Obese Males Research Articles

The evolving systemic biomarker milieu in obese ZSF1 rat model of human cardiometabolic syndrome: Characterization of the model and cardioprotective effect of GDF15.

Cardiometabolic syndrome has become a global health issue. Heart failure is a common comorbidity of cardiometabolic syndrome. Successful drug development to prevent cardiometabolic syndrome and associated comorbidities requires preclinical models predictive of human conditions. To characterize the heart failure component of cardiometabolic syndrome, cardiometabolic, metabolic, and renal biomarkers were evaluated in lean and obese ZSF1 19- to 32-week-old male rats. Histopathological assessment of kidneys and hearts was performed. Cardiac function, exercise capacity, and left ventricular gene expression were also analyzed. Obese ZSF1 rats exhibited multiple features of human cardiometabolic syndrome by pathological changes in systemic renal, metabolic, and cardiovascular disease circulating biomarkers. Hemodynamic assessment, echocardiography, and decreased exercise capacity confirmed heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. RNA-seq results demonstrated changes in left ventricular gene expression associated with fatty acid and branched chain amino acid metabolism, cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. Twelve weeks of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) treatment significantly decreased body weight, food intake, blood glucose, and triglycerides and improved exercise capacity in obese ZSF1 males. Systemic cardiovascular injury markers were significantly lower in GDF15-treated obese ZSF1 rats. Obese ZSF1 male rats represent a preclinical model for human cardiometabolic syndrome with established heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. GDF15 treatment mediated dietary response and demonstrated a cardioprotective effect in obese ZSF1 rats.

Assessing the Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Apparently Healthy Urban Obese Adults Residing in South Delhi, India

The present research study was conducted to assess the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in apparently healthy urban obese adults residing in South Delhi. Dyslipidemia and obesity are two prominent contributing risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 apparently healthy obese adults with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2. Data regarding the socio-demographic characteristics as well as anthropometric parameters were collected. To evaluate serum lipid levels fasting blood samples were collected by trained technicians and analysis was carried out in a certified laboratory. Dyslipidemia was defined as the presence of hypercholesterolemia, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and /or lower concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), present alone or in combination. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was noted to be 78%. The prevalence was observed to be much higher in the obese female subjects (81.43%) than the obese males (75%). Mean triglycerides levels were significantly higher in the obese men than females while, HDL–C levels were higher in the female subjects (p<0.05). Further, it was seen that low concentration of HDL was the most prevailing deranged lipid parameter (52.67%) followed by elevated triglycerides levels (49.33%) and elevated LDL levels (39.33%) in these obese adults. The study thus highlights the importance of regular and timely screening for apparently healthy populations. Advocating suitable and timely medical and dietary interventions can help in both monitoring and avoiding further health-related complications.

Obesity and pituitary gland volume - a correlation study using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging.

Obesity has become a major health problem and is associated with endocrine disorders and a disturbed hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The purpose of this study was to correlate pituitary gland volume determined by routine magnetic resonance imaging with patient characteristics, in particular body mass index and obesity. A total of 144 'healthy' patients with normal findings in cerebral magnetic resonance imaging were retrospectively included. Pituitary gland volume was measured in postcontrast three-dimensional T1-weighted sequences. A polygonal three-dimensional region of interest covering the whole pituitary gland was assessed manually. Physical characteristics (gender, age, body height and body mass index) were correlated with pituitary gland volume. Multiple subgroup and regression analyses were performed. Pituitary gland volumes were significantly larger in females than in males (p<0.001) and young individuals (<35 years) versus middle-aged patients (35-47 years) (p=0.042). Obese patients (body mass index ≥30) had significantly larger pituitary gland volumes than overweight (25<body mass index<30; p=0.011) and normal-weight (body mass index <25; p=0.005) patients. In males, pituitary gland volumes of body mass index subgroups showed significant differences (p=0.038). Obese males had larger pituitary gland volumes than overweight patients (p=0.066) and significantly larger volumes than normal-weight (p=0.023) patients. Obese females also had larger pituitary gland volumes but without statistical significance (p>0.05). Regression analysis showed that increased pituitary gland volume is associated with higher body mass index independent from gender, age and body height. Pituitary gland volume is increased in obese individuals and a high body mass index can be seen as an independent predictor of increased pituitary gland volume. Therefore, gland enlargement might be an imaging indicator of dysfunction in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Besides gender and age, body mass index should be considered by radiologists when diagnosing abnormal changes in pituitary gland volume.

