the legitimate way to save the tax out go and every income tax assesses should exercise the option to increase their wealth. the paper aims to analyse the investor behaviour towards tax saving. the tax saving option considered are tax saving fixed deposit, national saving certificates, public provident fund, tax saving mutual fund, life insurance, national pension system (NPS), pension policies and Sukanya Samriddhi yojana (SSY). The study revealed that life insurance, PPF and fixed deposit are the most preferred investment option and NPS and SSY are the least preferred option for tax saving.

Optimal dynamic climate adaptation pathways: a case study of New York City

AbstractAssessing climate risk and its potential impacts on our cities and economies is of fundamental importance. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and storm surges can lead to catastrophic damages. We propose a flexible approach based on real options analysis and extreme value theory, which enables the selection of optimal adaptation pathways for a portfolio of climate adaptation projects. We model the severity of extreme sea level events using the block maxima approach from extreme value theory, and then develop a real options framework, factoring in climate change, sea level rise uncertainty, and the growth in asset exposure. We then apply the proposed framework to a real-world problem, considering sea level data as well as different adaptation investment options for New York City. Our research can assist governments and policy makers in taking informed decisions about optimal adaptation pathways and more specifically about reducing flood and storm surge risk in a dynamic settings.

A Study on Fundamental Analysis on Top 5 I.T Sector Companies based on Market Capitalization

India is one of the fastest developing economies in the world. Companies in India are growing at faster rate as compared to their growth rate a decade back. Many Indian companies are expanding their business not just within the Indian Markets but have also become Global companies. The objective of conducting this study was to analyze the Top Five companies in the Indian I.T Sector and apply the theoretical knowledge of Fundamental Analysis, Ratio Analysis and to apply it to the companies. Fundamental Analysis helps us to understand the functioning of the company and analyze the company from within. It helps get a clear perspective of how the company is doing with respect to its operations and financials. It helps us understand the businesses the company operates in and how it is doing with respect to the market and its peers. After conducting the study, it was seen that certain companies outperformed their peers in some areas. It also pointed towards some facts which showed potential outperformance by those companies and attractive valuation which made it a sound investment option for the investors. The study was carried out based on secondary data collected from various sources, so the credibility and accuracy of this report depends on the data collected. Key ratios have been analyzed to give the recommendations and there could be other factors that affect the pricing and performance of the company.

Financial Literacy Practices on the Investment Decisions of Accounting Professionals in Makati City

Financial literacy provides individuals with the means to assess the potential risks linked with various investment options enabling investors to make educated decisions. Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify the financial literacy practices adopted by accounting professionals and determine the level of influence of these financial literacy practices on the investment decisions of the respondents. This research applied a quantitative research methodology with convenient selection of participants. The respondents consisted of Eighty (80) accounting professionals of selected firms in Makati City. A self-made survey questionnaire was utilized in gathering data on the demographics of respondents and the degree to which financial literacy practices influenced their investment decisions. Thus, the data collected from the survey questionnaire underwent analysis and interpretation utilizing interval data measurement on a Four-point Likert scale. The findings of this research highlighted that there exist a statistically significant correlation between budgeting (r=0.924, p=0.001), saving and investing (r=0.970, p<0.001), and debt management (r=0.919, p=0.001) on investment decisions of accounting professionals. Notably, saving and investing as financial literacy practices can be positively associated with investment decisions. When budgeting, it is crucial to assess whether significant purchases align with your needs and fit within your financial capabilities. Thus, the fact that the respondents tend to prioritize avoiding new debts emphasizes how important it is to manage debts responsibly when making investment decisions.

Retirement Planning and Avenues

This study examines the dynamics of retirement planning, focusing on factors influencing individuals' decisions, preferred investment avenues. Through primary data collection via questionnaires, the study identifies major considerations such as family needs, healthcare, and income stability post-retirement. Findings indicate a preference for secured small saving plans over mixed investment options, with a notable lack of awareness about available investment avenues. The study recommends early and consistent savings, diversified investments, and regular review of retirement plans.

Are women more risk-Averse than men regarding investment decision?

This paper emphasizes the significance of how gender influences the decision of an individual while taking investment decisions. It investigates the possible impact of gender on investment behavior, risk tolerance, and preferred investment avenues. Prior research has investigated of female investors having lower risk tolerance than men and tends to steer clear of high-risk investment options. The study made an effort to highlight the disparities between men's and women's investing options and risk tolerance. Differential gender-based investing patterns have been shaped by cultural expectations and traditional gender stereotypes. In several past literatures women have always been underestimated by researchers in the magnitude of investment decision making as several past papers have shown they have encountered various social stigma and that are the possible reasons which have a greater impact on their investment choices. According to research, women frequently have more risk-averse attitudes than men do when it comes to their financial activities. In our present research paper we clearly get a striking disparity in the investment options and a remarkably distinct tolerance level for risk aptitude for male and female investors.

