Online Journals Research Articles

Spelling Errors in Student Articles in the Online Journal of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Riau, Edition I January-June 2022

Spelling Errors in Student Articles in the Online Journal of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Riau, Edition I January-June 2022

Relationship between Media Coverage and Public Opinion during Political Campaigns in South Africa

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between media coverage and public opinion during political campaigns in South Africa. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that media coverage significantly influences public opinion by shaping perceptions, framing issues, and highlighting particular aspects of candidates and policies. During political campaigns, the media serves as a primary source of information for the electorate, often determining the salience of issues and the prominence of candidates. Extensive and favorable media coverage can enhance a candidate's visibility and credibility, potentially swaying undecided voters and reinforcing the views of supporters. Conversely, negative coverage can damage a candidate's public image and diminish their support base. The framing of news stories, the selection of topics, and the tone of coverage play critical roles in this process. For instance, media emphasis on certain campaign issues can lead to a phenomenon known as agenda-setting, where the public perceives these issues as more important. Additionally, the portrayal of candidates through specific narratives can influence voter perceptions, contributing to the formation of public opinion. The interplay between media coverage and public opinion underscores the media's power in shaping political landscapes and affecting electoral outcomes. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Agenda-setting theory, framing theory and spiral of silence theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the relationship between media coverage and public opinion during political campaigns in South Africa. From a practical standpoint, political campaigns must adopt strategic media engagement to shape public opinion effectively. In terms of policy, there is a pressing need for regulations that promote accountability and transparency in media coverage during political campaigns.

Analysis of Claim Frequency and Severity in Auto Insurance Using Generalized Linear Models in Philippines

Abstract Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the analysis of claim frequency and severity in auto insurance using generalized linear models in Philippines. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The analysis of claim frequency and severity in auto insurance using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) in the Philippines revealed that various factors, including driver demographics, vehicle characteristics, and geographic location, significantly impact the likelihood and severity of claims. The GLM approach effectively modeled these relationships, providing insights into risk factors that contribute to higher claim rates and costs. The findings suggest that younger drivers and those in urban areas tend to have higher claim frequencies, while larger vehicles and those with higher engine capacities are associated with more severe claims. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Utility Theory, Actuarial Fairness Theory & Risk Theory may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the analysis of claim frequency and severity in auto insurance using generalized linear models in Philippines. From a practical perspective, insurers should increasingly adopt telematics and real-time driving data within their GLM frameworks. Policymakers should encourage and potentially mandate the integration of telematics data in auto insurance modeling.

Relationship between Volunteerism and Empathy among Adolescents in Rwanda

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between volunteerism and empathy among adolescents in Rwanda. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that engaging in volunteer activities enhances adolescents' empathy levels, as these experiences expose them to diverse social situations and perspectives. Adolescents who volunteer tend to develop a greater understanding and sensitivity towards the needs and emotions of others. This empathy growth is attributed to the direct interactions and responsibilities involved in volunteering, which foster emotional and cognitive empathy. Moreover, the sense of purpose and fulfillment derived from helping others further reinforces empathetic behaviors. Overall, volunteerism serves as a significant developmental tool in nurturing empathy among adolescents, promoting their social and emotional well-being. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social learning theory, empathy development theory and theory of planned behavior may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the relationship between volunteerism and empathy among adolescents in Rwanda. In practice, schools and community organizations should design volunteer programs that are both structured and reflective to maximize empathy development. Policymakers should prioritize integrating volunteerism into the educational curriculum as a key component of social-emotional learning.