Evaluation of Serum Leptin, Interlukein–6 and some Biochemical Parameters in Iraq obese Adult Patients

Objective: The current study conducted for evaluating serum level of interleukin-6 and leptin (IL- 6) among Iraqi obese adult people and other biochemical parameters related with obesity. Methods: Leptin and IL-6 Levels were assessed in serum samples from 43 Iraqi obese adults and 30 non-obese healthy subjects. Results: Significant elevation (p<0.05) in S.Ca+ levels for obese females as compared to obese males and there is high decrease of significant (p<0.0001) in the S. Ca+ level for obese male as compared to control male. The liver function enzymes S. GOT S. GPT levels showed significant elevation (p<0.0001 and p<0.01) in obese female in comparison to their control and a significant elevation appeared at level of cholesterol for both (p<0.001 in male) and (p<0.01 in female), S LDL p<0.05 for obese male and HDL p<0.0001 in obese female. Finally, High positive correlation (p<0.01) between serum leptin levels for obese subjects and their BMI. Also, IL-6 revealed strong positive correlation (p<0.01) with S. TRIG and S. VLDL. Whereas, S.CREAT was positive association at level (p<0.05). Conclusions: The data revealed effect the obesity in different human body function, liver enzyme, lipid profile and leptin in adult’s male in different criteria according to the gender. As well as, the positive correlation between IL-6 with (S. CREAT, S. TRIG and VLDL) and leptin with BMI. Increased creatinine related with presence of inflammation or injury to the kidney, which was evidenced by the presence of a positive correlation with IL-6. Obesity effects on lipid profile and liver enzyme and leptin due to the sex hormone differences.

Effects Of Polyester Wicking Versus Cotton Fabric T-shirt On Sweat Rate In Obese Males

The effects of different t-shirt fabrics on thermoregulation during exercise remain to be elucidated. PURPOSE: This crossover study investigated the effects of cotton (C) versus polyester (P) t-shirts on sweat rate and skin temperature at the torso (chest, back) and peripheral (forearm, forehead) regions of physically active, obese males. METHODS: Seven participants (21.7 ± 1.7 yr; 35.7 ± 6.7 kg·m-2) completed 4 visits (separated by 48 hrs); visit 1 was to complete the informed consent, ACSM health questionnaire, PAR-Q, and body composition assessment using air displacement plethysmography. Visit 2 was a VO2max test (30-sec averaging for expired gas analysis), followed by two treadmill walking sessions (30 min at 30 - 39% VO2reserve) in either C or P t-shirt (randomized, counterbalanced sequence) on the third and fourth visits. Exercise was performed in a hot and dry (27 C°, 10 ± 2% relative humidity) environment. Sweat rate was determined as ∆ nude body weight (pre- minus post-exercise body weight) using a digital scale. Skin temperature was measured during exercise using a skin thermometer. Torso skin temperature (Tsktorso) was the sum of 0.5TChest + 0.5TBack. Peripheral site skin temperatures were analyzed separately. A dependent t-test was used to compare sweat rates. Separate two-way ANOVAs were performed to investigate fabric type, time, and their interactions on skin temperature by body region. RESULTS: On average, participants’ VO2max and body fat were 36.8 ± 8.7 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 34.7 ± 4.3%, respectively. There was no difference between C and P conditions in sweat rates (∆ body weight = -.35 ± .11 kg; -.37 ± .20 kg, respectively, p = .754). A significant interaction effect was detected between Tsktorso and fabric (p = .022) with C > P. Interaction effects of skin temperature in the peripheral regions (forearm, p = .195; forehead, p = .057) were nonsignificant. CONCLUSION: Though the sweat rate was similar across cotton and polyester trials, polyester appears to be effective for temperature regulation, especially in the torso region during low intensity aerobic exercises in young, obese males. Future research should explore the impact of C vs. P fabric on sweat rate and skin temperature during different intensities and modalities of exercise.