The individual motivation of investors' gambling mentality: Empirical evidence from gambling sentiment and lottery‐type stocks

AbstractWe construct a measure of public gambling sentiment using the Baidu index and empirically examine the influence of temporal fluctuations in gambling sentiment on the performance of lottery‐type stocks. The empirical findings reveal that heightened gambling sentiment correlates with increased selling volume, short‐term order imbalances and liquidity in the lottery‐type stock market, while diminishing abnormal returns, including the initial returns of IPOs. We attribute this to investors' gambling mentality stemming from the accumulation of wealth rather than the pursuit of excitement, as they view lotteries and lottery‐related stocks as interchangeable investment options.

Unveiling the Indian REIT narrative-qualitative insights into retail investors’ perspectives

PurposeThe present study delves into the causes of relatively lower retail participation in the Indian REIT market. Specifically, it investigates investors' attitudes and perceptions towards REITs as a unique asset class. This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the perception and factors influencing Indian retail investors' reluctance to participate in the REIT market.Design/methodology/approachQualitative research was conducted through semi-structured interviews to gather insights from non-investors in REITs. The data were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis techniques. Finally, coding techniques were used to identify broad study themes.FindingsAccording to the study results, many retail investors are unfamiliar with REITs. Even among those knowledgeable about REITs and with a favorable view, it is not commonly seen as a feasible investment option due to its early stage, unattractive returns and limited number of REITs.Practical implicationsDeveloped countries have established REIT markets, while it is still in its infancy in developing countries such as India. Financial advisors, fund houses and the media should focus on educating investors to increase awareness.Originality/valueThe study is the first qualitative investigation into the perception of retail investors to understand the reasons for lower retail engagement in the Indian REIT market.

Development of New Products for Climate Change Resilience in South Africa—The Catastrophe Resilience Bond Introduction

Climate change has brought several natural disasters to South Africa in the form of floods, heat waves, and droughts. Neighbouring countries are also experiencing tropical cyclones, almost on a yearly basis. The insurance sector is faced with an increased level of climate change risk with individuals, corporates, and even the government approaching it for financial cover. However, with an increased level of competition in the insurance sector, (re)insurers must engage in massive product research and development. Therefore, this paper looks at the possibility of the insurance industry developing new products in the form of catastrophe resilience bonds (CAT R Bonds). A qualitative approach is used following content analysis of (re)insurers’ product development policies, marketing documents, company reports, and risk management reports as well as the Conference of Parties 27 and 28 resolution papers. The findings reveal that (re)insurers’ underwriting capacity, reinsurance protection, and innovative and creative product development increase because of CAT R Bonds. CAT R Bonds enhance the interaction between the capital market and money market, thereby giving speculative investors another investment option. Increased investment into new product development such as CAT R Bonds must continue in South Africa in pursuit of climate change resilience goals.

Analyzing the Relationship between Real Estate Investments and Portfolio Diversification

Real estate has long been considered an attractive investment option for individuals and institutions seeking to build wealth and diversify their portfolios. Unlike traditional investment vehicles such as stocks and bonds, real estate offers unique characteristics that can potentially enhance returns and mitigate risk. This analysis aims to explore the role of real estate investments in portfolio diversification and assess their potential impact on overall portfolio performance. Portfolio diversification is a fundamental principle in investment management, as it helps to spread risk across different asset classes and mitigate the impact of market fluctuations on a portfolio's overall value. By including assets with low or negative correlations, investors can reduce the volatility of their portfolios and potentially achieve higher risk-adjusted returns. Real estate investments, including direct property ownership, real estate investment trusts (REITs), and other real estate-related securities, have traditionally exhibited low correlations with other asset classes, such as equities and bonds. This low correlation can be attributed to the unique characteristics of real estate, including its tangible nature, the presence of rental income streams, and the potential for capital appreciation. Furthermore, real estate investments can provide a hedge against inflation, as property values and rental rates tend to increase during periods of rising prices. This feature makes real estate an attractive diversification option, particularly for investors seeking to protect their portfolios from the eroding effects of inflation. This analysis will delve into the historical performance of real estate investments, examine their risk and return characteristics, and evaluate their potential contribution to portfolio diversification. By examining empirical data and leveraging portfolio optimization techniques, we aim to provide insights into the optimal allocation of real estate investments within a diversified portfolio.

