Odorata Extract Research Articles

Healing Potential of Chromolaena odorata Extract: Modulation of Neutrophil, Macrophage, and Lymphocyte Response in Infected Wounds of Mus musculus

Chromolaena odorata has been reported to possess antimicrobial, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties that aid in wound healing. Previous studies demonstrated the significant effects of a 7.5% concentration of C. odorata extract on non-infected wounds. This study aims to investigate its impact on infected wound healing. An experimental study was conducted on 36 mice, divided into two groups. Partial-thickness wounds were created on the dorsal side of each mouse and contaminated with S. aureus (106 CFU/ml). Group 1 was treated with normal saline, while Group 2 was treated with C. odorata aqueous extract at 7.5%. Histopathological analysis was performed on days 3 and 5 to count neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Results showed a significantly lower neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte count in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p < 0.05). On day 3 and 5, Group 2 had lower neutrophil counts (5.6 ± 1.8, 5.8 ± 0.6) compared to Group 1 (9.2 ± 5.2, 15.1 ± 3.9). Macrophage counts were also lower in Group 2 (6.9 ± 1.7, 1.9 ± 0.7) compared to Group 1 (3.7 ± 1.4, 4.3 ± 0.9). Lymphocyte counts followed a similar trend, with Group 2 having fewer lymphocytes on both days (p < 0.05). In conclusion, C. odorata aqueous extract at a 7.5% concentration demonstrates potential as a wound healing agent by reducing inflammatory cells in infected wounds.

Phytochemical composition by GC–MS, Invitro Antioxidant, Insilico chemical active compound of Chromolaena odorata L. weed extract targeting EGFR as Anti Lung Cancer

Chromolaena odorata L. is an unexploited weed that can be used in various traditional medicine systems. This study aims to identify active compounds that have effects as antioxidants from three parts of C. odorata weed leaves (LOD), stems (SOD), and roots (ROD) in vitro and silico as active ingredient candidates against lung cancer. Antioxidants were carried out using Beta Carotene Bleaching (BCB), Nitric Oxide (NO), and Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) methode. Identification of lung anticancer compounds with silicon molecular docking method compares Gefitinib (5GU8) protein binding affects lung cancer cell growth. From the results of identification with GC–MS from ethanol extract of C. odorata, eight metabolites were obtained, most of which were phenolic, and FT–IR profile obtained the presence of C–H, C=C, C–O, N–H, C–N, and O–H groups. In antioxidant testing with BCB, NO and CUPRAC methods showed powerful antioxidant activity in ethanol extract LOD (IC50≤50), in ethanol extract SOD with strong activity (IC50 = 50–100), and ethanol extract ROD obtained moderate activity (IC50 = 100–150). The total phenolic content (TPC) of C. odorata extracts varied significantly (P < 0.05) from 2.319–7.518±0.023–0.04 and total flavonoid content (TFC) 0.434±0.022–0.41. Pearson correlation test and principal component analysis showed the relationship between TPC and TFC of various antioxidant activity assays of C. odorata extracts. In–silico studies of eight compounds were found to fulfill Lipinski's Rule of Five, which means they have good bioavailability. The molecular docking simulation results showed that each compound had a better affinity to EGFR than Gefitinib (5GU8). Visualization showed that the compounds interacted with amino acid residues Met793, Gln791, Leu718, Thr854, Asp855, and Lys745. Toxicity testing showed that the compounds obtained were non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. The results indicate that the compounds obtained can be used as anti-lung cancer candidates through EGFR inhibition.

