Abstract
Rice husk (RH) is an agricultural waste obtained from rice milling process. Our previous study demonstrated the optimized process of extracting xylooligosaccharides (XOS), a prebiotic that can support the growth and activity of beneficial gut microbiota, from RH. Accumulated evidences indicate that the composition of gut microbiota is involved in the progression of insulin resistance and diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect and putative mechanisms of RH‐XOS using a diabetic rat model induced by high‐fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Diabetic rats were randomly assigned to receive vehicle (DMC), XOS (DM‐XOS), metformin (DMM), and a combination of XOS and metformin (DMM‐XOS). An additional group of rats were fed with normal diet plus vehicle (NDC) and normal diet plus XOS (ND‐XOS). Supplementation with RH‐XOS for 12 weeks successfully decreased the fasting plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and LPS levels in DM‐XOS compared with DMC. Likewise, the insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake assessed by in vitro study was significantly enhanced in DM‐XOS, DMM, and DMM‐XOS. The diminished protein expressions of GLUT4 and pAktSer473 as well as pAMPKThr172 were significantly modulated in DM‐XOS, DMM, and DMM‐XOS groups. Interestingly, RH‐XOS supplementation reversed the changed gut permeability, elevated the number of beneficial bacteria, both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp., and increased SCFAs production. Taken together, the results confirm the efficacy of RH‐XOS in achieving good glycemic control in diabetes by maintenance of gut microbiota and attenuation of endotoxemia. The findings reveal the benefits of RH‐XOS and open an opportunity to improve its value by its development as a nutraceutical for diabetes.
Highlights
Gut microbiota is the total number of microorganisms found in the human gastrointestinal tract, which make up 70% of the total microbes in the human body
These results suggest that supplementation with Rice husk (RH)-XOS at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight (BW) effectively improved glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats, which is similar to the findings of the treatment with metformin
The major challenge in this study is to determine whether XOS extracted from rice husk (RH) can ameliorate hyperglycemia in STZinduced type 2 diabetic rats fed with a high-fat diet
Summary
Gut microbiota is the total number of microorganisms found in the human gastrointestinal tract, which make up 70% of the total microbes in the human body. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the two most abundant bacterial phyla found in human intestinal microbiota, followed by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia phyla (Eckburg et al, 2005) Some microbes from these phyla are classified as saccharolytic bacteria (carbohydrate fermenting bacteria), which can produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from nondigestible polysaccharides. Recent studies have illustrated that gut dysbiosis is associated with various diseases, such as CNS-related disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, colorectal cancer, metabolic disorders, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Brown et al, 2012; Carding et al, 2015). This study elucidates the putative mechanisms regarding the effects of RH-XOS on intestinal permeability, gut microbiota, and the protein expression of insulin signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic rats
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