Influence of Multicultural Education on Students in Pakistan

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of multicultural education on students in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that multicultural education promotes greater cultural awareness and sensitivity among students, which is crucial in today's diverse societies. By exposing students to various cultural perspectives and histories, it broadens their understanding and appreciation of different cultures, leading to increased empathy and reduced prejudice. Furthermore, multicultural education has been shown to improve academic performance by making learning more relevant and engaging for students from diverse backgrounds. It encourages critical thinking and the ability to view issues from multiple angles, enhancing students' analytical skills. Additionally, multicultural education helps in developing social and emotional skills by facilitating cross-cultural communication and collaboration, preparing students for a globalized world. Overall, the integration of multicultural education into the curriculum is essential for fostering a more inclusive, equitable, and effective educational environment. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social learning theory, culturally relevant pedagogy and intergroup contact theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the influence of multicultural education on students in Pakistan. From a practical standpoint, the findings advocate for the integration of multicultural education into standard curricula across all educational levels. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for systemic support for multicultural education. Educational policymakers should mandate the inclusion of multicultural curricula in national and local education standards.

Influence of Ethical PR Practices on Corporate Image during Scandals in Tanzania

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of ethical PR practices on corporate image during scandals in Tanzania. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that maintaining ethical standards significantly mitigates reputational damage. Ethical PR strategies, including transparency, accountability, and timely communication, help companies navigate crises more effectively. Transparency ensures that all relevant information is disclosed promptly, fostering trust among stakeholders. Accountability demonstrates a company's commitment to taking responsibility for its actions, which can help regain public trust. Timely communication ensures that the company controls the narrative, reducing the spread of misinformation. Studies indicate that companies employing ethical PR practices during scandals tend to recover faster and sustain less long-term damage to their corporate image. Additionally, these practices can turn a crisis into an opportunity to showcase the company's integrity and commitment to ethical standards, potentially strengthening its reputation in the long run. Overall, ethical PR practices are crucial in safeguarding and enhancing corporate image during and after scandals. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Situational crisis communication theory (SCCT), stakeholder theory and image restoration theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing influence of ethical PR practices on corporate image during scandals in Tanzania. Encourage organizations to establish proactive ethical guidelines for PR professionals. Advocate for the establishment of a regulatory framework that mandates ethical practices in PR. This policy can help standardize ethical behavior across the industry, enhancing corporate accountability.

Role of Behavioral Economics in Predicting Life Insurance Policy Lapses in United Kingdom

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the role of behavioral economics in predicting life insurance policy lapses in United Kingdom. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: In the United Kingdom, behavioral economics plays a significant role in predicting life insurance policy lapses. Key factors such as loss aversion, present bias, and financial literacy heavily influence policyholder decisions. Policyholders who are more loss-averse tend to maintain their policies, while those with a strong present bias are more likely to lapse, especially during financial stress. Additionally, lower financial literacy contributes to higher lapse rates, as individuals struggle to understand the long-term benefits of life insurance. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Prospect theory, hyperbolic discounting & theory of planned behavior (TPB) may be used to anchor future studies on the role of behavioral economics in predicting life insurance policy lapses in United Kingdom. Insurers should tailor their communication strategies to address specific behavioral biases identified in policyholders. Policymakers should mandate the inclusion of financial literacy programs within the life insurance industry to educate consumers about the importance of maintaining their policies.

Quantifying the Impact of Climate Change on Mortality Rates: A Stochastic Actuarial Approach in Uganda

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the quantifying the impact of climate change on mortality rates: a stochastic actuarial approach in Uganda. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that climate change significantly increases mortality rates, particularly through the rise in extreme weather events and temperature-related illnesses. Using stochastic actuarial models, the research demonstrated a strong correlation between climate variability and higher mortality, especially among vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions. The findings underscore the urgent need for climate adaptation strategies in Uganda's public health planning to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on mortality. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Risk theory, ecological theory & actuarial life table theory may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the quantifying the impact of climate change on mortality rates: a stochastic actuarial approach in Uganda. Practitioners should integrate climate data into actuarial models used for mortality forecasting and risk assessment. Policymakers should develop and enforce regulatory standards that require the inclusion of climate change considerations in actuarial assessments and reporting.

