Number Of Lactobacilli Research Articles

Effects of galacto-oligosaccharide on growth performance, feacal microbiota, immune response and antioxidant capability in weaned piglets

ABSTRACT The present experiment investigated the effects of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) on growth performance, faecal microbiota, immune response and antioxidant capability in weaned piglets. Ninety 28-day-old weaned piglets were randomly allocated into 5 treatments with 6 replicate pens per treatment and 3 piglets per pen (n = 18). These five diets were formulated by adding 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg GOS to the basal diet, respectively. The experiment was lasted for 28 days. Body weight and feed intake were determined. Faeces samples were collected to detect the amount of microbiota. Blood samples were used to determine antioxidative and immune parameters. The results indicated that GOS supplementation improved the growth performance, increased the number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria and decreased the number of Escherichia coli in a linear or quadratic dose-dependent manner. Dietary GOS decreased serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a quadratic dose-dependent manner, but increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in a linear or quadratic dose-dependent manner. Moreover, GOS supplementation promoted the activities of antioxidant enzyme in a linear or quadratic dose-dependent manner during the experiment. The levels of MDA quadratically decreased on d 28. These results suggested that GOS exhibited positive effects on growth performance, immune function and antioxidant capability in weaned piglets.

THE STUDY ON PROBIOTIC FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGES WITH JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE TUBERS

The growth of lactobacilli in extracts of Jerusalem artichoke tubers and stability of the cultures during subsequent storage were studied. To assess the results, a standard and modified method for determining the number of lactobacilli was used. A significant difference was established in the obtained results, which are most likely associated with the destruction of agglomerates as the result of additional processing.

Susceptibility of chicken Lactobacillus bacteria to coccidiostats.

The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of Lactobacillus bacteria to selected coccidiostats. Seventy-five Lactobacillus isolates obtained from chickens were classified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16S rDNA restriction analysis into seven species, among which L. salivarius (33%) and L. johnsonii (24%) were dominant. Susceptibility of lactobacilli to coccidiostats was determined by broth microdilution method. The ranges of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 0.5–≥128 µg/ml for monensin, 0.125–8 µg/ml for salinomycin, ≤0.03–2 µg/ml for lasalocid A, and 4–16 µg/ml for robenidine. Coccidiostats in low concentrations inhibited in vitro growth of most lactobacilli and therefore there is a high probability that administration of this drugs to chickens would reduce the number of lactobacilli in the gut.

Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive subjects, improves arterial stiffness and gut microbiota: A review and meta-analysis.

Garlic supplements have shown effectiveness in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients, similarly to first-line standard anti-hypertensive medications. Kyolic garlic has also shown promise in improving cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness, elevated cholesterol levels and blood ‘stickiness’. In addition, the prebiotic properties in garlic increase gut microbial richness and diversity. This article systematically reviews previously published trials investigating the effects of garlic on blood pressure, and provides an updated meta-analysis of hypertensive participants. In addition, we summarise the findings of recent clinical trials investigating the effects of Kyolic aged garlic extract on arterial stiffness, and gut microbiota in hypertensive subjects. We searched online electronic databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1955 and December, 2018 examining the effects of garlic on high blood pressure. The meta-analysis of 12 trials and 553 hypertensive participants confirmed that garlic supplements lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) by an average of 8.3±1.9 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, n=8 trials, n=374 subjects) by 5.5±1.9 mmHg, similarly to standard anti-hypertensive medications. This reduction in blood pressure was associated with a 16–40% reduction in the risk of suffering from cardiovascular events. Additionally, this review summarises new evidence for the vitamin B12 status playing an important role in the responsiveness of blood pressure to garlic. Furthermore, Kyolic aged garlic extract significantly lowered central blood pressure, pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity and arterial stiffness, and improved the gut microbiota, evidenced by higher microbial richness and diversity, with a marked increase in the numbers of Lactobacillus and Clostridia species found following 3 months of supplementation. Thus, Kyolic aged garlic extract is considered to be highly tolerable with a high safety profile either as a stand-alone or adjunctive anti-hypertensive treatment, with multiple benefits for cardiovascular health.

