Oklahoma State Research Articles

Factors Behind Construction Companies Wood Products Purchasing Decisions: Supplier Market Impact

Abstract Companies in the construction industry have a wide range of suppliers to choose from to meet their building material needs. Local (in-state) suppliers within key southern states in the United States face challenges gaining market share within the construction sectors. Construction companies often outsource their purchase of wood products from a different state or country, which adversely affects the local economy as a result of loss of revenue. However, if companies were limited to in-state supply it would affect trade across states and countries; but the focus was to improve local wood products supplier market impact. Companies within the states of Georgia, Texas, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Florida, and Virginia were interviewed by phone and in person to determine how companies chose wood product suppliers and what factors affected their purchasing decisions. Key factors included cost, quality, delivery, flexibility, location, relationship, and payment options. A survey of construction companies was conducted after the interviews were concluded. Important factors highlighted by responses included cost, quality, relationship, and lead time in choosing a supplier. Suppliers were asked to differentiate their products using information the construction companies highlighted as factors they emphasized. In-state wood product suppliers have an opportunity to gain market share within the construction industry using the factors those construction companies favored in interviews and survey results.

Sand Creek and the Tragic End of a Lifeway by Louis Kraft

Reviewed by: Sand Creek and the Tragic End of a Lifeway by Louis Kraft Pierre M. Atlas Sand Creek and the Tragic End of a Lifeway. By Louis Kraft. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020. ix + 413 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $34.95, cloth. The November 1864 murder and mutilation of over 200 peaceful Southern Cheyenne (Tsistsistas) and Arapaho (Hinono'eino') at Sand Creek by Colorado volunteer cavalrymen was one of the great atrocities in American history. The attack was intended to be a slaughter. Its architect, Colonel John Chivington, told another officer that he "had come to kill Indians, and believed it to be honorable to kill Indians under any and all circumstances" (206). Independent scholar Louis Kraft uses contemporary sources to reconstruct this horrific event down to the minutest of details (including his own maps), but Sand Creek really serves as the lynchpin for a broader project. In an impressively detailed and nuanced work, Kraft presents the context and backstory leading to Sand Creek as well as its aftermath, including the duplicitous Medicine Lodge Treaty, retaliatory warfare, and Custer's Washita River massacre (where Cheyenne peace chief and Sand Creek survivor Black Kettle was killed). Utilizing [End Page 156] a wealth of contemporary, archival, and scholarly sources, Kraft presents a rich portrait of white-indigenous relations spanning several decades in what would become the states of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. In an epilogue, he notes the massacre's devastating cultural legacy for Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho. Kraft presents compelling portraits of major and minor characters and describes the social dynamics within both settler and indigenous Great Plains communities of the 1860s, including political tensions in Colorado Territory between Union and Confederate sympathizers. One of the book's major takeaways is that local relationships between whites and Indians were not purely conflictual: there were people on both sides who tried, mostly unsuccessfully, to foster cooperation and coexistence. The book includes fascinating tidbits such as an 1861 meeting between Arapaho and Colorado leaders that culminated with them attending a play at a Denver theater. Kraft spotlights people who lived "in between," such as William Bent, who married Owl Woman (Cheyenne), and his biracial sons, Charley and George, who lived with the Cheyenne and witnessed Sand Creek. Kraft meticulously recreates the negotiations between government officials and Indian leaders; parsing the contemporary records, he identifies where negotiators' words were—tragically—mistranslated. There is a quirkiness to Kraft's writing style, with an overuse of colloquialisms, and occasions where the author abandons his role as detached historian and jarringly engages the reader directly. Kraft covers the various investigatory commissions following Sand Creek but does not discuss the reports' conclusions, making their detailed chronicling seem anticlimactic. One thing becomes clear after reading Sand Creek and the Tragic End of a Lifeway: not only was the conflict between Plains Indians and the United States asymmetrical in terms of capacities, but it was also asymmetrical in intent. The Cheyenne and Arapaho wanted to maintain their way of life on some part of their traditional lands—and many were even willing to adapt to "white ways" on their land—whereas the US government and American settlers had no intention whatsoever of allowing that to happen; they wanted the land, and nothing would stop them from taking it. Pierre M. Atlas Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Copyright © 2022 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Were It not for Tulsa: How the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Influenced the Desegregation of the American Educational System

