Nozzle Outlet Research Articles

Shape optimization of annular transonic thrust nozzles via genetic algorithm and adjoint method

In this research, the idea of combining the genetic algorithm and adjoint method was proposed to leverage the benefits of both approaches to improve the accuracy of thrust nozzle shape optimization. Although the genetic algorithm can search the entire design space to approach the global optimum, its computational cost increases considerably with the number of design variables. Meanwhile, the adjoint method is unaffected by the design variables, but it cannot achieve the global optimum directly and relies on the initial guess geometry. To address these challenges, a genetic algorithm was initially employed to approximate the global optimal geometry of a thrust nozzle with a conical center body parameterized by a Bezier curve. A MATLAB code integrated the geometry parameterization, genetic algorithm, and Fluent R2 2021 flow solver. The resulting geometry was then considered as the initial guess for the adjoint method, which accurately achieved the final optimal geometry with increased control points. The genetic algorithm aimed to maximize the thrust coefficient as the objective function, while the adjoint solver aimed to minimize the axial velocity variance at the nozzle outlet as the cost function. Three distinct constraints were incorporated in the optimization process, and the influence of the center body shape on the results was thoroughly examined to consider all possible geometries throughout the optimization procedure. The findings revealed that the conical center body effectively adjusted the flow angle at the exit, significantly affecting the thrust force. Both optimization steps reduced the average velocity and increased the average pressure at the nozzle exit, enhanced the mass flow rate, and finally increased the thrust force. The genetic algorithm and adjoint method contributed to 3 % and 0.6 % increases, respectively, in the thrust force, resulting in a thrust coefficient of 96.15 % for the final optimized nozzle.

Study on flow atomization characteristics and structure optimization of swirl nozzle for biodiesel

In this paper, the influence of external conditions and structural parameters on the characteristics of a nozzle flow field is studied, and orthogonal tests have been used to optimize the nozzle structure. The results show that the inlet pressure, nozzle aperture, nozzle outlet aspect ratio, vortex chamber height, and screw core height affect the pressure and velocity distributions of the flow field inside the nozzle. With increasing axial distance, the pressure in the inlet area remains unchanged; however, the pressure gradually decreases inside the screw core region and vortex chamber. Meanwhile, the velocity in the nozzle drainage basin first increases and then decreases. With increasing radial distance, the pressure in the nozzle drainage basin gradually increases, whereas the velocity increases first and then decreases. The velocity contour plot and vector diagram of the nozzle outlet section elucidate the influence of structural parameters on the flow field characteristics inside the nozzle. The nozzle length-to-diameter ratio has the greatest effect on the Sauter mean diameter (SMD). Besides, biodiesel atomization is sequentially affected by the vortex chamber height, screw core height, and nozzle aperture. The best atomization performance of biodiesel is observed at a nozzle aperture of 0.8 mm, nozzle outlet length-to-diameter ratio of 0, vortex chamber height of 5 mm, and screw core height of 4 mm. Compared to the original nozzle, the optimized nozzle increases the atomization cone angle of biodiesel by 30.9% and reduces the SMD by 45.3%.

Increased outlet design of flat-fan nozzle improves octocopter unmanned aerial vehicle sprayer's efficiency

Increased interest in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers leads to identifying the factors affecting their efficiency. This study aimed to check and introduce a factor that has not been considered so far – the outlet design of a flat-fan nozzle. In a field experiment, spray drift potential and chemical weed control efficacy (sulfosulfuron against spontaneous barley) from an octocopter UAV sprayer was evaluated as a two-factor randomized complete block design including nozzle type (standard, anti-drift, and air induction) and nozzle outlet design (single, twin, and triplet-orifice). When averaged over nozzle outlet design, 22.9, 31.0, and 39.6% in-swath spray deposition and 66.0, 73.6, and 93.5% spontaneous barley control were obtained for standard, anti-drift, and air induction nozzles, respectively. Also, a similar trend from out-swath spray coverage was observed up to 8 m. In the standard, anti-drift, and air induction nozzles, an outlet design change from single-to triplet-orifice changed in-swath spray coverage by −30.8, +16.4, and +39.4% and herbicide efficacy by −27.1, +27.7, and +19.3%, respectively. The results showed that the outlet design of flat-fan nozzles had a significant interaction effect with the nozzle type. It was suitable with the anti-drift and air induction nozzles but unsuitable with the standard nozzle.