Chromolaena odorata Extract as an Eco-Friendly Reducing Agent for Graphene Oxide

Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) was researched for its application as a novel reducing agent. Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared via a modified Hummers method, and its reduction was achieved using an aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves. The use of conventional reducing agents typically results in hydrophobic reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which leads to agglomeration in solvents. However, the green reduction method using Chromolaena odorata extract achieved a homogeneous dispersion, which is crucial for applications requiring simple preparation techniques such as magnetic stirring, ultrasonic sonication, and vacuum mixing. Characterization of the rGO revealed a broad peak around 24.12º in the x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, an increased ID / IG ratio of 1.09 from Raman spectroscopy, and a high C:O ratio of 5.07 from energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Additionally, BET analysis demonstrated an increase in surface area and pore volume, while FESEM analyses showed a uniform morphology with clear structural defects and minimal oxygen content. FTIR spectra further confirmed the reduction process, indicated significant decrease in oxygen-related peaks. These findings highlight the potential of Chromolaena odorata as a sustainable reducing agent for the environmentally friendly synthesis of high-quality rGO.

Biosynthesis of Tin(IV) Oxide Nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) via Chromolaena Odorata Leaves: The Influence of Heat on the Extraction Procedure

In this study, the biosynthesis of tin(iv) oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) using leaves extract of Chromolaena Odorata was described. Although the traditional extraction method typically requires heating for collecting the extract, this study performed the extraction utilizing free heat. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was performed with the boiled version to recognize any distinctions in the formation of SnO2 NPs. Leaves of C. odorata contains bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenolic flavonoids which potentially serve as effective agents in green synthesis, acting as both reducing and capping agents for Sn4+. The synthesis was conducted at ambient temperature, followed by calcination at 700°C. FESEM images revealed that the morphologies of SnO2 NPs in both samples were uniform and spherical. The presence of O and Sn elements was further confirmed by EDX analysis, with atomic composition of approximately 76% and 23%, respectively. XRD obtained the most prominent peaks of SnO2 NPs which are (110), (101) and (211) in fair sharpness for both samples, with tetragonal structure. Furthermore, the FTIR spectrum affirmed the presence of pertinent functional groups through the vibration and stretching pattern of SnO2 and Sn-OH groups. Based on these findings, the heat-free treatment of C. odorata extract proves to be comparable to the boiled version in mediating biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the preference is towards the traditional process, as the use of heat enhances the extraction process by increasing the abundance of bioactive compounds without undergoing degradation. Additionally, it aids in stabilizing the structure of SnO2 NPs and preventing agglomeration.

Ethanol Extract of Chromolaena odorata Leaves in Ointment Form: Evaluating Its Efficacy in Healing Excisional Wounds in Male White Rats

The leaves of Chromolaena odorata (C. odorata), which have been traditionally employed by the coastal communities of Aceh for the treatment of small wounds, have significant concentrations of flavonoids and phenolics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an ointment made from ethanol extract of C. odorata leaves in boosting wound healing and increasing the growth and expression of fibroblasts and Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF-BB) in excision wounds of male white rats. On the 15th day, there was a decrease in the size of the wound as follows: The closure rates for Betadine® were measured at 96.07%, whereas the control group had a cure rate of 38.12%. The ointments containing C. odorata extract at concentrations of 4%, 6%, and 8% showed closure rates of 80.93%, 95.38%, and 95.75% respectively. The statistical analysis showed that there was no significant distinction between the 6% and 8% concentrations of the extract and Betadine®. On the seventh day, the number of fibroblast cells per field was 70.60 for Betadine®, 69.20 for the 6% extract, and 48.00 for the control. There were no significant differences between Betadine® and the 6% extract. On day 14, the expression of PDGF-BB was observed. The number of cells per field was 125.20 for Betadine®, 106.40 for the control, and 123.80 for the 6% extract. The results of the extract were similar to those of Betadine®. The results of this study demonstrate that the ointment made from the ethanol extract of C. odorata leaves effectively improves the healing of wounds, stimulates the activity of fibroblasts, and increases the production of PDGF-BB. These effects are comparable to the effectiveness of Betadine® in treating excisional wounds. Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, excision wounds, fibroblasts, PDGF BB expression

Selective Influence of Chromolaena odorata Extracts on the Germination and Growth of Vegetable Crops: A Comparative Study of Aqueous and Methanolic Solutions