The effects of the horrific 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre went far beyond the destruction of 36 blocks of Black-owned property in the Greenwood section of Tulsa. The Sipuel family, burned out of their Greenwood home, moved to Chickasha, Oklahoma. Mrs. Sipuel became a civil rights activist, and she and her husband told and retold the story of the Massacre to their daughter, Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher. Fisher’s upbringing influenced her to become the test plaintiff in the lawsuit that forced the desegregation of the University of Oklahoma (“OU”). In Sipuel v. Oklahoma, the Supreme Court held that under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Blacks had a personal right to legal education equivalent to the education states offered to students of other races. Courts throughout the south relied on Sipuel in ordering the admission of Blacks to graduate and professional schools. The Supreme Court cited Sipuel in Sweatt v. Painter, which ordered the desegregation of the University of Texas School of Law despite the state’s hasty creation of a separate Black law school. Ultimately, the Supreme Court built on Sipuel’s holding, ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that “separate but equal” has no place in public education. The Article begins with the Sipuel family’s experience in Tulsa and Fisher’s upbringing in Chickasha. It reviews the litigation to desegregate American education brought by the National Association of Colored People and Thurgood Marshall prior to the Sipuel case, including their legal strategy and careful selection of test plaintiffs. The Article details the Sipuel case, the legal machinations of the State of Oklahoma to prevent Sipuel from enrolling in OU’s College of Law, and George McLaurin’s suit to enroll in OU’s graduate school. It concludes that were it not for the Massacre, Fisher might never have stepped forward, and the desegregation of American education may have been significantly delayed.

A Wealth of Sovereign Choices: Tax Implications of McGirt v. Oklahoma and the Promise of Tribal Economic Development

Justice Neil Gorsuch’s now famous opening line in McGirt v. Oklahoma will long be remembered by Indigenous Nations as one of the most powerful judicial statements in the history of federal Indian law: “On the far end of the Trail of Tears was a promise.” McGirt is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision that rejects Oklahoma’s century-long presumption that no Indian reservations remained in present-day Oklahoma. Acting on that presumption, Oklahoma had long exercised civil and criminal jurisdiction over most of the State, including Indians and non-Indians alike.In reaffirming the reservation boundaries of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, the Court rejected Oklahoma’s exercise of criminal jurisdiction over a major crime committed by an Indian within Indian country. The implications of the McGirt decision are potentially far-reaching and will likely extend to both criminal and civil jurisdiction of federal, state, local, and tribal governments. The reaffirmed reservations of the similarly situated “Five Tribes” collectively span half of the state of Oklahoma. This article explores one aspect of the potential civil jurisdictional implications of McGirt: the sovereign power of taxation. We include a detailed analysis of what has changed, and what remains the same for purposes of federal, tribal, state, and local taxing authority.McGirt is heralded as ushering in substantial changes for the eastern half of Oklahoma. However, in order for the Five Tribes to fully realize all treaty-based promises, the McGirt decision must lead to more than just increased criminal justice system responsibilities for the federal and tribal governments. The “promise” Justice Gorsuch highlights was not simply an empty promise of geographic boundaries, it also included a permanent homeland with fully functioning tribal governments, including the power of taxation. With the reaffirmation of reservation boundaries and the reassumption of many governmental responsibilities, the Five Tribes must necessarily have the power to raise meaningful revenue to govern. If the Five Tribes and Oklahoma play their collective economic cards right, big change could come in the form of positive economic outcomes. Economists predict, or at least hope for, a post-COVID economic revival for rural communities in America’s heartland. To assist in this economic revival, the Five Tribes’ reservations could serve as laboratories for the formulation of economic development strategies that could serve as blueprints for other parts of rural America. For that to happen in eastern Oklahoma, McGirt will need to live up to its full potential, becoming much more than an overturned criminal conviction from inside Indian country. This article suggests several law and policy choices available to the Five Tribes, including how to maximize tax incentives to grow the reservation population base and support a diverse economy through small business and enterprise scale development. The article includes a call to action for tribal governments to formulate long-term economic strategies that will take advantage of tax attributes that attach to the various reaffirmed reservations. In conclusion, the article suggests possible compact arrangements with other Indigenous nations and with Oklahoma’s state and local governments. If the challenge of sovereignty is accepted, the Five Tribes have an opportunity to reconfirm and expand government powers that have been denied them for over a century, including the power to make the same sovereign tax choices afforded other sovereigns worldwide.