Microbiological aspects of the effect of Fe NPs on Wistar rats

An important route of metal intake from NP preparations is the pathway through absorption by bacterial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. This changes the composition of the microflora. Thus, giving animals NP Cu is accompanied by an increase in the total number of bacteria and lactobacilli, and a decrease in the population of E. coli and Clostridium spp. When it enters the intestine, part of the NP is able to form a pool on the inner wall of the intestine, in connection with which it can act with microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal microbiota is known to play a vital role in the nutritional and immunological functions of host animals. However, in the literature there is not enough data on the influence of NP on the intestinal microbiocenosis of various representatives of the animal world and humans. The aim of the study is to study the effect of Fe nanoparticles introduced by per os on representatives of the main physiological groups of microorganisms. 30 male Wistar rats aged 4 months, identical in weight (from 180 g), were selected on the basis of analogues. up to 250 g.), physiological state, were in the previous period of experience in a balanced diet on the recommendations. Preparations of NP Fe for the introduction of per os were prepared in isotonic saline solution, treated for 30 minutes on an ultrasonic dispersant. Nanoparticles in the required amount were mixed with rice. The frequency of giving NP Fe to animals in order to correct microbiocenosis with deficient diets is 1 time in 7 days. In this case, the introduction of 10 mg of iron per kg of animal weight showed the best results.

THE RELATION BETWEEN GUT MICROBIOTA AND OBESITY AMONG CHILDREN IN WEST LOMBOK, WEST NUSA TENGGARA, INDONESIA

Background. Obesity in children makes the higher risk of micronutrients deficiency, increase profile lipid, and promote cell inflammation. Some studies report that gut microbiota may have roles in body metabolism include obesity. Our study aimed to compare the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter between obese, normal, and wasted children. Methods. The study was performed in 115 healthy children in West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The total number of bacteria was counted using a culture technique with selective media and total plate count method. Dietary intake assessed to all subjects using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA between three groups. Results. The result showed a significant difference in the number of Escherichia coli between obese, normal, and wasted children (p= 0.02), meanwhile there were no significant differences of dietary intake and the number of Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Bifidobacteria between the three groups. A potential mechanism by which dysbiosis may cause obesity is its ability to produce short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) by fermentation in the colon. It may increase gut permeability, ghrelin secretion, or bind to toll-like-receptor which leads to enhancement of free fatty acid, cholesterol, and adipose tissue synthesis. Conclusion. Dysbiosis often happened in obese children. Obese children tend to have an imbalance of gut microbiota. However, it needs further study to assess the effects of certain gut microbiota on dietary intake and their effects on obesity cases among children.
 Keywords: children, dysbiosis, gut microbiota, obesity

Therapeutic and Nutritional Effects of Synbiotic Yogurts in Children and Adults: a Clinical Review

Synbiotic yogurts (SYs) are potential natural cures with improved health outcomes and prevention and control of chronic diseases through the synergistic action of probiotic bacteria and prebiotic compounds. Recent clinical achievements in consuming SYs in healthy and patient pediatric and adult populations were critically reviewed. Some forthcoming challenges and interesting solutions to increase healthy nutritional effects of these dairy products have also been addressed. The use of SY-based nutrition pattern in children can considerably increase their body's immunity with an improvement in social and school functioning. SY consumption not only reduces childhood digestive problems but also remarkably decreases the illness duration and symptoms' severity. Increasing the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in gastrointestinal (GI) tract of healthy adults consuming SYs can significantly reduce the pathogenic bacteria in feces. The regular intake of SYs with enhanced bioavailability of bioactive compounds in a short intestinal transit time reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease among hypercholesterolemic adults. Also, a meaningful improvement in the health status of adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been assessed after eating this bio-functional supplement product. Administration of a healthy SY-based diet purposefully alters microbiota composition, provides a microbial balance in the gut, and promotes GI functions in pediatric and geriatric age groups. Full recovery without any further complications during the follow-up period in elderly patients can also be obtained by implementing the SY-based dietary guideline.

Antihyperglycemic effect of rice husk derived xylooligosaccharides in high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rat model.