This study conducted a thorough assessment of how germination and growth of shoots and roots in eight vegetable crops are influenced by aqueous and methanolic extracts from Chromolaena odorata. Findings reveal a broad spectrum of germination responses to leaf extracts (13.3% to 86.7%), signaling the intricate dynamics at play between the plant's chemical compounds and the germination mechanism. Notably, Cucumis sativus (70% at AQE 5%) and Phaseolus vulgaris (56.70% at AQE 10%), displayed remarkable resilience and even stimulation of germination under specific extract concentrations, suggesting a potential selective stimulatory effect. For root extracts, the introduction of AQE and MTE decreased germination percentages across crops. A. esculentus had the highest germination rate at AQE 20%, significantly lower than the control (60%). Solanum. melongena tolerated AQE 5% best, while MTE 20% was most inhibitory. Conversely, Solanum lycopersicum experienced complete germination inhibition in both AQE and MTE of leaf and root extracts, indicating species-specific vulnerability to the allelopathic compounds within the extracts. Shoot growth mostly declined with higher extract concentrations, except in Solanum melongena, Capsicum annuum, and Zea mays, which saw increased shoot lengths under certain conditions. Root growth responses were mixed; Abelmoschus esculentus and Zea mays showed growth increases at some concentrations, in contrast to Cucumis sativus and Solanum melongena, which had limited growth. Methanolic extracts had a stronger inhibitory effect, likely due to their potent bioactive compounds. These findings highlight the importance of extract type, concentration, and crop species in weed management, providing insights for sustainable agricultural practices.

Characterization of metallic nanoparticles synthesized via green synthesis from Viola odorata and their application in azo-dye biodegradation: A circular economy approach

The study aimed to synthesize nanoparticles from Viola odorata extract to biodegrade azo-dyes, enabling a circular economy approach to waste management in industries that utilize these dyes. The study utilized UV–visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to confirm the synthesis and analyze the characteristics of the nanoparticles. The stability of the nanoparticles was assessed through the examination of four factors: the impact of NaCl, storage conditions, temperature, and pH. Plant-based nanoparticles were mixed with dye solutions, incubated, and analyzed for dye degradation using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Antibacterial and antifungal activity were assayed by disc diffusion method. UV–Vis spectrum confirms the synthesis of Ag-NPs at 450 nm, Au-NPs 533 nm, Co-NPs 246, Fe-NPs 255 nm. Ag-NPs had an average size of 18.2, Co-NPs 22.86 nm, Au-NPs 14. 9 nm and Fe-NPs 43 nm and all nanoparticles are spherical in shape. The nanoparticles exhibited excellent stability under varying temperature, pH, salt concentrations, and during six-months storage, these stable nanoparticles degraded methyl orange absorbance from 2.7 to 1.5. Methyl red was also degraded and its absorbance decreased from 2.8 to 1.25. The study found that all the synthesized nanoparticles displayed good antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. However, the gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) demonstrated the highest potency, particularly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with an inhibition zone diameter nearly matching that of the commercial antibiotic Streptomycin. Similarly, the antifungal assay revealed that the Au-NPs exhibited the strongest activity against the tested fungal strains compared to the other nanoparticle types.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effects of Chromolaena Odorata Extracts on Microbial Isolates

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effects of Chromolaena Odorata Extracts on Microbial Isolates