Detecting Blackness, Blackwashing History

Detecting Blackness, Blackwashing History Lawrence Ware (bio) HBO’s Watchmen, was not just an interesting show that discussed race in passing, but a great one that had the boldness to honestly tackle the reality of blackness in America. This is easily seen by two things the show does in a bold fashion: 1) It tackles a subject that I have seen few other pop culture products tackle; and 2) it blackwashes American history. Let’s start with the first thing mentioned. I saw something on HBO I thought I’d never see on television: the depiction of a dark day in American history that not many know about — the Tulsa massacre. Late in the afternoon of May 30, 1921, Dick Rowland needed to use the bathroom. A nineteen-year-old black shoe-shiner working in segregated Oklahoma, he could only use the restroom for coloreds at the top of the Drexel building in downtown Tulsa. To get there, he had to take an elevator operated by Sarah Page, a seventeen-year-old white teenager. While there are conflicting reports about what happened in the elevator, what we do know is that on May 30, 1921, a clothing store clerk on the building’s first floor heard what he thought was a woman screaming. Not long after, the building’s elevator doors opened and Rowland quickly exited, looking flustered. Page, behind him, appeared to be in a state of distress. Assuming that Page had been sexually assaulted by Rowland, the clerk called the police, thus setting in motion a chain of events that would devastate the black citizens of Tulsa. Over the next fourteen hours, thirty-five city blocks in Tulsa’s black neighborhoods were burned, an estimated 800 people were injured, and hundreds were killed. I’m a black man from Oklahoma, and the reason I know that history is because my family members have told it to me since I was a child. A cousin was murdered during those evil hours, and to keep his memory alive, they tell the story of what happened in Tulsa because they were never able to find his body. Telling stories about my cousin Bobby is the only way my family was able to honor him because they were kept from burying him properly. Now, as a college professor at Oklahoma State University, I teach that history in my Philosophy of Race classes, and I am always surprised to learn how few students — even those from Tulsa — are aware of what happened one hundred years ago in this state we call home. So, I was shocked to see it depicted for the world to see at the beginning of Watchmen in 2018. Like my students, not many Americans were aware of the incident of mass domestic terrorism that the show depicted. Inspired by the questions she was getting, Regina King took to Twitter to inform those with questions that this was, indeed, something that happened. Seeing so many engaged by what happened in Tulsa in 1921 was a strange feeling. I want the truth to come out. I wanted us asking hard questions about our shameful racial past, and I think it is important for us to come to terms with how vicious institutional and interpersonal racism is and was. Many Black people in Tulsa lost almost everything, and then they were told to be silent about the pain they had endured. So the work of uncovering this history is important and necessary — but I had questions about how it was being done. Click for larger view View full resolution Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons’s Watchmen was a graphic novel that came out in 1987, and what showrunner Damon Lindelof was up to with the HBO continuation of this story was quite promising. He took many elemnts from the comic and turned it into a pretty straightforward mystery to be solved by our hero, Detective Angela Abar (also known as Sister Knight.) This allowed the show to follow the familiar tropes of solving a mystery with Abar as our guide, but also made room for the show to go deeper with its examination of race. Yet, to start with the Tulsa massacre...

Conversing with Letters: Cherokee-Language Perseverance and Preservation

In this essay, we analyze a letter written in the Cherokee syllabary from inmates at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in 1951. We seek to explain how the letter serves as a model for language perseverance. We place the letter in the postallotment period of American Indian history, focusing on the unique circumstances engendering the letter's creation as a remarkably legible sample of Cherokee handwriting. Considering the imperial legacies of translation, we ask: How can we understand this letter in and on its own terms, and, more generally, how can we translate Cherokee-language manuscripts in ways that create alternatives to the imperial legacy of translation? To answer these questions, we argue, requires that language perseverance and preservation efforts be treated as mutually sustaining through decolonial translation methods, methods that we attempt to advance with a digital archive project. Within the letter we find a team working together to learn to use the Cherokee syllabary despite restrictive contexts, surveillance, and scrutiny from those outside the language community. In the process of the letter's translation, we find evidence of a team of community members, translators, students, and linguists working together to advance language learning and documentation.