Simulation of non-Newtonian gas-focused micro-jets in chocked gas flow regime

Stable liquid jets are crucial for successful serial crystallography experiments. They are produced from gas dynamic virtual nozzles (GDVNs), where the liquid from an inner capillary is focused by a co-flowing gas from an outer converging capillary. Our previously investigated non-Newtonian jets with incompressible and compressible focusing gas under atmospheric conditions were extended towards compressible chocked gas under vacuum conditions. An axisymmetric GDVN was considered with a fixed gas flow rate of 15 mg/min and liquid flow rate of 40 µl/min. A mixture formulation of the laminar compressible multiphase problem was solved within finite volume method and volume of fluid framework. The jet lengths, diameters, velocities, and temperatures were analysed as a function of the power-law non-Newtonian modification of reference water. It is observed that the jets under vacuum conditions are thinner for Newtonian and shear-thickening fluids than those in the atmosphere. The jet length increases from shear-thinning to shear-thickening rheology but is not affected by the pressure. The shear produced at the nozzle outlet is similar for both pressure conditions but increases in downstream directions for vacuum conditions. Gas expanding into vacuum cools by ~100-150 K while the temperature of the liquid jet drops only by a few K.

Investigation of the three-dimensional structure of low-swirl methane-hydrogen flames with multiple UV cameras-based OH* chemiluminescence tomography

Blending hydrogen with natural gas is useful for reducing CO2 emissions, but this alters the flame structure, creating challenges for flame stability. Numerous researches on methane-hydrogen flame structure have been carried out based on two-dimensional combustion diagnostic techniques such as flame chemiluminescence and planar laser-induced fluorescence. In this paper, a low-cost OH* chemiluminescence imaging system consisting of 8 ultraviolet (UV) cameras is proposed to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) structure of methane-hydrogen flames, and validated through use of the correlation coefficient. Further experimental investigations of the low-swirl methane-hydrogen flames are performed by this computed tomography of chemiluminescence (CTC) system. The flame properties are determined to evaluate the effects of various fractions of blended hydrogen on the flame structure, including the flame center of mass, flame surface density and fractal dimension. Results showed that the flame initially has bowl-shape structure. The flame height gradually decreases and the flame cross-sectional area increases as the blended hydrogen fraction increases. Meanwhile, the bottom of the flame moves toward the nozzle outlet. Nevertheless, when the blended hydrogen fraction reaches 50%, the flame transforms into a cup-shaped flame and shows a double-layer flame structure. When the flame is bowl-shaped, the flame center of mass moves away from the nozzle center axis with increasing blended hydrogen fraction, but the fractal dimension and flame surface density are not sensitive to the blended hydrogen fraction. In contrast, when the flame is cup-shaped, the flame center of mass moves towards the nozzle center axis, and the flame surface density and fractal dimension increase significantly, indicating the increase of flame wrinkling. These results reveal that blending hydrogen leads to two distinct flame structures and characteristics in low-swirl flame, also demonstrate that the proposed 3D low-cost CTC system based on multiple UV cameras is well-suited for combustion diagnostics.