Phytochemical and Antibacterial Screening of Chromolaena odorata Leaf Extract

The discovery of antibacterial drugs from natural sources as a substitute for preventing bacterial resistance has become necessary due to the increase in bacterial drug resistance. Chromolaena odorata has been reported to have antibacterial effects. Therefore, this study investigated the phytochemical components and antibacterial properties of C. odorata leaves. C. odorata leaves were collected, prepared, and extracted using a standard procedure with 95% methanol and 95% ethanol, respectively. Both extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to detect phytochemical compounds. Chromolaena odorata methanolic extract at a concentration of 50 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 150 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL was carried out for antibacterial screening using the agar well diffusion tested on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43330), Bacillus subtilis (B29), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442). The methanolic extract was present with tannin, terpenoid, alkaloid, and saponin while ethanolic extract was present with tannin and alkaloid. The GC-MS chromatogram identified as many as 27 and 19 compounds for ethanolic and methanolic extract, respectively. The C. odorata ethanolic extract consists mainly of Phenol (0.51%), Sesquiterpenoid (20.69%) and Fatty acid (39.2%). Meanwhile, C. odorata methanolic extract consists of Sesquiterpenoid (62.26%) and Fatty acid (17.11%). Antibacterial activity of S. aureus was the highest inhibition zone diameter with 7.67 mm to 10.33 mm from 50 mg/ml to 200 mg/mL concentration of C. odorata extract. Escherichia coli and B. subtilis inhibition zones diameter was 200 mg/mL concentration of C. odorata extract. No antibacterial activities were obtained for P. aeruginosa. This study suggests that C. odorata consists of a variety of phytochemicals and contains antibacterial properties. Thus, C. odorata represents a promising natural source for antibacterial resistance drugs.

Intelligent double-layer polymers based on carboxymethyl cellulose-cellulose nanocrystals film and poly(lactic acid)-Viola odorata petal anthocyanins nanofibers to monitor food freshness

The present study was conducted with the aim of fabricating smart bilayer polymers based on carboxymethyl cellulose-cellulose nanocrystals film and poly(lactic acid)-Viola odorata extract nanofibers (CMC-CNC and PLA-VOE) for freshness monitoring of Pacific white shrimps, minced lamb meat, chicken fillets, and rainbow trout fillets, during refrigerated storage conditions. The fabricated indicators based on CMC-PLA-VOE 5%, CMC-CNC 1%-PLA-VOE 5%, and CMC-CNC 3%-PLA-VOE 5% presented remarkable color changes in pH 1–12 buffer solutions, including red at pH 1–6, violet at pH 7–8, green at pH 9–10, and brown at pH 11–12. Significantly lower water vapor permeability and oxygen transmission rate of prepared polymers were found in comparison with the control groups (P < 0.05). Regarding the monitoring of food samples in real-time, the samples spoiled after 3 days, evidenced by total viable count, psychrotrophic bacterial count, total volatile basic nitrogen, and pH values of 7.17–7.54 log CFU/g, 5.68–6.23 log CFU/g, 25.14–28.12 mg N/100 g, and 7.10–7.66, respectively. Meanwhile, the noticeable color change of prepared indicators from white to violet (day 3) and finally dark violet (day 7) was observed, indicating a potential application in intelligent packaging for real-time control of the freshness of perishable food samples.

Invitro Anticoccidial Effect of Fractions of Chromolaena Odorata Extract on Sporulating Eimeria Tenalla Oocysts

Coccidiosis is an important cause of digestive system disorders in birds, especially the poultry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro anticoccidial effects of the different fractions of Chromolaena odorata extracts on sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts. Sporulation inhibition bioassay was used to evaluate the activity of crude methanol fraction of Chromolaena odorata extracts; n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions of Chromolaena odorata on sporulation of Eimeria tenella, which was used to cause coccidiosis. in the birds following oral inoculation of experimental broiler birds with oocysts. Post-mortem examination of dead birds showed lesions consistent with Eimeria tenella. The fractions of the Chromolaena odorata were examined for the oocysticidal activities. Amprolium an anticoccidial drug was used as control. The fractions were used in 4 doses: 0 mg/ml; 0.1 mg/ml; 0.2 mg/ml and 0.4 mg/ml. The control drug was used in corresponding doses. The highest oocysticidal activity of tested plant extracts and fractions was recorded. The n-hexane fraction of Chromolaena odorata gave the highest oocysticidal activity. This oocysticidal activity was noticed at lower concentrations but activity was found to be dose-dependent. The highest oocysticidal activity for the n-hexane fraction of Chromolaena odorata was at 65.67±2.08%. Amprolium showed no oocysticidal activity at all concentrations. However, other fractions of the Chromolaena odorata showed different levels of oocysticidal activities. The methanol fractions were secondary to the n-hexane while the ethyl acetate was the least. In conclusion, this study provides the basis for using Chromolaena odorata, especially the n-hexane fraction as preventive agents against coccidiosis and suggests their use as a feed additive in the control of coccidiosis.