Accuracy Of Classifying Prediabetes Predicted By Grip Strength In Obese Adults Utilizing Machine Learning

PURPOSE: To compare the accuracy of classifying prediabetes, include type 2 diabetes, predicted by hand-grip strength employing machine learning (ML) techniques in Korean obese adults. METHODS: The data of 1230 Korean obese adults (51.5% males, 19-65yrs) was retrieved from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2014-2015. Obesity was identified by the Korean standard BMI (BMI ≥ 25kg/m2) and waist circumference (WC; Male: WC ≥ 90cm, Female: WC ≥ 85cm). A total of 591 individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes was diagnosed by the criteria 1) diagnosed as type 2 diabetes, 2) using diabetes medication, 3) abnormal fasting glucose level (fasting glucose ≥ 100mg/dL). Three grip strength models were employed, which were 1) normal grip strength (GS), 2) divided by weight (GSW), and 3) divided by BMI (GSB), respectively, to examine the effect of different relative grip strengths on prediabetes. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) and traditional logistic regression (LR) algorithms employing RSNNS package in R, were applied to classify the prediabetes predicted by hand-grip adjusted by age, income, education, occupation, marital status, binge drinking, smoking, daily calories intake, sedentary time, strengthening exercise adherence, aerobic exercise adherence variables, separated by gender. To evaluate the accuracy (ACC), sensitivity (SEN), and specificity (SPE) of the confusion matrix of ML, the participants were separated into a train for deriving equations and a test group for holdout cross-validation. RESULTS: To classify prediabetes in obese males, GSB adjusted by co-variates was revealed the highest ACC for both ML classifiers (train group: MLP=71.5%, LR=67.6%; test group: MLP=63.9%, LR=66.1%), and GSW showed the lowest ACC (MLP: train=67.6%, test=61.6%). Moreover, GSW and GSB of MLP showed higher SEN than SPE in test group (SEN, SPE: GSW=78.6%, 44.1%; GSB=74.4%, 52.5%, respectively). In obese females, however, both ML classifiers did not show any consistent accuracy levels. CONCLUSIONS: It was revealed that GSB showed a strong relationship with prediabetes in obese male adults in Korea. Moreover, MLP and LR classifiers present fair accuracy in the cross-validation to classify prediabetes predicted by GSB.

ACUTE RESPONSE OF BLOOD LIPID PROFILES TO DIFFERENT INTENSITIES OF EXERCISE IN OBESE MEN

PURPOSE: This study was conducted in order to examine the blood lipid profile changes following lower or higher-intensity exercise in obese men. The changes in blood lipid profiles include TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C following moderate or high intensity exercise in obese males. METHODS: In a randomized, cross-over design, fifteen obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) sedentary (less than 2 days per week of physical activity) male volunteers, the ages between 18 and 30 participated in the study. The participants performed a single bout of cycling exercise (average energy expenditure ~300 kcal) at two different intensities in random order [moderate-intensity: 50% of maximal heart rate and high-intensity: 80% of maximal heart rate]. Overnight fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, immediate post-exercise (IPE), 1-hr PE, and 24-hr PE for each intensity of exercise to determine blood lipids and lipoproteins (TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C). A 2(intensity) X 4 (time) ANOVA with repeated measures was used to examine the mean differences in intensity and time on blood lipids and lipoproteins. The Bonferroni pairwise comparisons were conducted as post hoc to locate the significant mean differences. A p-value < .05 was set for the statistical significance. RESULTS: TG, LDL-C or HDL-C did not change, while TC (209.31±28.89 mmol/L) at 24-hrPE decreased (p= .041) from IPE (217.80±32.55 mmol/L) following higher-intensity exercise. However, the main effects of time (p= .272) or intensity (p= .735) demonstrated no statistically significant differences in TC. CONCLUSIONS: The acute higher-intensity exercise can lower TC. However, acute different intensities of exercise may not alter significantly blood lipid profiles in obese men due to the short volume and duration. Therefore, future research should determine if different intensities of chronic exercise alter blood lipid profiles in obese men.