Change Is Inevitable

Change Is Inevitable

Evaluation of incorporated phosphorus fertilizer recommendations on no‐till managed winter wheat

AbstractThe current Oklahoma State University Soil, Water, and Forage Analytical Laboratory (OSU) phosphorus (P) recommendations were developed for conventional tillage systems with P fertilizer incorporated in the soil. The rate recommendations were based on a sufficiency approach, and included a pH adjustment factor. Increased adoption of no‐till (NT) management across the region has resulted in more surface application of fertilizer, without concomitant changes in OSU recommendations. In the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 growing seasons, nine on‐farm trials were conducted in north‐central Oklahoma to evaluate current winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) P recommendations, and grain yield responses to fertilizer in both P‐sufficient and P‐deficient soils, and acidic or non‐acidic conditions. Phosphorus fertilizer was recommended for eight of the nine locations, while responses were recorded at only five of those eight locations. The results indicate that OSU P recommendations, with a soil acidity adjustment factor, did not limit winter wheat grain yields in NT management. In addition, the application of 30 lb acre–1 P2O5 offset the effects of soil acidity on P uptake regardless of the degree of acidity. Finally, OSU recommended P on some locations where there was no response, suggesting more work is needed to understand crop response dynamics and build recommendations with increased location specificity.

Ellison visits greenwood, 1921

POETRY ellison visits greenwood, 1921 by Quraysh Ali Lansana oklahoma sun an oppressive neighbor in august 1920. churchgoers settle after-dinner stomachs. deep deuce a murmuring disquiet: raid at the chandler’s. moonshine & melanin the news on the street. daddy chandler & one officer dead & young claude jailed with alleged murder on his shirt. the christian sabbath a buzzing lynching bee three white men freed claude from his cage one thousand armed black men on 2nd street mayor & police allow one of three cars of now unarmed black men to find claude to return the next sweltering midday without him, his body rotting meat ten miles from okc beaten & shot. miss ida had had enough. her lewis gone years now, she frets when ralph delivers the dispatch & herbert still too young to spell KKK. maybe indiana. maybe gary, where brother works steel. a stop in greenwood to visit family on way north. hundreds of shops businesses, elegant houses, hospitals. vibrant black life in the face of jim crow, so unlike the deuce. closer to the harlem ralph would know. gary was not negro paradise. ida jobless, the boys eating garbage from trash cans. okc was hateful but at least familiar. dry heat stings black skin irritable but somehow bearable with family. highway leads them back to tulsa before 2nd street. greenwood was gone. black wall street now invisible. The author of twenty books of poetry, nonfiction, and children’s literature, Quraysh Ali Lansana is currently a Tulsa Artist Fellow as well as writer in residence, adjunct professor, and acting director of the Center for Truth, Racial Healing & Transformation at Oklahoma State University– Tulsa. He is executive producer of KOSU radio’s Focus: Black Oklahoma, and his forthcoming titles include Those Who Stayed: Life in 1921 Tulsa after the Massacre. He is a member of TriCity Collective. GORDON PARKS, UNTITLED, HARLEM, NEW YORK, 1952, COURTESY OF AND © THE GORDON PARKS FOUNDATION WORLDLIT.ORG 51 ...

Ellison visits greenwood, 1921

POETRY ellison visits greenwood, 1921 by Quraysh Ali Lansana oklahoma sun an oppressive neighbor in august 1920. churchgoers settle after-dinner stomachs. deep deuce a murmuring disquiet: raid at the chandler’s. moonshine & melanin the news on the street. daddy chandler & one officer dead & young claude jailed with alleged murder on his shirt. the christian sabbath a buzzing lynching bee three white men freed claude from his cage one thousand armed black men on 2nd street mayor & police allow one of three cars of now unarmed black men to find claude to return the next sweltering midday without him, his body rotting meat ten miles from okc beaten & shot. miss ida had had enough. her lewis gone years now, she frets when ralph delivers the dispatch & herbert still too young to spell KKK. maybe indiana. maybe gary, where brother works steel. a stop in greenwood to visit family on way north. hundreds of shops businesses, elegant houses, hospitals. vibrant black life in the face of jim crow, so unlike the deuce. closer to the harlem ralph would know. gary was not negro paradise. ida jobless, the boys eating garbage from trash cans. okc was hateful but at least familiar. dry heat stings black skin irritable but somehow bearable with family. highway leads them back to tulsa before 2nd street. greenwood was gone. black wall street now invisible. The author of twenty books of poetry, nonfiction, and children’s literature, Quraysh Ali Lansana is currently a Tulsa Artist Fellow as well as writer in residence, adjunct professor, and acting director of the Center for Truth, Racial Healing & Transformation at Oklahoma State University– Tulsa. He is executive producer of KOSU radio’s Focus: Black Oklahoma, and his forthcoming titles include Those Who Stayed: Life in 1921 Tulsa after the Massacre. He is a member of TriCity Collective. GORDON PARKS, UNTITLED, HARLEM, NEW YORK, 1952, COURTESY OF AND © THE GORDON PARKS FOUNDATION WORLDLIT.ORG 51 ...