Development and Characterization of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Films Based on Potato Starch Incorporating Viola odorata Extract to Improve the Oxidative and Microbiological Quality of Chicken Fillets during Refrigerated Storage.

In this research, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of active films based on potato starch containing Viola odorata extract (VOE) were investigated both in vitro and in chicken fillets. The VOE was added to the starch film formulation at 0, 1, 2, and 3% (w/v). The results showed that by increasing the extract level, the total phenol content and antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the films against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium improved remarkably. The results of the meat tests indicated the significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of active films containing different levels of VOE in chicken fillets, and a direct relationship was observed between the concentration of the extract and the functional activity of the films, so with the increase in the concentration of the extract in the films, the rate of lipid oxidation and growth of microorganisms in the chicken fillets decreased significantly during the storage period, and less volatile nitrogen bases, metmyoglobin, and oxidation products were produced in the fillets. In general, the results of this research demonstrated that an active film based on potato starch containing VOE (especially 2 and 3% levels) has the ability to extend the oxidative and microbiological shelf life of chicken fillets during cold storage for at least eight days.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effects of Chromolaena Odorata Extracts on Microbial Isolates

As science and technology advanced, antimicrobial agents were discovered, bringing with them the burden of antimicrobial resistance. This led to the hunt for effective techniques to combat microbial diseases. Chromolaena odorata is often used for traditional wound healing since it helps to stop bleeding quickly. Chromolaena odorata of the Asteraceae family is one of the world's most invasive weeds. It is also known as Siam weed, devil weed, French weed, communist weed, hagonoy, co chon triffid weed, and Awolowo, Akintola, and Obiarakara weed. Chromolaena odorata is often used for traditional wound healing since it helps to stop bleeding quickly. Several studies have shown that Siam weed extract promotes hemostasis and wound healing. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the bioactive components and antibacterial efficacy of different extracts of Chromolaena odorata on various microbiological isolates. Fresh leaves were collected, identified, air-dried, and ground. Cold maceration and soxhlet extraction were carried out using ethanol and n-hexane as extractive solvents, respectively. The chemical composition was identified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, and the antibacterial action was tested using established protocols. The antimicrobial test revealed that the aqueous extract had a bacteriostatic effect, but the ethanol extract had a bactericidal effect against microbiological isolates at a concentration of 200mg/mL. The most prevalent bioactive chemicals discovered in both extracts are oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid. The extracts possessed antibacterial capabilities and included certain bioactive components, which might contribute to their overall efficacy, according to this research.

TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT STATUS, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE POTENTIALS OF VIOLA ODORATA (FRAGRANT VIOLET)

Objective: Plants are preferred for biological effect. It is a natural resource used in the field of alternative medicine due to its biological effect. In our study, the total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) and total antioxidant status (TAS) of Viola odorata L. species were detected. In addition, antimicrobial and antiproliferative effect of species was detected. Material and Method: The some parts of the species were used with the help of a soxhlet equipment, and ethanol was preferred as a solvent. TOS, OSI and TAS capacitiy were detected using Rel Assay kits. Agar dilution method was preferred to determine antimicrobial effect against bacteria and fungi. Lung cancer cell line (A549) was used to find out the antiproliferative effect by MTT assay. Result and Discussion: Consequently, the studies, the TAS capacitiy of V. odorata extract was detected as 6.752±0.139, the TOS capacitiy as 7.886±0.224 and the OSI capacitiy as 0.117±0.001. V. odorata extracts were determined to be influential against standard bacteria at 25-100 μg/ml intensiy and against fungi at 100-200 μg/ml intensiy. It was detected that the antiproliferative effect of V. odorata extract increased depending on the extract intensiy and showed strong effects. Consequently, it has been detected that V. odorata has important biological effects and in the pharmaceutical industry, it can be preferred after certain stages.