Impact of Cryptocurrency Adoption on Financial Inclusion in Myanmar

Purpose: Aim of the study was to analyze the impact of cryptocurrency adoption on financial inclusion in Myanmar. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Cryptocurrency adoption in Myanmar holds promise for enhancing financial inclusion by offering faster and cheaper remittance options, especially in underserved rural areas. However, challenges such as regulatory uncertainties and concerns over consumer protection must be addressed through clear and supportive regulatory frameworks. To maximize benefits, Myanmar should focus on improving financial literacy, developing user-friendly cryptocurrency platforms integrated with mobile money services, and establishing coherent regulatory guidelines in collaboration with international bodies. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Diffusion of innovation theory, technology acceptance model (TAM) & institutional theory may be used to anchor future studies on impact of cryptocurrency adoption on financial inclusion in Myanmar. Practical initiatives should prioritize enhancing financial literacy and digital education programs tailored to Myanmar's population. Initiatives that promote understanding of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies among consumers, businesses, and policymakers are crucial. Policymakers in Myanmar need to develop clear and supportive regulatory frameworks that balance innovation with consumer protection.

Effects of Government Public Relations on Citizen Trust and Engagement in Sudan

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of government public relations on citizen trust and engagement in Sudan. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that effective public relations strategies can enhance transparency, accountability, and open communication, fostering a sense of trust among citizens. When governments actively engage in clear and honest communication, they address citizens' concerns, clarify policies, and provide timely updates on public affairs. This transparency helps mitigate misinformation and builds credibility, leading to increased citizen trust. Furthermore, well-executed public relations efforts can stimulate civic engagement by encouraging public participation in decision-making processes, promoting community involvement, and fostering a collaborative environment between the government and its citizens. Studies indicate that when citizens perceive their government as trustworthy and responsive, they are more likely to engage in civic activities, support governmental initiatives, and participate in democratic processes, thereby strengthening the overall relationship between the government and its citizens. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Grunig's excellence theory, social exchange theory and institutional trust theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the effects of government public relations on citizen trust and engagement in Sudan. For effective practice, government agencies must prioritize transparency and proactive communication strategies to build trust with citizens. On the policy front, governments should formalize frameworks that mandate transparency and accountability in public relations practices.

Impact of Automated Underwriting Systems on Insurance Risk Classification in Singapore

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of automated underwriting systems on insurance risk classification in Singapore. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that these systems significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of risk assessment. By utilizing advanced algorithms and data analytics, automated systems can process large volumes of data quickly, leading to more precise risk classification and reduced underwriting time. This enhances the ability of insurers to offer more personalized premiums based on individual risk profiles. However, the study also highlighted potential concerns about data privacy and the reliance on algorithmic decisions, suggesting the need for balanced oversight to ensure fair and transparent practices in risk classification. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Algorithmic fairness theory, data privacy theory & technology acceptance model (TAM) may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the impact of automated underwriting systems on insurance risk classification in Singapore. In practice, insurers should prioritize the implementation of AUS that are transparent and explainable. Policymakers should establish robust regulatory frameworks that govern the use of AUS in insurance. These frameworks should mandate fairness audits, transparency in algorithmic decision-making, and strict data privacy standards to protect policyholders.

Role of Public Art in Community Development

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the role of public art in community development. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that public art can act as a catalyst for community engagement, bringing together diverse groups of people and encouraging collective participation in community activities. It often reflects the unique cultural heritage of a community, helping to strengthen local identity and pride. Additionally, public art installations can attract tourism and investment, boosting local economies. They also improve the aesthetic appeal of public spaces, making them more inviting and conducive to social interactions. In urban settings, public art contributes to placemaking, creating landmarks and gathering spots that become central to community life. Moreover, it has been observed that public art projects can inspire local creativity and innovation, providing opportunities for local artists and fostering a sense of ownership and involvement among residents. Overall, the presence of public art in a community is a powerful tool for promoting social, cultural, and economic development. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social capital theory, place attachment theory and cultural policy theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the role of public art in community development. From a practical standpoint, integrating public art into community development projects requires a multifaceted strategy that emphasizes collaboration among stakeholders. On the policy front, there is an urgent need for governments to prioritize public art as a vital component of urban planning and community development agendas.