Rice husk (RH) is an agricultural waste obtained from rice milling process. Our previous study demonstrated the optimized process of extracting xylooligosaccharides (XOS), a prebiotic that can support the growth and activity of beneficial gut microbiota, from RH. Accumulated evidences indicate that the composition of gut microbiota is involved in the progression of insulin resistance and diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect and putative mechanisms of RH‐XOS using a diabetic rat model induced by high‐fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Diabetic rats were randomly assigned to receive vehicle (DMC), XOS (DM‐XOS), metformin (DMM), and a combination of XOS and metformin (DMM‐XOS). An additional group of rats were fed with normal diet plus vehicle (NDC) and normal diet plus XOS (ND‐XOS). Supplementation with RH‐XOS for 12 weeks successfully decreased the fasting plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and LPS levels in DM‐XOS compared with DMC. Likewise, the insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake assessed by in vitro study was significantly enhanced in DM‐XOS, DMM, and DMM‐XOS. The diminished protein expressions of GLUT4 and pAktSer473 as well as pAMPKThr172 were significantly modulated in DM‐XOS, DMM, and DMM‐XOS groups. Interestingly, RH‐XOS supplementation reversed the changed gut permeability, elevated the number of beneficial bacteria, both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp., and increased SCFAs production. Taken together, the results confirm the efficacy of RH‐XOS in achieving good glycemic control in diabetes by maintenance of gut microbiota and attenuation of endotoxemia. The findings reveal the benefits of RH‐XOS and open an opportunity to improve its value by its development as a nutraceutical for diabetes.

Use of a hydroalcoholic extract of Salix alba L. bark powder in diets of broilers exposed to high heat stress

A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary hydroalcoholic willow bark extract powder (HWE) supplemented to broilers (14–42 days old) that were exposed to heat stress, on the performance, serum biochemical parameters, liver oxidative status and caecal microflora. The feeding trial was conducted on 120 Cobb 500 broilers (14 days old), assigned to three treatments (T0, T25, and T50), each treatment consisting of eight replicates (five chicks per replicate). The broilers were housed in an experimental hall at a 32 °C constant temperature and 23 hours light regimen. Unlike the dietary control treatment (T0), the experimental treatments were supplemented with 25 g HWE powder/100 kg diet (T25), and 50 g HWE powder 100 kg diet (T50), respectively. Dietary HWE powder did not affect the broilers’ performance significantly (14–42 days). A significantly lower amount of malondialdehyde was noticed in the liver of broilers from T25 and T50 treatments in comparison with broilers from T0. Also, the serum cholesterol, triglycerides and alanine aminotransferase were significantly lower in broilers fed with T50, compared with those fed with T0. At 35 and at 42 days, the broilers from T25 and T50 recorded a significantly lower number of E. coli and staphylococci and a higher number of lactobacilli in the caecum than those of T0. It could be concluded that supplementation of dietary HWE powder reduced some of the adverse effects of heat stress, the most effective being the level of 50 g/100 kg diet.Keywords: biochemical parameters, caecal microflora, high temperature, liver oxidative status

The Use of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Fish Meal Processing

The use of prebiotics and probiotics in fish meal processing is an alternative method to produce fish meal without boiling, steaming and pressing process. Processing fish meal using prebiotics and probiotics does not produce waste and bad odor that potentially pollutes the environment. This study aims to evaluate physical, chemical and microbiological quality of fish meal processed using two types of prebiotic sources i.e. coconut meal (CM) and palm kernel meal (PKM) and three levels (0; 1 and 2%) of Probio_FM probiotics. The experiment was carried out using a factorial 2 x 3 in complete randomized design with four replications. The variables observed were physical characteristics (aroma, color and texture), microbiological characteristics (number of Lactobacillus spp. and Salmonella colonies), and chemical composition of fish meal (moisture content, crude protein, ether extact and gross energy). The results showed that fish meal processed using prebiotics with or without probiotics had a specific odor of fish meal, light brown color to dark brown, not greasy, not clumping and not indicating physical changes and rancidity after four months of storage. The use of prebiotics combined with Probio_FM produces fish meal free of Salmonella, containing 1010 cfu/g of Lactobacillus spp.; 43, 77 to 45, 81% crude protein; 8, 16 to 11, 35% ether extract; and 4354 to 4529 kcal/kg Gross Energy. It was concluded that the use of coconut meal or palm kernel meal with or without Probio_FM could be applied to produce fish meal as a source of protein as well as source of energy and probiotics, however the combination of prebiotics and probiotics would be better for inhibiting Salmonella growth.