CatFish Breeding Module Using Chromolaena odorata Extract for Aquaculture Students at Vocational High Schools

Modules are very important components in the learning process to support student learning achievements. This study was carried out to develop a learning module for fish breeding courses using Chromolaena odorata extract at aquaculture vocational high schools (SMK) in Aceh. The purpose of the developed module is to increase student achievement of concept understanding and also for catfish breeding. Study was conducted for 70 respondents at SMK Ummul Ayman 2 as treatment school and SMK Negeri 1 Meureubo as control School. Modules are built using the ADDIE model principles, involving aspects of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. the results of the study provide strong evidence that the catfish breeding module using Chromolaena odorata extract is an effective way to improve students' knowledge and skills in catfish breeding. The module is also effective in helping even the lowest-performing students to improve their knowledge and skills. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate the long-term effects of the module.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaves of Chromolaena odorata and its Antioxidant Activity

Harmful chemical waste is a serious problem being faced during the synthesis of nanoparticles due to the usage of hazardous chemicals. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of the leaves of C. odorata is cheap and environmentally friendly. This study reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using C. odorata aqueous extract as reducing agent. The leaves of C. odorata was extracted by using cold maceration technique. The phytochemicals screening of leaves was done and positive results was showed for the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolics in the leaves extract of C. odorata. The synthesized C. odorata extract mediated AgNPs was characterized using several techniques including UV-Visible spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The reduction of pure Ag (I) ions to Ag (0) was monitored using UV-Vis every one hour after 24 hours up to 28 hours and it showed an absorption band at 430-450 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was utilized to determine its particle size and the average particle size obtained was 27.3 nm. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by using C. odorata leaves aqueous extract was determined for its antioxidant activity by using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The IC50 value obtained was 277.29 mg/ml. Based on the results obtained, it indicates that the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced using C. odorata leaves aqueous extract possessed antioxidant activity that can scavenge free radicals.

Effects of green extraction solvents on phenolic contents and bioactivities of Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Sojak

Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Sojak is one of the widely consumed herbs in Southeast Asian countries. It is a popular culinary ingredient in many Asian dishes in part due to its unique pungent flavor. This study aimed to determine phenolics, antioxidant, potential anti-inflammatory activities and inhibition of -glucosidase of P. odorata extracts obtained with ethanol (ET), 80% ethanol (EW) and water (AQ). These extractants had influences on the presence of phytochemical groups (i.e., alkaloids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids), phenolic contents and bioactivities in the extracts obtained. The 80% ethanol extract had the highest total contents of phenolics (207.59 +/- 14.32 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (126.00 +/- 7.07 mg QE/g). All the phenolics examined were present in ET and EW while half of them were detected in AQ. The extracts prepared with ethanol and 80% ethanol in general exerted higher antioxidant activity. In addition, ET and EW exhibited the stronger inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase (2.44 +/- 0.12 and 2.20 +/- 0.08 mmol ACAE/g, respectively). With respect to in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, ET showed an inhibitory effect against albumin denaturation comparable with that of the 200 ug/mL diclofenac solution. The study provides a better understanding of phytochemicals and potential health endorsing properties of P. odorata, which is helpful for design of new naturally occurring agents for disease prevention and treatment.