Building up the foundation for the elderly apparel industry through the development on shirt sloper of elderly obese males

Building up the foundation for the elderly apparel industry through the development on shirt sloper of elderly obese males

Household motor vehicle ownership and obesity among Indian females and males: 2005-2016.

BackgroundTo determine associations between household motor vehicle ownership and obesity among Indian adults.MethodsBivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted using the 2005–2006 and 2015–2016 Indian Demographic and Health surveys, with over 800 000 respondents.ResultsObesity prevalence (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) rose in females (16.87% to 20.35%) and in males (12.55% to 18.74%). In 2005, having both types of vehicles (motorcycle/motor scooter and car) significantly increased the odds of obesity in females (OR, 1.63; 95% CI 1.50 to 1.76) and males (OR, 2.49; 95% CI 2.24 to 2.77) as well as in 2015 (OR, 1.10; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.13 and OR, 1.56; 95% CI 1.45 to 1.68, respectively). The wealthiest were more likely to be obese in 2005 (OR, 14.95; 95% CI 16.06 to 17.12 for females; OR, 12.69; 95% CI 10.17 to 15.70 for males) and in 2015 (OR, 7.69; 95% CI 7.43 to 7.95 for females and OR, 6.40; 95% CI 5.40 to 7.01 for males). Higher education levels, being younger and rural residence were significant protective factors in 2005 and 2015.ConclusionsAfter adjusting for confounders, motor vehicle ownership was significantly associated with obesity at both time points, but the effect of vehicle ownership presents differently by gender. With obesity prevalence increasing in India, policies promoting active vs motorized transport could attenuate this problem.

Metabolic Endotoxemia, Feeding Studies and the Use of the Limulus Amebocyte (LAL) Assay; Is It Fit for Purpose?

The Limulus amebocyte assay (LAL) is increasingly used to quantify metabolic endotoxemia (ME), particularly in feeding studies. However, the assay was not intended to assess plasma at levels typically seen in ME. We aimed to optimize and validate the LAL assay under a range of pre-treatment conditions against the well-established lipopolysaccharide binding protein assay (LBP). Fifteen healthy overweight and obese males aged 28.8 ± 9.1years provided plasma. The LAL assay employed a range of pre-treatments; 70 °C for 15 and 30 min and 80 °C for 15 and 30 min, ultrasonication (70 °C for 10 min and then 40 °C for 10 min), and dilution (1:50, 1:75, 1:100, and 1:200 parts) or diluted using 0.5% pyrosperse. Seventeen different plasma pre-treatment methods employed prior to the use of the LAL analytical technique failed to show any relationships with either LBP, or body mass index (BMI; obesity), the biological trigger for ME (p > 0.05 for all). As expected, BMI positively correlated with LBP (r = 0.523, p = 0.052. No relationships were observed between LAL with any of the sample pre-treatments and LBP or BMI. In its current form, the LAL assay is unsuitable for detecting levels of endotoxin typically seen in ME.

Whey protein consumption following fasted exercise reduces early postprandial glycaemia in centrally obese males: a randomised controlled trial