Chair-side saliva parameters assessment and caries experience evaluation.

IntroductionCarioreceptivity-based, individualized prevention protocols allow a minimally invasive approach in many patients, in all age groups. The long-term success of such protocols depends not only on the actual caries experience of the patients, but also on the possible responses based on natural defense mechanisms. Therefore the salivary flow, the buffer capacity of stimulated and non-stimulated saliva and mostly the Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli number are highly important in deciding whether a long-term remineralization therapy can be successfully applied for early stage caries lesions. Similar tests may record the the acidogenicity of dental biofilms. These risk factors can be entered into a computer-based risk assessment program (such as Cariogram).MethodologyAn extensive literature search was performed on Medline/PubMed using as key-words: Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacilli, saliva volume, pH and buffer capacity. The methodology of selecting the reviewed literature and the inclusion criteria were based on articles published in the last ten years.ResultsBesides topically applied remineralization products, either in-office or at-home, changes in the diet can diminish the number of cario-active bacteria, especially Lactobacilli. Latest researches show that dentifrices, especially toothpastes containing xylitol and/or probiotics can have a significant cario-protective effect.ConclusionsDental caries assessment is very important for specific age groups, because most risk factors have specific consequences in different age groups. Pre-teen and teenage patients need more individualized caries management strategies in order to avoid the onset of new caries lesions. Root caries risk may be decreased by an intensive and continuous preventive care.

Proteolytic Activity of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains in Cheddar Cheese as Adjunct Cultures

Microbial enzymes within adjunct cultures are important for cheese ripening. Here, survival and proteolytic function of adjunct cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum strains MU12 and S6-4 on Cheddar cheese ripening were studied. Cheeses were ripened at 4°C, and samples were collected for analysis after 1, 30, 60, and 90 days. Lactococci numbers decreased by 2 to 3 log versus control, except in a few samples exhibiting significantly elevated numbers. Lactobacilli mainly originated from adjunct cultures, with lactobacilli numbers in adjunct-treated cheese significantly exceeding control numbers after day 30. Postripening, no significant differences were observed in composition (fat, protein, and moisture) and texture among cheeses, although observed significant differences in small nitrogen-containing compound levels (water-soluble nitrogen, trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen, and phosphotungstic acid-soluble nitrogen) reflected proteolytic differences during ripening. Hydrolyzed protein, free amino acids, and volatile levels were consistently higher in adjunct-treated versus control cheeses and affected flavor. Cheddar cheeses may serve to effectively deliver beneficial organisms possessing proteolytic function.

Dietary Supplementation With Citrus Extract Altered the Intestinal Microbiota and Microbial Metabolite Profiles and Enhanced the Mucosal Immune Homeostasis in Yellow-Feathered Broilers.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of citrus extract (CE) on intestinal microbiota, microbial metabolite profiles, and the mucosal immune status in broilers. A total of 540 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly allotted into three groups and fed a basal diet (control group), or a basal diet containing 10 mg/kg of zinc bacitracin (antibiotic group), or 10 mg/kg of CE (CE group). Each treatment consisted of six replicates, with 30 broilers per replicate. After 63-day feeding, two broilers per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered, and their ileal and cecal digesta and ileal tissue were collected for microbial composition, microbial metabolites, and gene expression analysis. The results showed that CE significantly increased the abundance of Barnesiella and Blautia than did the antibiotic group (adjusted P < 0.05), whereas it decreased the abundance of Alistipes and Bacteroides (adjusted P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the CE group also increased the numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus than did the control and antibiotic groups (P < 0.05), whereas it decreased the number of Escherichia coli (P < 0.05). For microbial metabolites, dietary supplementation with CE increased the concentrations of lactate, total short-chain fatty acids, acetate, and butyrate in the cecum than did the control and antibiotic groups (P < 0.05), whereas it decreased the concentrations of amino acid fermentation products (ammonia, amines, p-cresol, and indole) (P < 0.05). Additionally, supplementation with CE up-regulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of intestinal barrier genes (ZO-1 and Claudin) in the ileum than did both the control and antibiotic groups. However, antibiotic treatment induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, altered the microbial metabolism, and disturbed the innate immune homeostasis. In summary, these results provide evidence that dietary supplementation with CE can improve the intestinal barrier function by changing microbial composition and metabolites, likely toward a host-friendly gut environment. This suggests that CE may possibly act as an efficient antibiotic alternative for yellow-feathered broiler production.