Design of PVA/Chitosan Loaded with Chromolaena Odorata Extract as Wound Dressings

This current study was conducted to investigate the optimal fabrication variable that would give desirable properties in designing hydrogel wound dressings. This new PVA/chitosan hydrogel loaded with Chromolaena odorata were fabricated using solvent-casting method. Variables including PVA concentration (3, 5, 7 and 10% w/v), chitosan concentration (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% w/v) and PVA/Chitosan ratio (10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30 and 90:10) were investigated and elucidated. Hydrogel properties including tensile strength, swelling capacity, erosion rate and porosity were measured and effects of the fabrication variables towards these properties were elucidated. In conclusion, desirable PVA/Chitosan hydrogel loaded with Chromolaena odorata extract as wound dressing was favorly designed. The optimal range for PVA concentration, chitosan concentration and PVA/Chitosan ratio were 5% to 7%, 2% to 3% and 50:50 to 70:30 respectively.

Bioactive phytoconstituents and hemostatic and angiogenetic activities of Chromolaena odorata L. leaf extract gel on an animal epistaxis model

Introduction: Epistaxis occurs in approximately 60% of the general population globally and herbal medicine for its treatment including Chromolaena odorata L. could be one of the alternatives. The aims of this study were: (a) to determine the putative compounds and the bioactivities of C. odorata leaf extract; and (b) to assess their hemostatic and angiogenesis properties in an animal epistaxis model. Methods: The putative compounds of C. odorata extract were determined using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and the bioactivities were determined using the Molinspiration Cheminformatics 2018 software. The hemostatic and angiogenesis activities were assessed using an epistaxis model of male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), on which three concentrations of C. odorata were tested. The gel was applied twice a day until 21 days. The hemostatic activity was evaluated by measuring the clotting time and the angiogenesis activity was evaluated by measuring the serum blood electrolyte, serum CD34 and CD68 levels and the histopathology of fibroblast and new blood vessels. Results: Eight putative compounds with activities that increased immune responses and angiogenesis by having antithrombotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were identified. Those compounds had a range of bioactivity to G-protein coupled receptor ligand, ion channel modulator, kinase inhibitor, nuclear receptor ligand, protease inhibitor and enzyme inhibitor. Our data suggested that C. odorata extract had an effect on the levels of sodium, potassium and chloride. There was no significant difference in the mean levels of CD34 and CD68 among treatment and control groups, p=0.443 and p&gt;0.050, respectively. The extract had no significant effect in inducing the growth of fibroblasts. Our data indicated that C. odorata extract induced angiogenesis significantly (p=0.018). Conclusions: The C. odorata extract gel consisted of the compounds that contribute in antithrombotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and these compounds increased the angiogenesis during wound healing in the epistaxis model.

Extracts of Viola odorata and Cassia fistula Protect Against Acetic Acid-induced Colitis

Background: Colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease, which is treated effectively with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts of Viola odorata and Cassia fistula on the acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Methods: We determined the total contents of phenols, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins in the plants’ extracts. Further, we used 28 male Wistar rats in four groups of seven each. Colitis was induced in the experimental groups by the intra-rectal administration of 1% acetic acid. Distilled water was used in the sham group. After induction of colitis, the control group received distilled water, the sham group received normal saline, the standard group received 360 mg/kg oral sulfasalazine, and the experimental group received the combined extracts at 200 mg/kg orally. The severity of colitis was assessed in all animal groups. Results: The phytochemical assays showed that both extracts contained alkaloid and saponin. Also, the V. odorata extract contained tannin while C. fistula had anthraquinone. Acetic acid increased the thickness of the colonic epithelial layer and caused edema, cell necrosis, and increased myeloperoxidase enzyme in the colon tissues. The inflammation, colon weight per unit area, and macroscopic scores in the group treated with the combined extracts were reduced more than that in the standard group. The extracts reduced the activity in the experimental group. However, sulfasalazine resulted in a better healing of the colitis. Conclusion: The combined extracts at 200 mg/kg effectively reduced the colitis induced by acetic acid in the rats.