Analysis of enthalpy and energy conversion efficiency in high-power inductively coupled plasma

The Near-Space Plasma Electromagnetic Science Experimental Research Apparatus is designed for ground-based simulation of plasma sheath and is capable of providing pure, high-enthalpy, and high-density plasma jets. The high enthalpy implies a high plasma state, which can achieve high Mach equivalent simulation in flight conditions. This paper takes this device as the research object and establishes a multi-physics coupling magnetohydrodynamics model to simulate the heat transfer process under high-power conditions. Through numerical simulation, the distribution rules of plasma temperature and enthalpy value under different power states considering the radiation source are obtained. By combining numerical simulation with experimental verification, the simulated enthalpy and energy conversion efficiency results are compared with experimental data, showing good consistency. The study finds that the enthalpy at the center of the jet outlet is higher, increasing from 5.4 MJ/kg to 9.5 MJ/kg when the high-frequency power increases from 150 kW to 426 kW, with an increase of 4.0 MJ/kg. The overall distribution of plasma jet enthalpy exhibits a central peak, gradually decreasing radially from the center to both sides. Meanwhile, during the axial jet injection process, there is a transition in the radial distribution of temperature and enthalpy, shifting from a saddle-shaped distribution at the coil position to an arch-shaped distribution at the nozzle outlet. In this power range, the energy conversion efficiency of the high-frequency power source ranges from 53% to 30%, with both calculated and measured efficiencies decreasing with increasing power. Additionally, the paper discusses the impact of radiation source terms on the distribution of enthalpy in high-power inductive-coupled plasma. In conclusion, the model proposed in this paper can be used to estimate the outlet enthalpy distribution and energy conversion efficiency of the Near-Space Plasma Electromagnetic Science Experimental Research Apparatus, providing data support for the design, control, and application of the device.

CFD-Based Study on the Flow and Kinetic Energy Characteristics of a Supercritical Suspended Abrasive Water Jet in the Deep-Sea Environment

A supercritical suspended abrasive water jet with dual inputs of pressure and heat is proposed to improve the cutting performance of the conventional suspended abrasive water jet in deep-sea environments. The paper studies the flow and kinetic characteristics of the supercritical suspended abrasive water jet. The CFD simulation method is proposed to investigate these characteristics by integrating a programmed database of supercritical water material properties with Ansys Fluent. The simulation and comparison show that abrasive particle density, abrasive particle size, inlet pressure, and water temperature affect the acceleration process of the abrasive particles. At the nozzle outlet, the velocity of the abrasive particles reaches over 95% of the supercritical water velocity. With the proposed supercritical abrasive water jet, the jet velocity is increased by 192.2% to 402.40 m/s compared to the conventional suspended abrasive water jet, reducing the amount of water used by 67.7% at a specified temperature of 773.15 K. Correspondingly, the medium kinetic energy is increased by 177.7% and the medium kinetic energy ratio is 2.78. The particle kinetic energy is increased by 723.2% and the particle kinetic energy ratio is 8.23.

The case study of the surface roughness influence at additively manufactured ejector and orifice plate and its impact on fluid flow

ABSTRACT Energy consumption and economic growth are strongly linked. In connection, great emphasis is nowadays placed on the accuracy and efficiency of machines and measuring equipment. This study compares the effect of surface roughness on airflow through a gas ejector and a centric orifice plate. Both devices are made from the same material but using two different methods of manufacturing, conventional and additive manufacturing. The study compares, experimentally and with numerical simulation, the subcritical ejector by adjusting the distance between the nozzle outlet and the mixing chamber outlet in the range of 16.9 mm, during the primary inlet pressure control from 10 to 50 kPa. The orifice is evaluated experimentally for different pressures from 0.6 to 7 bar(g). The study evaluates the level of substitutability of conventionally manufactured devices by those produced using the additive method. At design condition, the additively manufactured ejector exhibits a 12.97% lower ejection coefficient, i.e. lower effectivity. After control optimization, the decrease is reduced to 11.66%. For the additively manufactured orifice, the measured value of the pressure difference at nominal parameters deviated by 2.17%. In the case of the orifice, substitution is possible, assuming the calibration, but the orifice has a higher-pressure loss.