Impact of Immigration Policies on Economic Growth in Germany

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the impact of immigration policies on economic growth in Germany. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Germany's immigration policies have had a significant impact on its economic growth. These policies have facilitated the influx of skilled labor, which has helped to address the country's demographic challenges, particularly the aging population and labor shortages in key sectors. Immigrants have contributed to the labor market by filling both high-skilled and low-skilled jobs, boosting productivity and innovation. Additionally, immigration has increased consumer demand, further stimulating economic growth. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Human capital theory, dual labor market theory & endogenous growth theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of immigration policies on economic growth in Germany. Implement comprehensive language and vocational training programs for refugees and low-skilled immigrants to facilitate their economic integration and productivity. Formulate balanced immigration policies that address sector-specific labor demands without disadvantaging native workers.

Impact of Public Relations Efforts on Tourism Industry Growth in Developing Countries

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of public relations efforts on tourism industry growth in developing countries. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: By leveraging strategic communication and media engagement, these efforts have enhanced the visibility and appeal of tourist destinations. Effective public relations campaigns have helped to counteract negative perceptions and highlight unique cultural, historical, and natural attractions, drawing international tourists. These campaigns often involve collaboration with travel influencers, media outlets, and social media platforms to reach a broader audience. Consequently, increased tourist arrivals have stimulated local economies, creating jobs, and generating revenue. Additionally, public relations initiatives have played a crucial role in crisis management, swiftly addressing issues such as natural disasters or political instability, thereby maintaining the destination's attractiveness and reassuring potential visitors. Overall, the strategic use of public relations has proven to be a vital tool in promoting tourism and fostering economic development in developing countries. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Situational theory of publics, relationship management theory and integrated marketing communications may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the impact of public relations efforts on tourism industry growth in developing countries. In practical terms, tourism stakeholders in developing countries must prioritize the implementation of digital PR strategies that leverage modern communication tools and platforms. From a policy standpoint, it is crucial for governments and tourism authorities in developing countries to establish comprehensive PR policies that support sustainable tourism growth.

Big Data Analytics for Financial Decision Making in Malaysia

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the big data analytics for financial decision making in Malaysia. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Big Data Analytics (BDA) significantly enhances financial decision-making in Malaysia by extracting valuable insights from large datasets. It helps improve risk management, customer segmentation, and operational efficiency for financial institutions. BDA enables predictive analysis of market behavior, supports personalized financial services, and enhances fraud detection capabilities. Despite its benefits, challenges like data privacy issues and the need for skilled data professionals persist. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Diffusion of innovations theory, technology acceptance model (TAM) & network externalities theory may be used to anchor future studies on big data analytics for financial decision making in Malaysia. Prioritize investments in scalable and secure data infrastructure to support the deployment and integration of BDA technologies across financial institutions. This includes upgrading data storage systems, enhancing data processing capabilities, and implementing robust data integration frameworks. Develop and enforce clear regulatory frameworks that govern the ethical use of BDA in financial decision-making. Regulatory guidelines should address data privacy, security standards, transparency in algorithmic processes, and consumer rights protection.

Role of Health Insurance Policies in Access to Healthcare Services in Bangladesh

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the role of health insurance policies in access to healthcare services in Bangladesh. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The role of health insurance policies in Bangladesh is crucial in improving access to healthcare services, particularly for low-income populations. Health insurance has been found to reduce the financial barriers to accessing care, leading to increased utilization of essential health services. However, challenges such as limited coverage, awareness, and administrative inefficiencies persist, hindering the full potential of these policies. Expanding and refining health insurance schemes could significantly enhance healthcare accessibility and reduce out-of-pocket expenditures, ultimately contributing to better health outcomes across the country. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The health belief model (HBM), the theory of planned behavior (TPB) & Andersen’s behavioral model of health services may be used to anchor future studies on the role of health insurance policies in access to healthcare services in Bangladesh. Health insurance providers should develop targeted outreach and education programs to inform underserved populations about available health insurance options and their benefits. Policymakers should consider implementing universal health insurance coverage mandates to ensure that all individuals, regardless of socioeconomic status, have access to healthcare services.