PurposeAcute submaximal exercise and whey protein supplementation have been reported to improve postprandial metabolic and appetite responses to a subsequent meal independently. We aimed to examine the combination of these strategies on postprandial responses to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast.MethodsTwelve centrally obese males (age 41 ± 3 years, waist circumference 123.4 ± 2.9 cm), completed three trials in a single-blind, crossover design. Participants rested for 30 min (CON) or completed 30 min low–moderate-intensity treadmill walking (51 ± 1% {{dot{V}O}}_{text{2peak}}) followed immediately by ingestion of 20 g whey protein (EX + PRO) or placebo (EX). After 15 min, a standardised breakfast was consumed and blood, expired gas and subjective appetite were sampled postprandially. After 240 min, an ad libitum lunch meal was provided to assess energy intake.ResultsDuring EX + PRO, post-breakfast peak blood glucose was reduced when compared with EX and CON (EX + PRO: 7.6 ± 0.4 vs EX: 8.4 ± 0.3; CON: 8.3 ± 0.3 mmol l−1, p ≤ 0.04). Early postprandial glucose AUC0–60 min was significantly lower under EX + PRO than EX (p = 0.011), but not CON (p = 0.12). Over the full postprandial period, AUC0–240 min during EX + PRO did not differ from other trials (p > 0.05). Peak plasma insulin concentrations and AUC0–240 min were higher during EX + PRO than CON, but similar to EX. Plasma triglyceride concentrations, substrate oxidation and subjective appetite responses were similar across trials and ad libitum energy intake was not influenced by prior fasted exercise, nor its combination with whey protein supplementation (p > 0.05).ConclusionFollowing fasted low–moderate-intensity exercise, consuming whey protein before breakfast may improve postprandial glucose excursions, without influencing appetite or subsequent energy intake, in centrally obese males.Trial registration numberNCT02714309.

Semaphorin 3\u2009C is a Novel Adipokine Representing Exercise-Induced Improvements of Metabolism in Metabolically Healthy Obese Young Males

This study investigated the endurance exercise-induced changes in lesser known adipokines (visfatin, chemerin, apelin, semaphorin 3 C) related to obesity and metabolism, and their correlations with the changes in the parameters of obesity and glucose homeostasis. Forty metabolically healthy obese young males were randomly assigned to control group (C, n = 12) or exercise group (Ex, n = 28). The subjects in Ex participated in a 8-week supervised endurance exercise training program, comprised of four sessions of treadmill running at 65–70% of VO2max per week. Serum levels of visfatin, chemerin, apelin, and semaphorin 3 C were significantly decreased in Ex. At baseline, apelin and semaphorin 3 C appeared to be correlated with obesity measures, including body mass index, % total fat and trunk fat, and waist circumference. Exercise-induced changes in these obesity measures significantly correlated with the changes in chemerin and semaphorin 3 C. Basal chemerin, apelin and semaphorin 3 C correlated with glucose homeostasis parameters, including fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and β-cell function, and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index to different extents. Furthermore, the changes in apelin and semaphorin 3 C well predicted the improvements in glycemic parameters. We suggest that semaphorin 3 C is a novel adipokine involved in pathophysiology of obesity and metabolism, and that it is a biomarker representing an exercise-induced improvement in metabolically healthy obese young males.

Gender heterogeneity in dyslipidemia prevalence, trends with age and associated factors in middle age rural Chinese

BackgroundHeterogeneity should be carefully addressed to facilitate establishment of effective population-level blood lipid management. The primary aim of the study was to investigate gender heterogeneity in prevalence of dyslipidemia, including trends with age and associated factors in middle age rural Chinese.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study based on a baseline investigation of a population-based randomized controlled trial in rural China, involving 26,378 permanent residents of age 45–69. The age-specific prevalence of dyslipidemia was estimated for men and women, and the trends of prevalence with age were compared. Logistic regression was used to explore the factors associated with prevalent risk of dyslipidemia.ResultsThe overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was significantly higher in females than in males for borderline high and above (BHA) total cholesterol (TC ≥ 200 mg/dL), BHA triglycerides (TG ≥ 150 mg/dL) and BHA low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL), but was lower for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C < 40 mg/dL) in females than the corresponding prevalence in males. The prevalence of borderline high and above TC, TG and LDL-C all rose with age in females, but was stable or even decreased with age in males. In contrast, graphic representation of the prevalence of low HDL-C showed no striking age related trend in both genders. Risk of dyslipidemia was associated predominantly with obesity in males, but was more predominantly associated with hypertension in females.ConclusionHeterogeneity was found in comparing the prevalence of dyslipidemia in men and women, and gender heterogeneity was found in its trend with age and associated factors in middle aged rural Chinese. The effectiveness of population-level blood lipid management and CVD primary prevention programs in China is expected to be improved if gender heterogeneity is considered.