Seasonal greenhouse gases fluxes from monoculture and mixed native grasslands in the Southern Plains, USA

AbstractAgricultural practices have been linked to soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stores through exchanges with the atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases (GHGs) of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4). However, regional and management‐specific research is needed to ultimately understand the drivers of these atmosphere warming molecules. We established research on four grassland sites: a native, mixed‐species warm‐season site and a non‐native, warm‐season, grass‐species site at the Grazinglands Research Laboratory at El Reno, OK; a native, mixed‐species warm‐season site at Noble Research Institute's Oswalt Ranch in Ardmore, OK; and a native, mixed‐species, warm‐season site at Oklahoma State University's Range Research Station at Marena, OK. Greenhouse gases, along with soil properties were measured biweekly and summed by season in 2015 and 2016. A comparison of GHGs with soil variables indicated that mineralization of soil nutrients mediated GHG fluxes. The sites were sources of CO2 and N2O emissions, but sinks for CH4, particularly in diverse native grassland sites. In spring, CO2 emissions were driven by soil water content, soil temperature, and soil N. The N2O emissions were highest in the fertilized monoculture pasture. Overall, fluxes of the GHGs were driven by primarily by water content, soil nitrate, soil temperature, and ammonia content. By better understanding GHG fluxes and the abiotic and biotic drivers, we can identify management options to foster C sequestration and mitigate the GHG footprint for these forage‐based systems.

Gerrymanders: How Redistricting Has Protected Slavery, White Supremacy, and Partisan Minorities in Virginia by Brent Tarter

Reviewed by: Gerrymanders: How Redistricting Has Protected Slavery, White Supremacy, and Partisan Minorities in Virginia by Brent Tarter Seth C. McKee Gerrymanders: How Redistricting Has Protected Slavery, White Supremacy, and Partisan Minorities in Virginia. By Brent Tarter. (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2019. Pp. x, 130. $19.95, ISBN 978-0-8139-4320-6.) Brent Tarter's Gerrymanders: How Redistricting Has Protected Slavery, White Supremacy, and Partisan Minorities in Virginia packs a wealth of information into 130 pages. The book is a detailed and chronological history of state legislative and congressional redistricting in Virginia. The principal contribution is a thorough accounting of the motivations and consequences of redistricting in the Old Dominion. Foremost is an emphasis on the question of whose interests, from the 1600s to now, have been favored by district line drawing. Historically, because of their power as landowners and slave owners, the aristocracy, located mainly in the eastern part of the state (especially the Tidewater, where slavery was most prevalent), stacked the deck in crafting district boundaries. The vestiges of malapportionment benefiting wealthy power brokers have persisted for most of Virginia's existence. Importantly, Tarter focuses on the concept of representation and how it has changed very slowly in Virginia compared with the rest of the United States. Indeed, the era of Jacksonian Democracy was no longer in its infancy when Virginians finally considered universal white male suffrage with no property qualifications. Tarter is adept at discussing the significance of changes to redistricting in Virginia's various state constitutions. The use of gerrymandering first reared [End Page 514] its head in the state's 1776 constitution, and Tarter provides an insightful passage in which Thomas Jefferson excoriated the baneful representational bias of districting that disproportionately advantaged Virginia's eastern inhabitants. Tarter also advances our understanding of Virginia redistricting by offering an in-depth look at the 1830 plan, which he aptly dubs the Great Gerrymander. In this legislation, malapportionment advantaged inhabitants in the eastern half of the state by splitting senate districts geographically in half between east and west, while also partitioning the state for the lower chamber (House of Delegates) into four parts, so that the two eastern sections provided more representation to these residents. For one, the eastern portion of Virginia was the beneficiary because population growth was more rapid in the western half of the state. Additionally, representation factored in property ownership (and there were more of these citizens residing in the east), and districts (state legislative and congressional) did not split city and county boundaries for the furtherance of greater population equality. In fact, as Tarter points out, from 1871 to 1971 "no [state legislative] district boundary line ever divided a city or a county" (p. 11). The reluctance to make population equality the primary basis for representation explains why this principle loomed large in the redistricting criteria written into West Virginia's original constitution and also why the Mountaineer State came into existence in the first place, since its inhabitants were poorly represented under the districting precepts benefiting Virginia's slaveocracy. The more recent changes in Virginia redistricting are illuminating because, like the rest of the secessionist South, the Old Dominion experienced the remarkable disruptions of the Civil War, Reconstruction, Jim Crow, and finally the reapportionment revolution that ushered in the principle of one person, one vote in district-based elections. Throughout these notable eras, Virginia elites were exceedingly slow to embrace, advance, and implement districting plans that would further democracy and therefore undermine their own political clout. As the major parties have become increasingly polarized, Virginia is no exception to contentious redistricting battles. Tarter proves up to the task of documenting the numerous consequential court rulings that shape the parameters of redistricting jurisprudence and laws applicable to Virginia. Given the state's history of unequal representation, it is notable that in 2020 Virginians approved a bipartisan redistricting commission for redrawing state legislative and congressional boundaries. Ironically, this development transpired in a once-again Democratic-run state, but now with a ruling party that found a way to hold power by advancing equal representation rather than by denying it. Seth C. McKee Oklahoma State University Copyright © 2021 Southern Historical Association...