Apple polysaccharide could promote the growth of Bifidobacterium longum

It is widely accepted that regulating microbiome could improve human health. We previously observed apple polysaccharide (AP) reversed high-fat-induced microbial dysbiosis, but the mechanism remains to be elucidated.In this study, the function of AP in vitro was evaluated in Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus). The effects of AP on the composition of fecal bacteria of normal SD rats were investigated by qPCR, TA cloning and 16S sequencing. 0.125–2% AP showed no significant effect on the growth of B. longum and L. rhamnosus. DNA concentration of fecal bacteria cultured with 1% AP was significantly higher than that of control group. qPCR revealed that the number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in fecal flora incubated by 1% AP was significantly higher than that of control group. Three strains of escherichia coli (E. coli) in fecal bacteria were screened out and analyzed. AP can be utilized by one E. coli and the metabolic products of AP could enhance the proliferation of B. longum.These data suggest that AP could promote the growth of B. longum indirectly, and provide another basis to understand the health care function of apple.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus Granules Dose-Dependently Balance Intestinal Microbiome Disorders and Ameliorate Chronic Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury.

As the functions of Lactobacilli become better understood, there are increasing numbers of applications for Lactobacillus products. Previously, we have demonstrated that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) can prevent alcoholic liver injury. LGG granules were produced by fluid bed granulation with a media composed of starch, skimmed milk powder, whey powder, microcrystalline cellulose and maltose, and LGG fermented liquid that comprised 30-50% of the total weight. We found LGG granules dose-dependently protected against chronic alcoholic liver disease. When alcohol was consumed for 8 weeks with LGG treatment during the last 2 weeks, we demonstrated that the dose dependence of LGG granules can improve alcohol-induced liver injury through decreasing the levels of lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α in serum and prevent liver steatosis by suppressing triglyceride, free fatty acid, and malondialdehyde production in liver. Alcohol feeding caused a decline in the number of both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, with a proportional increase in the number of Clostridium perfringens in ileum, and expansion of the Gram-negative bacteria Proteobacteria, Campylobacterales, and Helicobacter in cecum. However, LGG granule treatment restored the content of these microorganisms. In conclusion, LGG granule supplementation can improve the intestinal microbiota, reduce the number of gram-negative bacteria, and ameliorate alcoholic liver injury.

Comparison between a commercial blend of functional oils and monensin on the performance and microbiota of coccidiosis-challenged broilers

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a cashew nut shell oil and commercial castor oil blend (CNSL-Castor oil) on the performance and microbiota of broiler chickens with and without coccidiosis challenge. A total of 864 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb) were randomly distributed to receive 6 treatments (8 pens/treatment; 18 chicks/pen) in a 3 × 2 factorial, with 3 additives (control [non-additives], 100ppm sodium monensin, or 0.15% CNSL-Castor oil blend), and 2 levels of coccidiosis challenge at 14 D of age (unchallenged or inoculated by gavage with 1mL of solution containing oocysts sporulated with Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima). No differences in productive performance were observed among treatments in the pre-challenge period and in unchallenged birds (P > 0.05). Seven-days post-challenge, birds receiving monensin performed better than birds in the positive control group (non-additive and challenge) or in the CNSL-Castor oil group (P > 0.05). However, 14 D post-challenge, birds supplemented with CNSL-Castor oil presented higher weight gain and better feed conversion (P > 0.05), without any change in feed intake (P > 0.05). During the accumulated period (1 to 42 D of age), the live weight, weight gain, and feed intake did not differ between the CNSL-Castor oil and monensin groups, both of which presented higher values than the positive control. Lactobacillus spp. and Clostridium perfringens numbers were increased in the challenged birds (P < 0.05). CNSL-Castor oil supplementation reduced Clostridium cluster XIV, C. perfringens, and S. aureus, compared with the monensin and control groups (P > 0.05). In addition, the CNSL-Castor oil group presented the highest number of Lactobacillus spp. copies, followed by the monensin and positive control groups (P > 0.05). Thus, monensin and CNSL-Castor oil effectively minimized the impact of coccidiosis at different times. While monensin acts as an antimicrobial, CNSL-Castor oil modulates the intestinal microbiota with antimicrobial action against gram-positive bacteria, mainly C. perfringens and S. aureus.