Factors That Encourage Investors to Decide to Invest in Shares in the Capital Market for the 2020-2023 Period (Covid-19 Pandemic): Systematic Literature Review

Investment is a very important element for a country because it has two roles, namely as a supporter of income and a driver of economic growth. In this research, the author analyzes what factors encourage investors to decide to invest in shares in the capital market. This research uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. This research comes from articles published in 2020-2023 found in Publish or Perish and Google Scholar. Data is collected, identified and assessed before being systematically reviewed with the aim of supporting further research. The results of this review show that during the Covid-19 pandemic, many investors made stock investment decisions in the capital market due to psychological factors. As a result of the economic problems that have arisen as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, many people's perspectives have changed from previously preferring traditional investments such as deposits to looking for investment options that provide high returns such as mutual funds and shares with different investment objectives. This is also supported by the rapid development of digital and information technology during the Covid-19 pandemic, which has caused public participation in the capital market to increase. Many fintech companies that adopt automatic investment technology are able to remove obstacles for potential investors who lack investment literacy and limited capital without having to study and understand the entire investment scheme in the capital market. Apart from that, financial literacy is also mentioned as a factor that can determine stock investment decisions because the knowledge that comes from literacy will strengthen stock investment decisions.

Renewable energy potential in the State of Palestine: Proposals for sustainability

Renewable energy is not only a viable economic choice in Palestine, but it is also an imperative requirement to end the country's current energy crisis, which is particularly acute in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The main focus of this study, which makes it the most thorough in its sector, is showcasing Palestine's distinct renewable energy potentials (thermal solar, PV, wind, biomass, and hydropower). The System Advisor Model software (SAM) was used to predict the power potentials for a year. The results indicate that Palestine has a significant potential for PV power generation within 1,700 kWh/kWp. Wind energy can see a considerable difference in capacity, with a mean power density in the high mountains of WB of 600 W/m2, a mean power density for all of WB of 300 W/m2, and a relatively low power density for GS of less than 100 W/m2. Options for investments in the high seas and with the nearby Arabic nations were also offered. About 1,717 GWh of energy equivalent comes from biomass resources. It is determined that the best designed system can produce 82 % of the total while only 18 % is purchased from the grid using HOMER to retrieve the optimum on-grid hybrid energy system. Furthermore, only 70.7 % of the energy produced is consumed, with the remainder being sold back to the grid. Therefore, using renewable energy sources in addition to the grid is advised to cut costs and potentially generate income. Reduce reliance on fossil fuels and combat global warming, as well.

A STUDY ON SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT: RISK AND OPPORTUNITIES

This study investigates the intricate relationship between savings, investment, risk, and opportunities in contemporary financial landscapes. With financial markets becoming increasingly complex and interconnected, understanding the dynamics of savings and investment has become paramount for individuals, businesses, and policymakers alike. The first part of the study delves into the concept of savings, examining the various motivations behind saving behavior and the factors influencing individuals' decisions to save. It explores traditional saving instruments such as savings accounts, as well as newer forms such as robo-advisors and digital wallets, highlighting the evolving nature of saving practices in the digital age. Moving on to investment, the study elucidates the diverse array of investment vehicles available to investors, ranging from stocks and bonds to real estate and alternative assets. It analyzes the risk-return tradeoff inherent in different investment options and discusses strategies for constructing well-diversified investment portfolios tailored to investors' risk preferences and financial goals. Finally, the study identifies emerging opportunities in the savings and investment landscape, including technological innovations such as blockchain technology and peer-to- peer lending platforms, which are reshaping traditional financial systems and offering new avenues for wealth accumulation and capital deployment. By synthesizing theoretical insights with empirical evidence, this study provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between savings, investment, risk, and opportunities, offering practical recommendations for individuals

An Examination of Mutual Fund Portfolios and Their Influencing Element

This study aims to provide light on the inner workings of mutual funds and portfolio analysis. Determine the ups and downs of mutual fund NAVs in respect to this study. Eliminating the mutual fund business would have a devastating effect on the Indian economy. The extraordinarily unpredictable Indian market has made mutual funds, which were formerly thought of as a safe investment option, considerably riskier. Market volatility and an excessive dependence on foreign markets are two global market characteristics that could affect them, as they do other financial organizations. Keywords:- Mutual Fund, Their influencing, Element, Portfolios, Examination