Number Of Economic Entities Research Articles

FINANCIAL FACTORSOF FORMING NEW ENTERPRISES: MODEL OF RUSSIAN REGIONS

In the current geopolitical and economic situation, the relevance of developing domestic segment of entrepreneurs is increasing due to the accelerated formation of new enterprises capable of ensuring economic stability in the Russian regions. One of the most important factors determining the prospects for such formation is the financial conditions for starting an activity. The analysis of this problem is still poorly presented in domestic scientific literature, there are no systematic studies of it. This article eliminates this gap and aims to study the impact of bank lending volume, together with attracted funds of the population as a source of financing new entrepreneurship, on the dynamics of new entries. For the period of 2012–2021, the author reveals multidirectional trends of such dynamics in the segments of commercial companies and individual entrepreneurs in the Russian regions. A significant interregional differentiation has been established both in terms of the parameters forming new enterprises and regional financial conditions. The development of negative trends in the field of SME lending is stated. A model is proposed that substantiates a significant influence of financial factors on the dynamics of business entries in the segments of commercial companies and sole proprietors. This dynamics is also influenced by a number of other economic conditions – the state of regional labor markets, the population and its real incomes, the number of economic entities, etc. Against the background of negative expectations in the economy and a decline in business activity, a sharp deterioration in the financial security of new enterprises is viewed as possible. Regional policy should stimulate the development of entrepreneurship through simplifying the access of entrepreneurs to sources of financing, reducing the cost of borrowed funds. Anti-crisis government policies of 2022 also have a certain potential to solve the problems of financing new enterprises.

Current state and priorities of sustainable development of agricultural enterprises

It has been proven that the peculiarity of agriculture is the close connection with the environment and the mutual influence between them, which led to the increased interest of scientists and practitioners in the implementation of the principles of sustainable development. It is argued that agriculture is the most vulnerable to climate change, as well as non-observance of scientific requirements in agricultural production can cause a negative impact on the environment. It has been determined that the largest share in the production of agricultural products is held by the corporate sector of the agrarian sphere, the development of which was studied on the basis of their resource provision and economic results of activity. It was concluded that in the current conditions, complex and even contradictory processes are taking place in the environment of agricultural enterprises, which are characterized by the following: significant changes in the number of economic entities and the area of agricultural land currently under cultivation; noticeable losses due to the war in the field of crop production, the strengthening of negative processes in the reduction of the number of agricultural animals in animal husbandry, etc. were revealed. It is calculated that agricultural enterprises in the conditions of martial law obtained a positive financial result, in particular, in 2022, they ensured the profitability of the operating room at the level of 20,3 % and of the entire activity – 13,6 %. Problems of a natural and ecological nature, caused by the manifestation of a number of negative factors in the development of agricultural production, have been identified. It is substantiated that the sustainability of the system manifests itself as a form of equilibrium of the socio-economic system, as a result of which, under the influence of external and internal changes, its properties of integrity are manifested, which allow to comprehensively form and rationally use resource potential, as well as to have the opportunity for expanded reproduction and minimize the negative impact on the environment. Sustainable agriculture involves achieving a balance of ecological, social and economic factors in agriculture in order to create opportunities to meet the needs of future generations. The existing practices of sustainable agricultural activity are summarized, namely: thrifty agriculture, best agricultural practices, organic agriculture, sustainable intensive agriculture, the model of «permanent agriculture» assumes harmony with natural processes, minimizes labor costs. Factors that affect the transition to new models of agricultural production based on sustainability are systematized, among which the following groups are distinguished: personal characteristics of the owner of the agricultural enterprise and his management, individual characteristics of the agricultural enterprise, behavioral characteristics of the owner and management of the enterprise, as well as external factors. Key words: sustainable agriculture, resource provision, agricultural enterprise, managers (owners), management, influencing factors.

Development of Business Activities in Peripheral Parts of Rural Areas, Western Bohemia

Abstract The aim of this paper is to assess the development of business activities in the Czech countryside in the period from 2008 to the present and to show possible limitations and perspectives of this area. The research was conducted by analysing economic entities located in rural municipalities in the peripheral areas of Western Bohemia. The assessment is based on the use of the Public Database of the Czech Statistical Office (statistics on economic entities, number of economic entities, number of economic entities created in 2008–2020) and a dataset on economic entities defunct in 2008–2021 provided by the Czech Statistical Office. We have analysed the economic entities by geographical location, size of municipality and industry specification. We use analysis of variance to assess whether the population size of a municipality has a statistically significant effect on the number of economic entities per 100 residents of the municipality, and we use visualization cartographic methods, density maps and cartograms to assess spatial differentiation. We have found that the nature of business activities in the study area is changing along the lines of urban locations, but, due to a number of factors, many rural economic entities are in a more economically precarious position.

РОЗВИТОК СІЛЬСЬКОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА ТА ЙОГО РОЛЬ У ФОРМУВАННІ ЗАЙНЯТОСТІ СІЛЬСЬКИХ ТЕРИТОРІЙ ОДЕСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

Employment in rural areas is formed by the production and activities of various industries. The main institution of employment formation is agriculture, where more than half of the population of rural areas is employed. The increase in labor productivity in agricultural enterprises of the Odesa region does not have a decreasing effect on the level of employment in agarian production in the region. The key factor in reducing the number of people employed in the public sector of agricultural production in Odesa is the decrease in the number of economic entities.
 The purpose of this article is to study of the peculiarities of the development of agriculture in the Odesa region. In order to achieve the defined goal and in accordance with the logic of scientific research, the following tasks were set: determination of the share of the main districts of Odesa region in the structure of agricultural production in the region, analysis of the level of population employment in the main branches of agriculture.
 In the structure of agricultural enterprises of the Odesa region, farms are the dominant organizational and legal form of business; in the reporting period, their share was 73.6%. However, the absolute and relative indicators of the number of farms are decreasing over the past 7 years, their absolute number has decreased by almost 1,000 units from 4,038 in 2014 to 3081 in 2020. Along with agricultural enterprises, an equally important employer that belongs to the category of agrarian entrepreneurship and complements the relevant institution of employment are rural households (households of the population).
 The functioning and development of employment institutes in rural areas of the Odesa region is a complex and multifaceted process. It depends on many conditions and factors: territorial location of the united community; branch structure of social production and local economic traditions; the number of economic entities, primarily those that use hired labor; sex-age structure of the population; the distance to the nearest urban settlements and the number of vacant jobs in them; the level of self-organization of the residents of the united community, their readiness to take an active part in ensuring the socio-economic development of the rural territory belonging to them; qualitative characteristics of local self-government bodies, the effectiveness of their management functions, the initiative of heads of territorial communities.

The Impact of Illegal Migration on Regional Labor Markets in Russia

The article reveals the problems of the impact of illegal migration on regional labor markets, and the increase in shadow employment, which have a negative impact on the economy of the regions. The paper analyzes negative factors and aspects of illegal migration. The authors present and analyze official statistical data on the number of offenses committed by foreign migrants, on shadow employment in the country, as well as research data from the Institute of Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences concerning the frequency of manifestations of propensity to illegal activities and the involvement of workers in the shadow labor market in Russia. The shadow sector of the economy is very attractive for the economically active population, which is replenished every year with new groups of the most active, young participants in economic activity as they grow up and enter working age, as a result of a conscious strategy of enterprising people who do not want to pay the state a significant part of their income in the form of taxes and social contributions, as well as employees who are partially or fully employed in the shadow sector of the economy, part of which are migrant workers. The object of the research is the regional labor market on the example of the Sverdlovsk region, and the subject is the nature of the impact of illegal migration of foreign citizens and Russians living in other regions, coming to the region and carrying out illegal business and labor activities. The study presents a typology of illegal migration, the criterion of which is the nature of its impact on the regional labor market. The article analyzes the reasons for the reproduction of the shadow economy, the increase in the number of economic entities operating in the shadow sector, the accession of new types of economic activities to it, which contributes to an increase in capital turnover in it and negatively affects the national security of Russia. The paper considers negative trends in the social and labor sphere in connection with labor migration, factors contributing to the growth of the shadow sector, and assesses the impact of illegal migration on regional labor markets. The authors propose a set of measures implemented within the framework of the state strategy to combat the shadow economy, aimed at minimizing illegal migration, shadow and development of the official labor market, both at the regional and federal levels.

ОСНОВИ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОЇ ТА ЗБУТОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ У БІРЖОВІЙ СФЕРІ

The article examines the basics of business and sales activities in the stock market. Namely, an attempt is made to characterize the relationship between entrepreneurship and stock market activity through the sale of manufactured products, since the production and sale of products is not only through regular consumers and intermediaries. Various views of scientists in the field of business, sales and stock exchange activity are considered. Namely, sales activity in a generalized sense consists in the process of promoting finished products to the market with the aim of obtaining business profit. And the economic and legal nature of entrepreneurship focuses on such a feature of entrepreneurship as making a profit. Features of commodity exchanges aimed at obtaining guarantees by business entities, minimizing price risks and increasing the competitiveness of goods. An analysis of entrepreneurship was made by the number of active economic entities by types of economic activity, as well as the volume of products produced by them. Which can be followed by positive dynamics, since in recent years there has been an increase in the number of economic entities and the volume of manufactured products. The essence of the exchange, which consists in providing the most favorable conditions for concluding commodity contracts, is briefly disclosed and described. The main sales channels for international stock markets are considered. It was found that the agricultural products traded in the country are mostly grain. but fruit and vegetable products, meat, milk, and sunflower are traded on separate exchanges. Scientists note that significant growth is observed on stock exchanges in Brazil, China, and India, which is also reflected in the structure of the international stock market by geographic region. It is noted that with the trend of growth of general trading activity on the world stock markets, the share of a certain type of stock exchange assets during the studied period remains almost unchanged. It was determined that the world stock market is a dynamic structure, with the help of which Ukrainian manufacturers can enter the world trade space.

НОВІ КОН’ЮНКТУРНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА МАРКЕТИНГОВІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНОГО ЛІЗИНГОВОГО БІЗНЕСУ

Analyzing the development of leasing in the world, it can be noted that leasing is actively used in Europe, the USA, Japan, the countries of the Persian Gulf, as well as in the developing countries of Africa and Asia (primarily in India and China). The analysis showed that over the past 20 years, the volume of leasing operations in the world has grown almost 10 times. The market is developing both quantitatively (due to the growth in the number of leasing transactions and their total volume) and qualitatively (due to an increase in the number of organizational forms and schemes). The study of different segments of the world market of leasing services showed a steady trend towards an increase in the number of economic entities and countries using the leasing form of raising capital. The subjects of the global leasing market are numerous leasing companies that differ not only in the volume of concluded leasing agreements, but also in the size of the authorized capital, their status, the focus of commercial interests, etc. In the work, a study of the development of leasing in the world was carried out, it was shown that leasing is actively used in Europe, the USA, Japan, the countries of the Persian Gulf, as well as in the developing countries of Africa and Asia (primarily in India and China). The study of different segments of the world market of leasing services showed a steady trend towards an increase in the number of economic entities and countries using the leasing form of raising capital. It is proved that the global crisis affected the development of the world market of leasing services, causing negative changes. Among the new trends in the development of the global leasing services market under the influence of the global financial crisis, the author highlights the change in the volume and structure of the global leasing services market, the reduction in the volume of activities by leasing companies, the processes of mergers and acquisitions in the market by large companies of smaller ones, there are mass layoffs and bankruptcies, an increase in the structure of leasing transactions of contracts for the leasing of cheaper property, as well as property that was in consumption, an increase in leasing rates and an increase in the cost of leasing in all sectors of the world market.

The role of ESG in default early warnings

The purpose of this article is to verify whether there is a research gap referring to the potential application of ESG-related information in bankruptcy early warning signals. There is a problem of a strong information asymmetry in the enterprise-investor relationship, with the issuer being the privileged party. The problem is so urgent that, undoubtedly, the global effect of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic will be a sharp increase in the number of economic entities threatened with insolvency and bankruptcy. The question then arises – can environmental, social and governmental (ESG) criteria be used as elements of the bankruptcy early warning system? The study covers the time period beginning January 2016 through June 2021 and includes scientific indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection database provided by Clarivate Analytics. The following research hypothesis guides this study: There is a research gap referring to the role of ESG-related information in bankruptcy early-warning systems. To verify the hypothesis (H0) the model was built, based on the concept of citations count regression (Staszkiewicz, 2019). The study confirmed the existence of a research gap indicated in the research hypothesis. Possible legal obligation referring to the disclosure of certain ESG-related, standardized information sets would be helpful to diminish the market information asymmetry. Research shows, that strong regulatory activities support the ESG-compliant performance of a business venture (Ortas et al., 2019). Also, standardization of ESG rating criteria and evaluation process would be helpful in this matter and would endure comparability of sourcing data and outcome.

Can strategic corporate social responsibility drive corporate innovation?

Purpose: In practice, an increasing number of economic entities have begun to consider strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an opportunity to create a win-win situation for the organisation and the society. The existing literature has yet to soundly corroborate the role of strategic CSR in corporate innovation. This study examines the relationship between strategic CSR and innovation.Design/methodology/approach: The empirical regression models are estimated to analyse the data collected from 2817 firms yielding 18 845 firm–year observations from 2001 to 2014 in the United States.Findings/results: The findings indicate that firms with strategic CSR generate more and better innovation outputs. The positive effect is more pronounced when institutional ownership is lower, when firm size is larger, and when product market competition is more intense. In terms of economic consequences, firms with strategic CSR actually have higher commercial value and are less likely to suffer loss from failed innovation.Practical implications: To establish a sustainable relationship with stakeholders and realise the long-term development of business and society, enterprises should engage in strategic CSR in a planned manner based on their own resources and professional expertise.Originality/value: The study sheds light on a growing body of literature that investigates the real consequences of firms’ strategic CSR, and explains the growing recognition of the importance of strategic CSR.

Trends of development of business entities in Ukraine as factors of their state and legal regulation

Trends in the development of economic entities in Ukraine, which are factors for the formation of socio-economic areas of their state and legal regulation, taking into account all the diversity of characteristics of their functioning. Factors of state and legal regulation of economic entities in Ukraine, namely the branches of the national economy, as objects of such influence that need to be adjusted. The ratio of the dynamics of GDP in Ukraine with the dynamics of GDP in the world was studied, in Ukraine the decline in GDP growth occurred by 6.98 % more than in the world. The identified trends are an important factor for the development and introduction of changes in state and legal regulation for the adaptation of domestic legal norms to European and world standards. The structure of Ukraine's gross domestic product was studied and ten industries with the largest share in the country's GDP were identified. By indicators: the share of gross regional product in total (%), indices of physical volume of gross regional product (in previous year's prices, percent), indices of physical volume of gross regional product per capita in Kyiv, Dnipropetrovsk and Kharkiv regions have the largest values by state, but with different rates of change. Examining the structure of gross regional product and the balance of foreign trade, identified administrative-territorial units in which there is the highest concentration: Kyiv, Dnipropetrovsk and Kharkiv regions. Studies of key performance indicators of economic entities show a decrease in the number of economic entities by 1.66 %, an increase in the number of employees by 9.76 %, an increase in sales by 87.62 % and an increase in personnel costs by 124.65 %. Trends of the main indicators of enterprise activity have been studied in the selected regions and Ukraine, the growth of the number of business entities in 2015–2019 is observed only in Kyiv. The generalizing factor in the context of this study is the level of profitability (loss) of all activities of enterprises, which during 2015–2019 increased by more than 200 %.

Economic Activity in Peripheral Regions – a Case of Poland

The Author discussed, explored, evaluated and diagnosed the disparities of economic activity on regional level. The study embraced five peripheral regions of Poland, namely five Eastern provinces (voivodships), i.e. Lublin Province, Podlasie Province, Subcarpathia Province, Świętokrzyskie Province and Warmia-Masuria Province. The aforementioned five voivodships were compared to Poland and Poland’s central region, i.e. Masovia Province. The following elements were taken into consideration: employment rate and employment by sectors, unemployment rate, GDP per capita, number of economic entities and number of natural persons conducting economic activity, investment outlays and gross expenditure on R&D activity, as well as net internal and external migration for permanent residence. In order to observe the possible changes over the time the situation in 2005 and 2017 was studied. Additionally, the total value of projects co-financed by the European Union through Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund within 2007–2013 period and 2014–2020 perspective was presented and analyzed. The research tools used in the article included literature studies, critical thinking, descriptive analysis and comparative analysis, in that the selected statistical method of multivariate comparative analysis, i.e. Hellwig’s taxonomic measure of development. Statistical material provided by Central Statistical Office (Warsaw, Poland) and taken from Statistical Yearbooks of the Regions 2006, 2007, 2017 and 2018 was used for the analysis. The obtained results indicate the persistence of huge regional disparities of economic activity, economic potential and socioeconomic development despite the implementation of EU Policy of Social, Economic and Territorial Cohesion. Hence, it was possible to positively verify the research hypotheses: both the first hypothesis assuming that the gap between the studied peripheral regions and the rest of Poland was not reduced and the second hypothesis assuming that the participation in the processes of regional economic integration, and in particular in EU Policy of Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion, had only limited impact on the reduction of disparities between Poland’s regions.

Ринок роздрібної торгівлі України: стан і тенденції розвитку

The article is aimed at studying the current state of the retail market of Ukraine, determining its state and development trends. The main factors influencing the change in retail turnover are allocated, namely: purchasing power; state and problems concerning the supply of products; development of material and technical base; institutional transformations; increased competition. On the basis of generalization of characteristics of the modern trading market, its main features and development trends are highlighted, the most important of which are: focusing on improving the service; development of Internet commerce; diversifying the additional services; expanding the list of sales channels; optimization of assortment and reorientation of activities in favor of food products. The main indicators of trade enterprises are analyzed on the basis of data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine during 2010–2020, namely: the number of economic entities in the market, distributed by size and by organizational-legal form, as well as the volume of products sold under the CEA 47 «Retail Trade»; regional structure of retail turnover (legal entities), structure of products; retail turnover by product groups. It is emphasized that the transformation processes that take place in retail trade relate to both changes in the trading objects themselves and the channels of sale of products. It is defined that the process of globalization in the domestic trade of the country is taking place, accompanied by the widely spread tendency of transition of retail enterprises to the Internet space along with search for platform companies. The need for further support of business on the part of the State, stimulation of its development, taking into account modern requirements, is substantiated. It is emphasized that timely implementation of measures by the owners of retail enterprises will be instrumental in their adaptation to modern market conditions, increasing the competitiveness and efficiency of their activities.

Анализ и прогнозирование финансовых рисков розничных торговых сетей

The relevance of the problem under study is due to the fact that, despite the many works devoted to the theoretical and applied aspects of risk research, the specifics of the formation of financial risks in the activities of retail trade networks have not been sufficiently studied. In particular, there is no methodology and practical recommendations for quantitative risk assessment using statistical methods that allow to identify trends and patterns in the dynamics of risk indicators, to consider external and internal risk factors, the results of which should be used as a basis for developing measures to reduce the risk of retail trade. networks. The aim of the work is to improve the methodology for assessing financial risks based on methods of statistical, economic and financial analysis. The article presents the results of a quantitative assessment of financial risks according to the approach developed and tested on the data of the retail trade network “Magnit”. For a quantitative assessment of the financial risks of a retail trade network, the authors proposed a system of five profitability indicators. The analysis of trends and patterns in the dynamics of profitability indicators, as well as factors influencing them, was carried out using one-dimensional and multidimensional data sets. Forecasts of profitability indicators are not contradictory and indicate the presence of a risk of losses, therefore, a detailed assessment of financial risks was carried out. It was revealed that the indicators of profitability of the retail trade network “Magnit” in the analyzed period had a statistically significant relationship with the indices of the physical volume of retail trade and consumer prices, as well as the number of economic entities in retail trade. The assessment of the financial condition of the organization by indicators of financial stability and a comprehensive assessment by the five-factor model of E. Altman are given. The scientific novelty of the work consists in improving the methodology for assessing financial risks based on statistical, economic and financial methods of analysis, as well as developing proposals for reducing financial risks for network trading organizations. The proposed methodology and research results are of interest to decision makers in network trade organizations, regulatory bodies at the regional and federal levels. Prospects for further research on the issues of assessing and predicting financial risks of retail chains consist in a more detailed study of external factors, in particular, legal restrictions, changes in the level and structure of consumer demand due to the pandemic that began in 2020.

Osobenosti i mogućnosti razvoja malih i srednjih preduzeća u modernim privredama

The importance and development opportunities of small and medium enterprises have changed over time depending on technological innovations, volatile market conditions, growing living standards and changes in consumer habits and requirements. The emergence of global demand, which is easily accessed through new information technology platforms, has enabled small and medium-sized enterprises to dramatically expand their markets and business practices. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) promote private property and entrepreneurial skills. They are a driving force of development, not only in developed market driven economies countries, but also in developing countries, and especially so in countries that have progressed in the transition towards a real market driven economy. If developed, the SMEs enable increase of the gross national product and the number of economic entities, creation of new jobs, growth of the population income, higher living standards, substitution of imports and greater domestic economy export competitiveness, better market functioning, etc. Although it is difficult to predict the development prospects of small and medium enterprises due to the number and complexity of factors affecting their running and development, current trends allow one to assume that in the future small and medium enterprises will also play a significant role in modern economy functioning and development.

Investigation of the development status and provision with fixed assets of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine

The metallurgical industry is important for Ukraine in strategic perspective, primarily for the development of economic situation of the country, the social sphere, as well as the issue of national security of Ukraine. The metallurgical industry generates more than 30% of GDP, and 40% of foreign exchange earnings in the economy are provided by this industry. However, under modern conditions, domestic metallurgical enterprises are unable to meet the challenges of the global crisis, especially ferrous metals overproduction, falling demand for low-quality metallurgical products, increasing number of competitors in world markets. A separate issue is fixed assets that are the leading factor in the successful operation of the production process. This paper is devoted to the investigation of the development status of metallurgical industry in Ukraine and its provision with fixed assets under modern economic conditions. In particular, the issue concerning the number of economic entities in the field of metallurgical industry of Ukraine and the number of employees at these enterprises and the factors influencing this indicator are highlighted in this paper. The dynamics of metallurgical enterprises sales, the structure of metallurgical production and the structure of foreign trade in terms of the papers of metal products sales are analyzed. Since the state of the metalworking industry can also be considered in terms of the enterprises provision with fixed assets, which maintain stable technological cycle, the rhythm of production and its quality, the essence of the term «fixed assets» is investigated in the scientific literature and indicators of the state and efficiency of fixed assets at the enterprises of Ukraine metalworking industry are analyzed. On the basis of the carried out investigations, we have come to the conclusion that this industry has a number of problems. Particular attention is paid to the reduction of employees number with relatively small fluctuations in the number of business entities in the metallurgical industry, which can cause a shortage of labor resources. In addition, despite the increase in the level of capital and capital efficiency and, consequently, the reduction of capital intensity, the issue of technologically obsolete, and therefore inconsistent with modern conditions of economic activity equipment, remains important at present.

ЦИФРОВАЯ ПРОГНОЗНО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ПРИБЫЛЬНОСТИ БИЗНЕСА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ

In the modern conditions of the spread of the Internet and information and communication technologies, as a result of the impact of the processes of general globalization, the traditional business models of the functioning of commercial organizations are gradually being replaced by new systems operating on the basis of digital platforms. Taking into account the fact that the digitalization of the functioning of domestic producers of agricultural raw materials and food is currently at the initial stage of development, the authors proposed to consider the digital business model of an agricultural organization from the point of view of managing its main constituent elements (business processes), which made it possible to display the main approaches to its formation. The main goal of any commercial organization is to make a profit, therefore, forecasting the main production and financial results of its activities, being an important component of the business planning process, is necessary to improve the efficiency of decisions made by management. Based on this, the authors proposed a predictive and analytical model for studying the key indicators of the functioning of a number of economic entities in the Saratov region, which can be considered as one of the integral elements of digital business modeling of the activities of agricultural organizations in the region. The predictive and analytical component of the digital business model proposed by the authors is aimed at studying the production and financial results of the functioning of agricultural enterprises in the Saratov region in dynamics over a certain period of time. Within the framework of the presented work, the method of graphical data analysis was applied, which made it possible to establish the state of the studied indicators in the near future. Revealing the coefficients of closeness of the relationship between individual elements of the costs of agricultural production and factors affecting profit using the method of correlation-regression analysis of indicators, increased the level of reliability of the developed model. To determine a number of predicted values of production and financial results of activities of economic entities of the region (factors), taking into account the coefficients of their relationship with individual cost elements, a formula has been proposed that allows combining the methods of graphical and correlation-regression analysis of data.

STANDARDIZATION AS A TOOL TO IMPACT THE INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES

The article is devoted to the study of the possibilities of manufacturing enterprises to intensify export activity and ensure international competitiveness through such a tool as standardization. The problem of increasing the international competitiveness of domestic manufacturing enterprises in various industries is of particular importance. Increased attention of scientists and practitioners to this issue is due to a few reasons. First, in the face of growing uncertainty due to the global Covid-19 pandemic, companies must adapt to the new requirements for their activities by foreign partners. Secondly, today the increase in the capacity of the national economy of Ukraine is possible largely due to its openness and scientific and technical cooperation with other countries, for which it is necessary to ensure the highly competitive potential of Ukrainian industrial enterprises. The article provides an analysis of the dynamics of industrial production in Ukraine in recent years. By comparative analysis of the dynamics of the number of economic entities and the volume of manufactured and sold industrial products in Ukraine, the authors conclude about the possible recovery of domestic industry and its development. The authors give examples of obtaining additional opportunities for export by specific domestic manufacturing enterprises through their implementation of international standards. The authors argue about the relationship between standardization and the process of increasing the international competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises and schematically summarize this relationship. A promising area of further research is to assess the level of economic efficiency of standardization as a tool to increase the international competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises in the recovery of the world economy after the Covid-19 pandemic.

SPATIAL DIVERSITY OF THE FINANCIAL SITUATION OF COMMUNES OF THE ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE VOIVODSHIP IN 2007-2017

Actions taken at the local level should aim, among others, at: supporting development initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life of local communities, supporting the local labor market, building or improving the quality of infrastructure or the state of the natural environment. The financial situation of the commune is closely correlated with the level of local development, understood as a complex of quantitative and qualitative transformations in a given commune. The aim of the article is to analyze the spatial disproportions of the financial situation using a synthetic measure. The analysis was made in the system of rural communes of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. As source material, data from the Regional Accounting Chamber (Kielce branch) for 2007 and 2017 were used. The division of communes into classes of units with a similar level of the financial situation allows to state that in the high (I) classes, communes with a developed industrial function dominated, with a developing labor market, with a large number of enterprises in the SME sector, with a disappearing agricultural function. Whereas in the lowlevel class (IV), there were units with a traditional agricultural function. The values of the synthetic measure indicate a similar reaction of municipalities to changes in the economy and the spatial stability of the studied phenomenon. In 2007, the measure of the financial standing (OE) of rural communes in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship ranged from 0.64 to 0.80, while in 2017 from 0.56 to 0.80; TOPSIS measure in 2007 from 0.31 to 0.47 and in 2017 from 0.30 to 0.51 (TOPSIS). The financial situation was strongly correlated with own revenues, revenues from local taxes and transfers from the state budget, investment and current expenses, the balance of migration or the number of economic entities and natural persons conducting economic activity.

SPATIAL DIVERSITY OF THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF RURAL COMMUNES FOR ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT IN POLAND

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the spatial diversity of rural communes in Poland from the point of view of their attractiveness for enterprise development. Empirical analyses were preceded with a comprehensive literature review and a study of available diagnostic tools. Based on their earlier experience, the authors decided to apply the conception of the synthetic measure of attractiveness for the purpose of an empirical study conducted with reference to time and space. The source material was selected information regarding rural communes in Poland, obtained from the Central Statistical Office (GUS), Local Data Bank. Empirical verification was based on the synthetic indexes of entrepreneurship (uiP) and rural commune attractiveness uiA. They were constructed using the non-model measure method, which is the arithmetical mean of normalized features. The results are presented in tables and on maps. Research results clearly indicate that the number of economic entities in rural communes has systematically been growing from year to year. A positive, statistically significant correlation of moderate power was found between the indicators. Also, a positive correlation (statistically significant and of moderate power) was found between commune attractiveness and the spatial distribution of the number of economic entities. Moreover, based on the regression model, it was ascertained that the number of economic entities is most strongly determined by factors such as migration balance, housing conditions and the percentage of budget expenditure on investment.

Сфера аграрного господарювання як ключовий фактор розвитку сільських територій

The purpose of the article. Today, rural areas are a very complex subject for research and management. The urgency of the topic is due to the fact that agriculture occupies a special place in ensuring the development of rural areas, along with such types of economic activity in the countryside as industry, commerce, tourism and many others. This industry produces products to meet the needs of society and plays an important role in ensuring the infrastructural development of rural areas. The purpose of the article is to investigate the problems of agricultural development in the Transcarpathian region as one of the key components of rural development. The state of socio-economic development of rural areas of the Transcarpathian region is an indicator of the level of well-being of the region and requires an integrated sectoral-territorial approach.Research methodology. Transcarpathian statistics for the years 2010-2019 were used for the study. The number of economic entities in this field, the state of agricultural land, the dynamics of agricultural production, the production of the main types of agricultural products were analyzed: crop production, livestock production and dynamics of agricultural product indices 2011-2018. Results. The main problems that arise in agriculture include: dependence on natural and climatic conditions, the need to improve state regulation in this area, lack of support and incentives for small businesses in the agricultural sector, outdated logistics, inefficient marketing policies and others. Consideration should also be given to the environmental safety of the products produced, to reducing the negative impact on the environment, to improving soil fertility and to ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. Increased agricultural production and the efficient functioning of agriculture are driving the development of rural areas in the region. Practical meaning. The practical significance is that certain results can be used in practical activities to make management policy decisions in the field of rural area development. Novelty. Agriculture needs effective state support, which must be built on the scientific base and experience of developed countries. The aforementioned research needs areas of social infrastructure that directly influence the formation of socio-economic potential of the Ukrainian village.