Can tailored nanoceria act as a prebiotic? Report on improved lipid profile and gut microbiota in obese mice.

Microbiome modulation is a pillar intervention to treat metabolic syndrome, prestages, and cascade of related pathologies such as atherosclerosis, among others. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium probiotic strains demonstrate efficacy to reduce obesity, dyslipidemia, and improve metabolic health. Novel prebiotic substances composed with known probiotics may strongly synergize health benefits to the host. The aim of this study was to evaluate beneficial effects of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains (probiotics) if composed with nanoceria (potential prebiotic) to reduce cholesterol levels and restore gut microbiota in obese mice. Two lines of mice were used in the study: BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks, 18-24 g) and CBA mice (11-12 months, 20-26 g); experimental animals were fed by fat-enriched diet 3 weeks before the evaluation. Animals were divided into groups to test probiotic strains and nanoceria. All groups received probiotic strains orally and cerium dioxide orally or intravenously in various composition. A group of untreated animals was used as a control. Cholesterol level and gut microbiota of mice were studied. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles, probiotic strain L. casei ІМV В-7280, and composition B. animalis VKB/B. animalis VKL applied separately and in different combinations all reduced at different levels free and bound cholesterol in blood serum of mice fed by fat-enriched diet. The combination of 0.01 M nanoceria and probiotic strain L. casei ІМV В-7280 resulted in the fastest cholesterol level decrease in both young and mature animals. Oral administration of CeO2 applied alone reduced the number of microscopic fungi in the gut of mice and Gram-positive cocci (staphylococci and/or streptococci). Application of L. casei IMV B-7280 as a probiotic strain increased most significantly the number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the gut of mice. The most significant normalization of gut microbiota was observed after oral administration of alternatively either L. casei IMV B-7280 + 0.1 M CeO2 or L. casei IMV B-7280 + 0.01 M CeO2. Dietary application of nanoceria combined with probiotic strains L. casei IMV B-7280, B. animalis VKB, and B. animals VKL has significantly reduced both free and bound cholesterol levels in serum. Simultaneous administration of probiotics and cerium nanoparticles as a prebiotic, in various combinations, significantly enhanced positive individual effects of them on the gut microbiota spectrum. The presented results provide novel insights into mechanisms behind nutritional supplements and open new perspectives for application of probiotics combined with substances demonstrating prebiotic qualities benefiting, therefore, the host health. Follow-up translational measures are discussed to bring new knowledge from lab to the patient. If validated in a large-scale clinical study, this approach might be instrumental for primary and secondary prevention in obese individual and patients diagnosed with diabetes. To this end, individualized prediction and treatments tailored to the person are strongly recommended to benefit the health condition of affected individuals.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE PRESENCE OF LACTOBACILLUS IN SALIVA AND DENTAL CARIES IN CHILDREN WITH PERMANENT DENTITION