Intent to Teach: Perspectives from Pre-Service Agricultural Education Teachers

Historically, less than two-thirds of all newly certified agricultural education students enter the school-based agricultural education (SBAE) teaching profession. Teacher educators must understand preservice teachers’ intention to teach to help fulfill the demand for SBAE teachers. This study examines the motivations to consider a teaching career in SBAE for eight Oklahoma State University pre-service teachers in the early, mid, and late stages of their teacher education coursework. Qualitative methods were employed to describe these individuals’ intention to teach SBAE. Interviews and artifacts in the form of participant autobiographies were collected and analyzed. Intent to teach for these pre-service teachers was tied to the following six categories: expectations of the teaching profession, love of the FFA, need for relevant instruction, community, variety of learning environments, and career intent, which were framed according to the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991. Additional research should investigate what sustains teachers over time once they enter the profession.

Immunity to glycan α-Gal and possibilities for the control of COVID-19.

This initiative is based on research that has been funded by the Consejeria de Educacion, Cultura y Deportes, JCCM, Spain, project ´ CCM17-PIC-036 (SBPLY/17/180501/000185)

Deviations in criminal filings of child abuse and neglect during COVID-19 from forecasted models: An analysis of the state of Oklahoma, USA

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to risk factors for child abuse and neglect and disrupted conventional abuse surveillance. ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to assess how counts of criminal charges have been affected by COVID-19 social distancing measures and related policy changes. Participants and SettingThis study used publicly available court filings pertaining to child abuse and neglect from Jan 1, 2010 to June 30, 2020. MethodsAutoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) algorithms were constructed with case data from January 2010 to January 2020 to forecast trends in criminal charges for February to June 2020. These forecasted values were then compared to actual charges filed for this time period. ResultsCriminal cases filed between February and June 2020, had an overall 25.7 percent lower average than forecasted. All individual months had progressively lower cases than forecasted with the exception of March. June had the largest deviation from forecasted with 60.1 percent fewer cases than predicted. ConclusionsAlthough risk factors for child abuse have increased due to COVID-19, these findings demonstrate a declining trend in child abuse charges. Rather than a decreasing incidence of child abuse and neglect, it is more likely that less cases are being reported. The results warrant immediate action and further investigation in order to address the dangers this pandemic poses for children in abusive situations.

Professors and Practitioners: Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 in the State of Oklahoma with and Without Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities.

ObjectivesOur analysis, which began as a request from the Oklahoma Governor for useable analysis for state decision making, seeks to predict statewide COVID‐19 spread through a variety of lenses, including with and without long‐term care facilities (LTCFs), accounting for rural/urban differences, and considering the impact of state government regulations of the citizenry on disease spread.MethodsWe utilize a deterministic susceptible exposed infectious resistant (SEIR) model designed to fit observed fatalities, hospitalizations, and ICU beds for the state of Oklahoma with a particular focus on the role of the rural/urban nature of the state and the impact that COVID‐19 cases in LTCFs played in the outbreak.ResultsThe model provides a reasonable fit for the observed data on new cases, deaths, and hospitalizations. Moreover, removing LTCF cases from the analysis sharpens the analysis of the population in general, showing a more gradual increase in cases at the start of the pandemic and a steeper increase when the second surge occurred.ConclusionsWe anticipate that this procedure could be helpful to policymakers in other states or municipalities now and in the future.