The levels of phthalate exposure and associations with obesity in an elderly population in China.

Few epidemiological studies on the correlation between phthalate exposure and elderly obesity in China are available. The purpose of the present study is to assess phthalate exposure levels and explore the connections between exposure to phthalates and obesity using a sample of Chinese community-dwelling elderly individuals. Data were acquired from the baseline survey of the Cohort of Health of Elderly and Controllable Factors of Environment, which was established in Lu'an, Anhui province, China, from June to September in 2016. Urine samples were obtained to analyze the concentrations of seven phthalate metabolites, utilizing a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. General obesity was determined based on body mass index, and abdominal obesity based on waist circumference. Binary logistic regression models were utilized to analyze the associations of creatinine-corrected phthalate metabolite concentrations (categorized into quartiles) with general and abdominal obesity in elderly people. Moreover, a stratified analysis was performed to explore the difference between genders. Of 942 elderly individuals, 52.9% were defined as generally obese and 75.5% as abdominally obese. The detection rates of seven phthalate metabolites ranged from 90.07% to 99.80%. The highest median concentration was 44.08μg/l (for MBP), and the lowest was 0.55μg/l (for MEHP). The level of exposure to LMW(low-molecular-weight) PAEs is higher than that to HMW(high-molecular-weight) PAEs. After adjustment for confounding variables, we found a significant association between urinary MEOHP (mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate), MEHP (mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), MBP (mono-n-butyl phthalate), MEP (mono-ethyl phthalate), and MMP (mono-methyl phthalate) levels and general obesity. MBP levels were also correlated with abdominal obesity. When stratified by gender, higher urinary levels of MEOHP, MBP, MEP, and MMP were associated with general obesity in males, whereas MBP and MMP levels were eminently correlated with general obesity in females. Higher urinary MBP levels were associated with increased abdominal obesity rates in males, but not in females. In conclusion, higher phthalate metabolite concentrations were correlated with obesity in the elderly. Moreover, a gender difference was observed in these associations.

LDL subclass lipidomics in atherogenic dyslipidemia: effect of statin therapy on bioactive lipids and dense LDL

Atherogenic LDL particles are physicochemically and metabolically heterogeneous. Can bioactive lipid cargo differentiate LDL subclasses, and thus potential atherogenicity? What is the effect of statin treatment? Obese hypertriglyceridemic hypercholesterolemic males [n = 12; lipoprotein (a) <10 mg/dl] received pitavastatin calcium (4 mg/day) for 180 days in a single-phase unblinded study. The lipidomic profiles (23 lipid classes) of five LDL subclasses fractionated from baseline and post-statin plasmas were determined by LC-MS. At baseline and on statin treatment, very small dense LDL (LDL5) was preferentially enriched (up to 3-fold) in specific lysophospholipids {LPC, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), lysoalkylphosphatidylcholine [LPC(O)]; 9, 0.2, and 0.14 mol per mole of apoB, respectively; all P < 0.001 vs. LDL1-4}, suggesting elevated inflammatory potential per particle. In contrast, lysophosphatidylethanolamine was uniformly distributed among LDL subclasses. Statin treatment markedly reduced absolute plasma concentrations of all LDL subclasses (up to 33.5%), including LPC, LPI, and LPC(O) contents (up to -52%), consistent with reduction in cardiovascular risk. Despite such reductions, lipotoxic ceramide load per particle in LDL1-5 (1.5-3 mol per mole of apoB; 3-7 mmol per mole of PC) was either conserved or elevated. Bioactive lipids may constitute biomarkers for the cardiometabolic risk associated with specific LDL subclasses in atherogenic dyslipidemia at baseline, and with residual risk on statin therapy.