Despite the scientific and technological evolution, dental caries is still one of the leading health concerns throughout the world that affects population groups from all ages, especially school children. There are numerous etiological factors for dental caries, from which most are confirmed etiological factors, but still many remain to be researched to their full extend. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there is a significant inverse association between the intensity of dental caries and the bacterial strains of Lactobacillus. Lactobacilli were the first microorganisms to be linked and mentioned as causes of dental caries. Numerous authors have suggested that the number of lactobacilli in saliva is a better criterion than that of Streptococcus mutans, although it is considered to be closely correlated with caries. The randomly selected children from the primary schools in the city of Stip were observed for the realization of the goals. In our examination we included 71 examiners from both genders at the age of 12 years (permanent dentition) of which 31 examiners were with DMFT = 0 (control group) and 40 examiners were with DMFT (study group). We selected an age group of 12 years following WHO recommendations that recommends that age for global dental caries monitoring and applies only to children with permanent dentition. In the study we used the generally accepted index of the presence or absence of a Klein - Palmer index caries process, designated as DMFT. According to the clinical trial data, we determined the intensity (presence / absence) of dental caries (WHO, Geneve, 1997). Lactobacilli in saliva were determined by diagnostic test CRT-bacteria (Vivadent, Schaan, Lihtenstein).Between the existence of Lactobacillus in the saliva and the existence of dental caries there is a significant correlation (p&lt;0,01). The parameters which we included in the study can give a scientific contribution in the preparation of strategies for the individual assessment of the dental caries risk, from which the dentists can act on solving the problem with actions focused on the individual risk factors responsible for dental caries, while using methods which include assessment of the clinical criteria in the detection of the early phases of evolution of dental caries and designing protocols that can be used in dental caries preventive and interceptive measures based on the dental caries status which implies educative, chemical and minimally invasive procedures. We can conclude that most of the salivary parameters can be successfully used for caries screening and that they are the most appropriate means of providing good oral care that feeds thechildren to healty life.

Effects of dietary inclusion of Lactobacillus and inulin on growth performance, gut microbiota, nutrient utilization, and immune parameters in broilers

The effects of dietary Lactobacillus (BCRC 16092) and inulin on growth performance, intestinal microflora, mineral utilization, and tissue mineral contents were evaluated in broilers. The experiment was conducted using 1,152 one-day-old broilers randomly distributed to 9 treatments in a factorial arrangement (3 × 3) using 3 levels of inulin (0, 1, and 2%) and 3 levels of Lactobacillus addition (108, 109, and 1010 CFU/kg). Broilers (1 D of age; 8 replicates per treatments and 16 broilers per replicate) with an initial body weight of 48.36 ± 0.21g were evaluated for 42 D. A 4-D mineral digestibility trial was conducted during the final week of the experiment. The results showed that Lactobacillus supplementation can increase average daily gain and nutrient digestibility and improve feed/gain in broilers (P < 0.05). Moreover, Lactobacillus and inulin supplementation increased the numbers of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, increased serum concentration of IgG and IgA, and decreased the numbers of Escherichia coli and pH in ileum and cecum. The present study demonstrated Lactobacillus and inulin fed to broilers has a positive effect on gut microbiota, growth and nutrient utilization, immune system, and mineral metabolism.

COMPARISON OF LONG-TERM EFFECT OF TWO DYSBIOSIS MODELS IN WISTAR RATS

Aim. To compare the changes of intestinal microbial composition of two models of dysbiosis induced by ceftriaxone (Cf) or the mix of ampicillin (Amp) and metronidazole (Met). Methods. The object of the study was the changes of fecal and mucosa-associated microbiota of colon and small intestine of Wistar male rats (m=170–200g, n=19). Cf was injected once a day for 14 days at a dose of 300 mg/ kg i.m. The mix of Amp (75 mg/kg) and Met (50 mg/kg) was injected once a day for 3 days per os. Animals were removed from the experiment in 1 day and 56th days after treatment withdrawal. The microbiological analysis of the fecal (CFU/g) and mucosa-associated (CFU/cm2 ) biotopes of the rats were carried out bacteriologically by sowing the dilutions into the selective diagnostic media for Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, E. coli, opportunistic enterobacteria, Staphylococcus and hemolytic bacteria. Results. It was shown that the changes of fecal microbiota after Cf withdrawal progressed with time and continued until the 56th day of observation. Cf administration induced 2 folds decrease the number of colon mucosa-associated anaerobic bacteria Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Moreover, there was over growth of bacteria in the small intestine in 56 days. The mix of Amp/Met induced dysbiosis on the 1st day after the mix withdrawal. The normalization of the colon microbial composition was observed in 56 days.. The mix of Amp/Met increased only quantity of opportunistic enterobacteria and lactose-positive E.coli in mucosa-associated microbiota of small intestine in 56 days after the mix withdrawal. Conclusions. Injecting of the mix of Amp/Met to rats is more adequate model for modelling acute dysbiosis. Cf use induced longterm profound changes in microbiota composition and might be suitable to model chronic dysbiosis.