The Process of Scientific Investigation

Book Review| December 01 2020 The Process of Scientific Investigation What Science Is and How It Really Works, By James C. Zimring. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2019. 406 pp. Paperback, $25.99. Stanley A. Rice Stanley A. Rice Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, OK 74701, E-mail: srice@se.edu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google The American Journal of Psychology (2020) 133 (4): 517–518. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.133.4.0517 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Stanley A. Rice; The Process of Scientific Investigation. The American Journal of Psychology 1 January 2020; 133 (4): 517–518. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.133.4.0517 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressThe American Journal of Psychology Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2020 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois2020 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Oklahoma Chemist Award presented to Kenneth P. Roberts

Kenneth P. Roberts, a professor of chemistry at the University of Tulsa, is the recipient of the 2020 Oklahoma Chemist Award . The award honors a chemist who has made significant contributions to research in the state of Oklahoma. Roberts will receive a $1,000 cash award and a plaque. Working with the US Food and Drug Administration’s National Center for Toxicological Research, Roberts developed a technique to quantify DNA damage from chemical carcinogens. He also studies the use of luminescent nanoparticles in detecting pathogenic bacteria and viruses and is developing nanostructured photovoltaics.

116 Oklahoma State University Continuing Education Online Courses for Extension Educators in 2020

Abstract The Smith–Lever Act of 1914 established a system of cooperative extension services to connect the land-grant universities to the people. Agricultural extension educators serve as the “front door” to the University, providing research-based information in a wide variety of agricultural topics such as livestock, crops, entomology, natural resources, etc. A bachelor’s degree in agriculture is a requirement for employment as an agricultural extension educator in most states. Generally, most new hires are knowledgeable in one or more areas and perhaps possess a degree focused in the same area. However, many educators are not fluent in all the agriculture sectors they are required to address on a daily basis. Our objective is to gradually develop an online in-service program specifically designed to strengthen educators’ knowledge and proficiency in basic beef cattle production. These courses will consist of five to ten modules each with an estimated five hours of course work per subject. The courses will include reading material, listening and visual material, interactive activities, and quizzes to aid in learning the basics. The Introduction to Beef Cattle Nutrition course is intended to enhance extension educators’ knowledge of the nutrient requirements of beef cattle, body condition scoring, ration calculation, etc. Extension educators will be expected to pass quizzes at the end of each module with an eighty percent or higher. Oklahoma extension educators will enroll in the Introduction to Beef Cattle Nutrition course during the 2020 calendar year and complete over a ten-week period. A survey at the end of each module will allow the authors to see how effective the course was, and if the representative feels more confident in discussing and helping producers with their herd nutrition upon completion.

67 Effects of Maternal Disposition and Calf Chute Behavior at Weaning on Calf Finishing Performance

Abstract Temperament has been reported to impact calf performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternity disposition and calf temperament at weaning to finishing performance. Maternal disposition at calving and calf chute behavior at weaning data were collected from the University of Arkansas between August 2017 and May 2018. Calves were finished at Oklahoma State University Willard Sparks Research Center between October 2018 and August 2019. Cow behavior was observed at calving and received a disposition score (CDS) that used a 5-point scale where a score of 1 was highly aggressive, and a 5 was apathetic. At weaning, calf weight (WW) and chute behavior (CS) was recorded. Chute behavior at weaning used a 5-point scale; a score of 1 was indicative of a calm exit, and a 5 was aggressive when exiting the chute. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. Calves with CS of 2 at weaning had greater BW both on arrival to feed yard (P < 0.01) and at harvest (P = 0.01) than calves with a CS of 3. Calves from cows with CDS of 3 had greater feedlot arrival weights (P = 0.01) and ADG (P = 0.01) than calves from cows with CDS of 4. This study indicates that cattle with nervous chute behavior (CS = 3) had potentially detrimental effects on performance and can impact overall life-time productivity.