The Effect of Eight Weeks High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) on of Irisin Levels in Obese Young Men

Background: Irisin is a myosin that increases the secretion during exercise and stimulates the white to brown adipose tissue transformation. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIT) on irisin levels of young obese men. Methods: The subjects of the study were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group performed HIT training for eight weeks (three sessions per week, each session 45 to 60 minutes with an intensity of 90% of heart rate reserve). Fasting blood sampling was done 24h before and 48h after trainings. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and U-Mann-Whitney tests. Results: In the experimental group, BMI was decreased (P = 0.023), and irisin was increased significantly (P = 0.005). Also, the mean differences of BMI (P = 0.049) and irisin (P = 0.031) were significant between control and experimental groups (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The findings showed that eight-week of HIT could increase irisin and reduce BMI in obese young males.

Anthropometric, Dietary and Psychological Risk Factors for Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Among Adolescents Studying in Public Schools of Delhi

Abstract Objectives The present research was designed to study the prevalence &amp; association of depression &amp; anxiety with anthropometric, dietary and psychological risk factors among adolescent boys &amp; girls studying in public schools of Delhi. Methods 546 adolescents participated in this cross-sectional study. Child Behaviour Checklist was used to assess depression and anxiety symptoms. Data pertaining to sociodemographic profile (pre-tested), eating behavior (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire), body image perception and locus of control (standardized questionnaire), dietary intake (two day 24 hour recall and food frequency questionnaire), and anthropometric parameters (BMI and body fat%) were collected and statistically analysed. Results Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms was 33.51% and 27.47% respectively. As per the multi-variable regression models, subjects who reported cognitive restrained eating (OR:1.41 95% CI: 1.17–1.71 P = 0.0004) and emotional eating behavior (OR:1.18 95% CI: 1.05–1.33 P = 0.0041) had statistically significant higher odds for developing depressive symptoms. In males, subjects who were skipping breakfast (OR: 19.19 95% CI: 3.83–96.20 P = 0.0003) and were not consuming milk in breakfast (OR: 0.14 95% CI: 0.05–0.36 P = &amp;lt; 0.0001) had significantly higher odds of getting depressed. In females, weight management practices was a significant psychological predictors of depression symptoms. Female subjects who were skipping their meals, especially breakfast (OR: 43.10 95% CI: 1.44 - 1292.10 P = 0.0301) had significantly higher odds of getting depressed than the non-skippers. Deviation from the normal weight category was significant predictor of depressive symptoms in male and female subjects. Underweight (OR:118.46 95% CI:31.92–439.62 P = &amp;lt; 0.0001), overweight and obese (OR:37.21 95% CI:14.14–97.88 P = &amp;lt; 0.0001) males had significantly higher odds of getting depressed. Body fat % was also a significant predictor of depressive symptoms in male adolescents (P = 0.0079). Female subjects in underweight, overweight and obese categories also had significantly higher odds of getting depressed. Similar pattern of associations and risk factors were also reported for anxiety symptoms. Conclusions The study serve as a strategic tool for mental health prevention &amp; management policies designed for adolescents. Funding Sources UGC.

0555 The Relationship Between Sleep Efficiency and Apnoea Hypopnoea Index (AHI) in Adult Obese Males

Abstract Introduction Prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. According to OECD 2017, the prevalence of obesity is 19.5% worldwide. Obesity leads to disturbed sleep due to complete or partial obstruction of upper airways i.e. obstructive sleep apnoea. This disturbed sleep leads to increased sympathetic discharge &amp; further obesity and thus forms a vicious cycle of obesity disturbing sleep and sleep disturbance increasing obesity. The purpose of the present study was to correlate the sleep efficiency with apnoea hypopnea index (AHI) in adult obese males. Methods Nineteen adult obese males (26 years- 60 years), non-smokers were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The obesity criteria was taken as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. They underwent an overnight polysomnographic examination with total 68 channels and 32 EEG inputs. The episodes of apnea were defined as complete cessation of airflow for ≥10 s, and hypopnea consisted of a ≥30% reduction in oronasal airflow accompanied by a reduction in oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry of at least 4%. AHI was determined by the frequency of these events per hour during sleep time based on the results of the overnight polysomnography. Sleep efficiency index was calculated by dividing total duration of sleep stages (N1+ N2+ N3+ REM) by total time in bed. Results We tested for normality through Shapiro Wilk test and our data was found to be non-parametric. Hence Spearman correlation between sleep efficiency and AHI was performed. The correlation was non- significant with p value 0.1245 and r = - 0.365. The correlation of BMI with sleep efficiency was significant (p= 0.0195) with r value= -0.5303. Conclusion The results conclude that the sleep efficiency worsens with obesity. Although the correlation between AHI and sleep efficiency was not found significant, a negative r value indicates that the sleep efficiency decreases with increased obstructive events during sleep. Support All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur

Low-Grade Inflammation Is Not Present in Former Obese Males but Adipose Tissue Macrophage Infiltration Persists.

Macrophage infiltration in two subcutaneous adipose tissue depots and systemic low-grade inflammation were studied in post-obese (PO), obese (O), and control (C) subjects. Young males were recruited into PO: (n = 10, weight-loss avg. 26%, BMI: 26.6 ± 0.7, mean ±SEM kg/m2), O: (n = 10, BMI: 33.8 ± 1.0kg/m2) and C: (n = 10, BMI: 26.6 ± 0.6 kg/m2). PO and C were matched by BMI. Blood and abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained in the overnight fasted state. Plasma concentrations of IL-6 and CRP were higher (p < 0.05) in O than in PO and C, TNF-α was higher (p < 0.05) only in O compared to PO and IL-18 was similar between groups. The number of CD68+ macrophages was higher (p < 0.05) in the gluteal than the abdominal depot, and higher (p < 0.05) in O and PO compared to C in both depots. The content of CD163+ macrophages was similar between depots but was higher (p < 0.05) in PO compared to C and O in the gluteal depot. In post obese men with a long-term sustained weight loss, systemic low-grade inflammation was similar to non-obese controls despite a higher subcutaneous adipose tissue CD68+ macrophage content. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory CD163+ macrophage adipose tissue content was consistently higher in post obese than obese and controls.

SUN-594 Pubertal Timing and Hormonal Correlates in Male Obesity

An early, normal or delayed pubertal onset have been described in overweight/ obese males(1). A greater prepubertal adiposity has been associated with a greater risk for delayed puberty in males, but an underlying mechanism was not explored(2). We investigated whether an increased testosterone aromatization or an higher degree of low-grade inflammation might be more prevalent in obese males with a delay in genital development. Pubertal status assessment by Tanner staging and measurement of morning serum testosterone, estradiol, leptin, and hSCRP by standard laboratory methods were performed in 191 male adolescents, aged between 10 and 18.6 yr (median 12.8 yr) with overweight (BMI z-score > 1.3), starting an ambulatory (n = 138) or a residential weight loss program (n = 55). Their median (range) BMI z-score was 2.32 (1.34 – 3.38). Delayed / slow and early / rapid genital development was defined by a Tanner genital stage respectively above the 90th or below 10th percentile age distribution (national Flemish standards of 2004). In 3 males pubertal development was advanced, while in 34 it was delayed. In the remaining 154 adolescents genital stage was normally timed. Males with a delayed timing or progression of genital development were older (median(range) age:14.8 (11.6-18.6) yr vs 12.3 (10-18.6) yr; p< 0.005) and shorter (height sds: -0.55 (-1.90- 1.48) vs 0.49 (-3 – 3.19); p < 0.005), and had a higher birthweight (birthweight z-score: 0.15(-3.51-2.75) vs -0.34(-4.7-3.30); p = 0.058), but a similar BMI and waist z-score in comparison with males with a normally timed puberty. Median serum estradiol, leptin, and hSCRP concentrations did not differ significantly between those with a normal or a delayed pubertal onset or progression. In conclusion, pubertal delay is more frequently observed than early puberty in males referred to obesity clinics. Neither low grade inflammation nor increased estradiol production appear to be associated with a later onset of slower progression of genital development in male obesity. References (1) Li W et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Oct 24;14(10) (2) Lee JM et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010 Feb;164(2):139-44.