Bioactive phytoconstituents and hemostatic and angiogenetic activities of Chromolaena odorata L. leaf extract gel on an animal epistaxis model

Abstract

Introduction: Epistaxis occurs in approximately 60% of the general population globally and herbal medicine for its treatment including Chromolaena odorata L. could be one of the alternatives. The aims of this study were: (a) to determine the putative compounds and the bioactivities of C. odorata leaf extract; and (b) to assess their hemostatic and angiogenesis properties in an animal epistaxis model. Methods: The putative compounds of C. odorata extract were determined using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and the bioactivities were determined using the Molinspiration Cheminformatics 2018 software. The hemostatic and angiogenesis activities were assessed using an epistaxis model of male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), on which three concentrations of C. odorata were tested. The gel was applied twice a day until 21 days. The hemostatic activity was evaluated by measuring the clotting time and the angiogenesis activity was evaluated by measuring the serum blood electrolyte, serum CD34 and CD68 levels and the histopathology of fibroblast and new blood vessels. Results: Eight putative compounds with activities that increased immune responses and angiogenesis by having antithrombotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were identified. Those compounds had a range of bioactivity to G-protein coupled receptor ligand, ion channel modulator, kinase inhibitor, nuclear receptor ligand, protease inhibitor and enzyme inhibitor. Our data suggested that C. odorata extract had an effect on the levels of sodium, potassium and chloride. There was no significant difference in the mean levels of CD34 and CD68 among treatment and control groups, p=0.443 and p>0.050, respectively. The extract had no significant effect in inducing the growth of fibroblasts. Our data indicated that C. odorata extract induced angiogenesis significantly (p=0.018). Conclusions: The C. odorata extract gel consisted of the compounds that contribute in antithrombotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and these compounds increased the angiogenesis during wound healing in the epistaxis model.