Impact of Theater Arts Participation on High School Students

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of theater arts participation on high school students. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Participation in theater arts has been shown to enhance students' academic performance, with improvements in reading comprehension, verbal skills, and overall academic achievement. This is attributed to the discipline, memorization, and comprehension skills that theater activities demand. Additionally, involvement in theater arts fosters critical thinking and creativity, encouraging students to approach problems and situations from multiple perspectives and think outside the box. Beyond academics, theater arts participation positively affects students' social and emotional development. It helps build self-confidence and self-esteem as students perform in front of audiences and receive feedback on their work. Theater also promotes teamwork and collaboration, as students must work closely with their peers to produce successful performances. This collaborative environment helps students develop strong communication skills and a sense of empathy, as they must understand and convey different characters' emotions and motivations. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Constructivist learning theory, social learning theory and arts integration theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the impact of theater arts participation on high school students. In practice, schools should actively incorporate theater arts into core academic subjects through interdisciplinary projects that promote creative expression alongside academic learning. From a policy perspective, it is crucial for educational policymakers to prioritize funding for arts education programs, recognizing their significant role in enhancing academic performance.

Effects of Transparent Communication on Employee Trust in Management in Tunisia

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of transparent communication on employee trust in management in Tunisia. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that transparent communication significantly impacts employee trust in management. When management consistently provides clear, accurate, and timely information, it fosters an environment of openness and honesty. Employees are more likely to trust their leaders when they feel informed about organizational changes, goals, and challenges. Transparent communication also helps to reduce uncertainties and rumors, which can lead to anxiety and mistrust. Studies show that when employees trust their management, they exhibit higher levels of engagement, job satisfaction, and commitment to the organization. Moreover, transparency in communication can enhance collaborative efforts and innovation, as employees feel valued and respected, leading to a more positive workplace culture and improved overall organizational performance. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social exchange theory, organizational justice theory and leader-member exchange theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the effects of transparent communication on employee trust in management in Tunisia. From a practical standpoint, organizations should prioritize implementing comprehensive transparent communication strategies to foster employee trust. At the policy level, organizations should institutionalize transparent communication as a core value, embedding it in corporate governance frameworks and organizational policies.

Impact of Social Media on Cultural Identity in Urban Youth

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of social media on cultural identity in urban youth. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Social media platforms serve as significant spaces where urban youth engage, express, and negotiate their cultural identities. These platforms provide access to a diverse range of cultural expressions, facilitating the blending and reshaping of traditional and modern cultural elements. Studies have shown that social media influences urban youth by offering a sense of community and belonging, where they can connect with like-minded peers globally, thus fostering a globalized cultural perspective. However, this exposure also poses challenges, such as cultural homogenization and the potential loss of distinct local cultural identities. Additionally, the curated nature of social media content often promotes idealized cultural norms, influencing youth to conform to certain stereotypes and societal expectations. Despite these challenges, social media remains a powerful tool for cultural expression and identity formation, enabling urban youth to navigate and redefine their cultural landscapes in dynamic and innovative ways. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social identity theory, uses and gratifications theory and cultural convergence theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the impact of social media on cultural identity in urban youth. Practically, there is a pressing need for digital literacy programs that educate youth on critical engagement with social media. From a policy perspective, integrating cultural education into school curricula is essential.

The Effectiveness of Disaster Management Policies in Reducing the Impact of Natural Disasters in Canada

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of disaster management policies in reducing the impact of natural disasters. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The effectiveness of disaster management policies in reducing the impact of natural disasters largely depends on several key factors: early warning systems, community preparedness, infrastructure resilience, and coordinated response efforts. Studies indicate that well-implemented policies that prioritize risk assessment, public education, and resource allocation significantly mitigate the damage and loss of life during natural disasters. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Systems theory, social capital theory & vulnerability theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effectiveness of disaster management policies in reducing the impact of natural disasters. Implementing practices that strengthen social capital within communities is essential. Policies should be designed to address the specific vulnerabilities of different population groups. This includes tailoring disaster management strategies to the needs of marginalized communities, women, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities.