Number Of Criminal Cases Research Articles

“Iatrogenic crimes” and complications of intensive care in pediatrics

Summary: In recent years doctors and medical institutions are increasingly in the focus of law enforcement bodies, the number of criminal cases against doctors and the number of cases bringing to administrative responsibility of medical institutions is growing. Despite the fact that defects in the provision of medical care are detected in half of the cases, a direct cause-effect relation and the determination of the severity of harm to health are detected in isolated cases. The right legal evaluation of action (inaction) of a medical worker in a specific situation can be given under methodologically correctly performed examination.

THE CONCEPT OF HUMANIS-RELIGIUS EDUCATION IN EARLY AGE CHILDREN

The big problem of Indonesian people today is moral degradation. The number of criminal cases, promiscuity, drugs, and corruption indicate that the moral of this nation has been damaged. If it is not immediately addressed, it will have a negative impact on the sustainability of the nation . To overcome moral degradation, one way that is considered very effective is to implement religious humanist education from an early age. that in those days the child is very easy to receive new information and has not been affected by negative behavior from outside. Religious Humanist Education (RHE) is very important for early childhood. RHE teaches children about morality and good values towards fellow human beings and the environment. RHE can grow children to be intelligent, to have character, and to be noble. Therefore, this article aimed to examine the concept of religious humanist education in early childhood.

Criminological Analysis of Domestic Violence Against Children

The study of statistical data shows a clear discrepancy between the number of criminal cases and the actual facts of cruel treatment of children in the family. If the courts, reviewing cases of deprivation of parental rights, revealing signs of a crime, reported to law enforcement agencies, the latency of the crime in question would decrease. The criminological analysis shows that about a third of the facts of violence against children are for complete families, a quarter for incomplete ones. More than 70% of criminal offenses are committed against minors aged 0 to 12 years. These persons are vulnerable not only because of their age, but also because of their state of health. In recent years, there has been a dynamic increase in the proportion of women among those convicted of child abuse, which, in our opinion, is due not so much to the increase in female aggression, as a significant proportion of divorces. In the case of child abuse in the family, the mother is usually brought to criminal responsibility, since the violence used by the partner (new husband) is classified as a crime against health. In recent years, parents committing crimes from falsely understood educational goals have been condemned, which must be taken into account when carrying out preventive measures, as these persons need social and psychological assistance, unlike parents who show aggression towards children because of drunkenness and failure to perform duties on their maintenance and upbringing in respect of which it is necessary to apply measures for the removal of children. The article raises issues related to ensuring the rights of minors who have been subjected to ill-treatment in the family.

Expedited Pre-Trial Proceedings in Criminal Cases: Prospects of Development

The article discusses the issues concerned with the creation of a new model of summary proceedings that will not be unduly burdensome, will be consistent with the needs of law enforcement and allow to secure protection of the rights and lawful interests of persons involved in criminal proceedings to the full extent. The author analyzes the draft law that introduces the concept of a criminal wrong-doing. The article supports the idea that the prerogative to terminate criminal proceedings against a perpetrator who has committed a criminal wrong-doing belongs exclusively to the court. The court should resolve the matter during the court hearings with the participation of the suspect (accused), counsel for the defense, victim, his representative, prosecutor. Dealing with the file in a case with regard to the termination of criminal prosecution and application of measures of criminal character the court during the court hearings decides the issues of fact concerning the crime committed and only then it can resort to the measures having effect within the scope of criminal law. The author comes to the conclusion that the provisions of the draft law provide a significant reserve for optimization of pre-trial proceedings. The author analyses the recorded form of proceedings in criminal wrongdoing cases in the legislation of Kazakhstan, as well as the model of writ proceedings applied in criminal procedure of Kazakhstan. It is concluded that the imposition of a sentence without court hearing in the absence of the defendant and other participants of the trial does not meet the requirements of contemporary justice. The author comes to the conclusion that it is highly promising to establish a shortened period of pre-trial proceedings (10 days) for criminal cases against persons who have committed a criminal wrong-doing or any other crime of minor or medium gravity, a criminal prosecution for which can be dismissed with the application of measures of criminal nature. It is also possible, that requirements concerning providing evidence in a number of criminal cases will be reduced.

Home Healthcare and the Medicare Fraud Strike Force.

Modern federal healthcare fraud investigations use big data to find outliers among providers who are then targeted for enforcement actions. This approach is being used to pursue an outsized number of criminal cases against home healthcare agencies, resulting in decades-long prison sentences and tens of millions in fines. But it is remarkably transparent, giving home healthcare providers ample opportunity to stay out of harm's way. The government has provided the statistical characteristics by which it searches for fraud among home healthcare agencies, along with the benchmarks it uses to determine who is an outlier. And enforcement actions against home healthcare agencies have consistently targeted the same conduct: payments to payment recruiters and physicians in return for referring patients who often do not need the services billed. This article provides practical advice on how home healthcare agencies can gauge and limit their own legal exposure by monitoring their statistics against the government's benchmarks and by instituting basic controls to prevent targeted conduct.

THE CONCEPT OF HUMANIS-RELIGIUS EDUCATION IN EARLY AGE CHILDREN

Permasalahan besar bangsa Indonesia saat ini adalah degradrasi moral. Banyaknya kasus kriminalitas, pergaulan bebas, narkoba, dan korupsi menandakan bahwa moral bangsa ini telah mengalami kerusakan. Apabila tidak segera diatasi akan berakibat negatif bagi keberlangsungan bangsa dan negara. Untuk mengatasi degradasi moral tersebut salah satu cara yang dianggap sangat efektif ialah dengan mengimplementasikan pendidikan humanis religius sejak usia dini. di mana pada masa-masa tersebut anak sangat mudah menerima informasi baru serta belum terpengaruh perilaku negatif dari luar. Pendidikan humanis religius (PHR) sangat penting bagi anak usia dini. PHR mengajarkan anak tentang moral dan nilai-nilai kebaikan terhadap sesama manusia dan lingkungan. PHR dapat menumbuhkan anak menjadi pribadi yang cerdas, berkarakter, dan berakhlak mulia. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji konsep pendidikan humanis religius pada anak usia dini.

Attrition Rates in Domestic Abuse: Time for a Change? An Application of Temporal Sequencing Theory

Victims of domestic abuse are more likely to retract their complaints approximately 5 days after a violent episode, before a court case is likely to be heard, and this attrition in the number of criminal cases often leads to a recurrence of the abuse. This article aims to use temporal sequencing to explain domestic violence attrition rates in the criminal justice system, thereby providing a framework to enhance understanding of complaint withdrawal. Temporal sequencing refers to a sequence of happenings in a space of time, and has been associated with organizational change previously, but has not been applied to domestic abuse before. Using theories that suggest time can be seen as either cyclical or linear, primary qualitative research was undertaken with victims of domestic violence who have retracted their complaints, to ascertain whether temporal sequencing had an effect on their decisions. It is argued that victims of domestic violence often see themselves as having a linear temporal narrative to the abuse they suffer—suggesting the abuse will cease, when in actual fact they are involved in a cyclical process—suggesting the abuse will recur. Since the evidence gathered for this research suggests that the decision to retract is taken almost immediately on reporting the offence, it may be better for Police and victim services to concentrate resources within this initial short timeframe to improve criminal justice outcomes and victim safety.

Third-molar mineralization and eruption correlated to chronologic age in Turkish children and adolescents

The number of criminal cases involving Turkish juveniles has increased in recent years. To date, there is no method for chronological age estimation according to third-molar mineralization in Western Turkish children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the mandibular third molar development according to the eight stages (A–H) of the Demirjian method and to compare third-molar development according to gender and age with previous data. The digital orthopantomograms of 1120 white Turkish children (406 boys, mean age 15.17 ± 3.80 years, and 714 girls, mean age 16.83 ± 3.59 years) aged 7 to 22 years, from the Western Anatolia region were retrospectively reviewed. The Turkish population reached stage H at a mean age of 20 years in both genders. Dental mineralization in Western Turkish children was delayed at stages D–G but advanced at stage H compared with that in Turkish children in other regions. Third molar root development can reliably estimate the mean age and age range for a juvenile of unknown chronological age, especially compared with the standard deviation obtained using other techniques for calculating the skeletal age of the hand-wrist or long bones.

O handlu ludźmi w Polsce, czyli o ewolucji zjawiska i budowie systemu jego eliminowania

The thesis of this work is as follows: human trafficking is particularly detrimental as it harms the foundations of modern civilization. It is a phenomenon which appeared in Poland 20 years ago and is still present. What is more, one can see its significant expansion in all possible dimensions. The character of this crime is changing, less and less frequently this is a criminal activity of organized crime groups (mafia gangs), more and more frequently it is a well-organised activity of criminal groups organized ad hoc. New forms of enslavement and abuse appear while physical abuse, relatively easier to detect, plays less and less important role. The change includes also the scale of the problem, measured by the number of criminal cases or the number of reported victims, and to be clear the numbers do not decrease, they increase. The evolution spoken of here includes also such issues as origin of the victims and their sociodemographic profile (here the direction of development is also clear, the victims come from all countries and continents and they are more and more diverisified). Polish law has been changing for many years but it is hard to admit the law is fully adequate to the needs and the scale of the problem. The practice of action of many public institutions changes. Efforts to eliminate human trafficking have been made for years, without effects though. The system to eliminate human trafficking, which has been built for 15 years in Poland, has stable legal and institutional basis, yet lack of political will and decisive organization actions causes the system to lack effectiveness and flexibility necessary in a confrontation with such a dangerous phenomenon as human trafficking is. A reliable description of human trafficking is hard in any place and at any time. In such countries as Poland, it is particularly hard for several reasons. Most of all because it is a phenomenon well-hidden behind many facades of fully legal activities, it is also a rich in content, diverse, and ever changing phenomenon. It is still valid that what we know of human trafficking is merely a tip of the iceberg. We know little about it also because Poland has been a member of EU which makes it an attractive destination for foreigners who either seek their opportunities here or move to other EU countries using the freedom of movement. One of prominent features of evoulution of human trafficking in Poland is a Shift from the country of origin to transit country and to destination one. Political and economic changes of the early 1990s combined with temporary decrease in police effectiveness resulted in increase in crime. Also the serious one, organized crime. This is when human trafficking ap-peared in Poland. In the beginning, activity of criminal groups concentrated on recruitment of Polish women to sex businesses in Western Europe.

Crime in Japan: Paradise Lost? By Dag Leonardsen (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, xii + 248 pp. 55 hb)

In this book, Dag Leonardsen develops and updates themes on which he has published since 2002, notably in Japan as a Low-Crime Nation (Leonardsen 2004). Like his earlier work on the topic, the new book offers a careful and nuanced exploration of the often difficult empirical and theoretical questions that need to be explored if the question in the book's title is to be answered convincingly. Here, he extends the scope of the discussion to cover ‘striking in’—through social withdrawal and suicide—as well as ‘striking out’ through offending. For Leonardsen, both can be understood as reactions to the economic and existential strains experienced by many Japanese since the economic crisis of the 1990s and the consequent loss of a sense of security and predictability, and of faith in economic progress and the ability of governments to act in the interests of the population. The extent to which both crime and withdrawal have actually increased proves hard to quantify, as Leonardsen fully recognizes. What is certain is that since the mid 1990s, politicians and much of the media have behaved as if both were increasing alarmingly. Social withdrawal or hikikomori (young people staying at home, stereotypically playing video games or surfing the internet) is inherently hard to define, and estimates of the number of young people involved range from 200,000 to 2 million. In the case of suicide, often seen in the West as a characteristic Japanese problem, it is easier to show that official figures record an increase from 1998–2005, though not to a level that would justify treating Japan as a unique or even necessarily a special case among high-income countries, as Leonardsen accepts. Whether crime has increased, and if so, to what extent, is a much more disputed question. A central problem for Leonardsen is exemplified on the website of the Japanese Ministry of Justice. Here, in a list of ‘The Most Important Issues the Ministry of Justice Now Faces’, the English-reading visitor will find a paper on ‘Recovery of Public Safety’, which begins: In the past Japan was proud of its image in the world of being an exceptionally safe country, but in recent years, the number of criminal cases has increased remarkably, while the clearance rate has dropped drastically and remains at a very low level, which makes the deterioration of public safety an issue of great concern to the nation.

Discovering Cartels: Uncovering Dynamic Interrelationships Between Criminal and Civil Antitrust Investigations

This paper focuses on the genesis, taxonomy and timeline of U.S. criminal antitrust investigations, and uses time-series data on enforcement to examine the interrelationships between the various criminal enforcement variables as well as the linkages between criminal and civil enforcement. The key findings are: (1) there appears to be considerable dynamic interplay between the criminal variables. For example, an increase in grand jury investigations or criminal cases initiated or the number of individuals or firms convicted generates increases in most of these (endogenous) variables in future periods. A broad conclusion that can be drawn is that information unearthed during a given criminal investigation and prosecution often reveals information about other conspiracies leading to future investigations and prosecutions; (2) an increase in civil enforcement leads to future increases in the criminal cases and firms and individuals convicted. This suggests that information gleaned during civil investigations, such as mergers or monopolization cases, may reveal information about collusive behavior in markets leading to criminal investigations and prosecutions; and (3) criminal enforcement follows a counter-cyclical pattern with the number of criminal cases prosecuted increasing following an economic downturn. We relate this to the literature which points to cartel instability during economic downturns. Overall, our results point to complementarities in the investigative process within different facets of criminal investigations as well as between criminal and civil investigations.

The Military, Political Power, and Police Relations in Mexico City

Mexico City has recently achieved the reputation of being one of the most dangerous cities in the world. The main causes of the rising crime figures and impunity of recent years include deteriorating social and economic conditions, ineffective and corrupt police forces (Victoria Zepeda, 1994: 25), the inability of the attorney general to handle the number of criminal cases (Victoria Zepeda, 1999: 8), and the archaic methods and procedures of the judiciary system. The success of Cuauhtemoc Cardenas, founder of the left-wing Partido Revolucionario Democratico (Revolutionary Democratic party-PRD) and chief of government of the Federal District since December 1997, in reducing crime has been limited, although efforts have included the replacement of several top-level police commanders' and have been combined with federal policies and public safety resources. Some kinds of crime have indeed been reduced-in November 1997,640 cars were stolen daily compared with 174 in December 1998. Other kinds of crime, such as bank robberies, however, have doubled (La Jornada, December 23, 1998; January 4, 1999). Political liberalization and the salience of internal security issues in Mexico have undermined the position of civilians in relation to their military counterparts, producing an intense struggle for power in areas with no military tradition. This process is taking place in connection with the breakdown of the hegemonic party system and the traditional practices of patronage, the emergence of new political forces that participate in decision making, and the inability of civilians to consolidate their hold on political institutions and to solve problems under the new conditions of political competence. In this context, the militarization of Mexico City's police force is evidence of a changing and uneasy relationship between civilians and the military.

Confessions as Proof of Innocence

In recent years, a number of criminal cases have been reported in which defendants have sought to rely upon the confessions of their co-defendants as proof of their own innocence. The co-defendant may perhaps have admitted that he alone was responsible, or that he and some third party were responsible. His confession may have been made to the police or to some other person. In one case, the father of a girl charged with robbery covertly tape-recorded admissions made to him by one of her two co-defendants. These admissions were damning to that co-defendant, but tended to exonerate the girl.

The situation of forensic DNA analysis in Spain

In the Spanish Constitution of 1978 three historical communities (Galicia, Catalonia and the Basque Country) were recognised as well as twelve other communities, the former having autonomy in many aspects of Justice. In spite of this there is a common Criminal Code for the whole of Spain and a common judicial system similar to other continental European countries. Paternity testing and criminal casework are the types of forensic genetic expertise most requested by Justice in Spain, but although the number of criminal cases in which DNA testing is requested is similar to other European countries (around 2500 per year), the number of paternity testing cases is very low (500 per year including private cases). This latter is due to social and legal reasons, but in spite of this low number, a constellation of different laboratories performing paternity testing exists. In total there are eighteen centres performing paternity testing including Ministry of Justice Laboratories, Forensic Science Institutes, University Departments of Legal Medicine, Genetics and Anthropology, Immunogenetic laboratories, Hospital Services of Haematology and private companies. Forensic genetic casework for criminal cases is nevertheless performed only in a reduced number of official laboratories. The genetic services of the National Institute of Toxicology cover most of the country. The National Institute of Toxicology (INT) is an official laboratory of the Ministry of Justice with branches in Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Las Palmas (Canary Islands). In addition up to 20% of cases are performed in this area by Home Office Laboratories, especially by the Central Police Laboratory in Madrid. Very few cases (less than 5%) are performed by University Departments of Legal Medicine. Criminal casework in the Basque Country is performed by UTAP, an official laboratory of the Ministries of Justice and the Interior. In Galicia, criminal casework as well as paternity testing is carried out in the Institute of Legal Medicine of Santiago de Compostela. Forensic laboratories perform DNA analysis when requested by either the prosecutor or the defence, always following a court order. Reports must always be signed by two independent experts in the case of important crimes, but in practical terms second

The politics of Premenstrual Syndrome: Implications for feminist justice

Recently, there has been a number of criminal cases where Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) has been recognized as a mitigating factor in the commission of crime. In the wake of these cases, feminists are divided on the question of whether the use of PMS as defense or as a consideration during sentencing is in the best interests of women. In this paper, Kendall overviews controversies surrounding PMS as a construct which reflects the experiences of women. Deconstructing PMS in order to reveal its political origins within medical discourse, the author argues that the introduction of PMS into legal discourse will only serve to further disadvantage women. She argues for the development of an alternative and potentially subversive discourse about PMS which reflects women's experiences, but which relocates women's bodies within their social, political, and economic context.

A very rapid instrumental neutron activation analysis method for the forensic comparasion of bullet-lead specimens

Since speed of attainment of results is often essential in actual case work in crime investigation, a new and much faster instrumental neutron activation analysis method has been developed for the intercomparison of bullet-lead specimens. It utilizes the 93-sec124m 1Sb, 24.4-sec110Ag, and 5.10-min66Cu induced activities, and requires only about three minutes per sample. The method has already been employed in a number of criminal cases.

Significance of Wad and Card Marks on Wooden Targets

Mohan Jauhari, M.Sc., is Assistant Director, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Govt. of India, Calcutta, where he heads the Ballistics Division. Mr. Jauhari specializes in forensic physics and ballistics. He is a member of the Indian Academy of Forensic Science and has testified as an expert witness in a number of criminal cases throughout India. J. K. Sinha, M.Sc., is Scientific Assistant in the Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Calcutta. Mr. Sinha specializes in forensic ballistics.-EDITOR.

Federal Criminal Appeals

IT is surprising that the criminal appellate work of the federal courts has hitherto escaped treatment as a separate subject in the exhaustive literature dealing with problems of federal jurisdiction. The work of the federal courts in the field of criminal law has been increasingly conspicuous in recent years. The most important single phase in this development has been the spectacular effort of the Supreme Court in several recent cases to ensure a fair trial in the state courts, especially to Negroes, by a vigorous and orthodox application of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.' The number of criminal cases in the federal courts, and consequently the number of criminal appeals, moreover, increased considerably with the enactment of the Volstead Act, and more recent federal criminal legislation.2 In any event, a survey to restate the present nature of criminal appellate practice is timely for the special reason that the Supreme Court has promulgated a set of rules for procedure in criminal cases.8 The development of criminal appeals in the federal courts has not differed widely from the growth of federal appellate practice in other cases. There has been the tendency to grant a review as of right by an intermediate federal court of in criminal cases originating in the federal courts, but to limit sharply the cases which can be appealed as of right to the Supreme Court. Three methods of obtaining review of criminal cases have been developed: by as of right, discretionary appeal, and by petition for habeas corpus. Appeal as of right in criminal cases was formerly by of error.4 But in the Act of January 31, 1928 review by writ of error was abolished and the term appeal substituted to designate all appeals as of right.5