Multifactor response-based optimization for enhancing cavitation performance of short injection self-priming pumps

As the heart of the water supply systems, the energy conversion efficiency of the self-priming pumps with built-in injection system under overload conditions is extremely affected by cavitation problems. This study focuses on a typical short-type injection self-priming pump devoted to improve the pump performance, especially to solve the cavitation problem under overload conditions. Through a two-factor, five-level orthogonal test that combines numerical simulation and experimental validation, the influence of key structural parameters within the ejector on cavitation performance and energy characteristics are analyzed. The results demonstrate the high level accuracy of numerical simulation, as indicated by the consistency and small error between the numerical results and the experimental results for head, efficiency, and power under full flow conditions. Regression analysis based on the orthogonal test results reveals significant correlations between the hydraulic performance of the pump and the nozzle throat diameter and nozzle outlet diameter. Under overload conditions, the high-speed jet generated by the injector induces a negative pressure at the effuser and nozzle, leading to cavitation at the effuser throat and nozzle outlet. Employing appropriate structural parameters, particularly the effuser throat diameter and nozzle outlet diameter, proves effective in increasing the operating flow range. This in turn improves the energy characteristics of the entire hydraulic system. The optimal combination identified for the ejector's structural parameters in this study is a nozzle outlet diameter of 8.2 mm and a throat diameter of 18 mm. This provides theoretical insights for the optimal design of short-type jet self-priming pumps, holding practical significance in engineering applications.

Investigation of flow behaviour in the nozzle of a Pelton wheel: Effects and analysis of influencing parameters

The performance of a Pelton wheel is influenced by the jet created by the nozzle. Therefore, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation was proposed. In this study, the significant output parameters (outlet velocity, outlet pressure, and tangential force component) and input parameters (different pressure and spear locations) were examined. In addition, the influencing parameters and their contributing percentages to the performance of the Pelton wheel were calculated using different optimisation techniques such as Taguchi Design of Experiments (DoE), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC). The effect of input factors on the output response was examined with DoE, and the results show that the inlet pressure had the most significant impact (97.38%, 99.18%, and 97.38%, respectively, for all different spear sites with a 99% confidence level). In terms of preference values, the TOPSIS and GRA results are comparable (best ranks for simulation runs #24 and #25 and least ranks for simulations #2 and #3, respectively). The CRITIC results for the pressure parameter are in good agreement with the Taguchi ANOVA analysis. The last spear location (5 mm after the nozzle outlet), with an inlet pressure of 413685 Pa generated the best result when employing the TOPSIS and GRA techniques. The outlet pressure of the nozzle was found to have a significant impact on the flow pattern of the Pelton Wheel based on the analysis of the CRITIC, Taguchi, and CFD results.

Aerodynamic noise and its reduction of the marine gas turbine air exhaust system.

The aerodynamic noise of pipelines is an important part of the noise of a ship's system. This paper conducted numerical investigations on the flow and acoustic characteristics of the marine gas turbine exhaust system. The near-field and far-field acoustic characteristics of the internal flow noise of the exhaust system are calculated by employing the Möhring's sound analogy method. In addition, the far-field acoustic characteristics of the external jet flow noise of the exhaust system are calculated by employing the stochastic noise generation and radiation (SNGR) method. Two kinds of protrusions are added to the main nozzle outlet to achieve noise reduction. The internal sound field of the marine exhaust system is dominated by low frequency sound sources, which are more obvious as the exhaust mass flow rate decreases. As for the external sound field of the marine exhaust system, the peak frequency of the far-field noise spectrum decreases with the decrease in the exhaust mass flow rate. The eight periodic protrusions perform better in reducing the internal aerodynamic noise of the exhaust system, while the five aperiodic protrusions perform better in reducing the external jet noise of the exhaust system.

Two-way coupled CFD-DEM model of a pre-mixed abrasive water jet and its application to the investigation of abrasive motion characteristics

This paper uses the weight function to modify the particle volume fraction algorithm. The VOF model is modified by adding the particle phase volume fraction and momentum source to the control equation, the semi-resolved VOF-DEM model is established, and PTV experiment is used to verify the model. Based on this model, the flow and distribution characteristics of the abrasive are obtained: 1) The water-abrasive flow near the outlet of the convergent section of the nozzle has a significantly dense two-phase flow characteristic, and the collision between particles dominates particle flow. 2) The particles at the nozzle outlet are distributed in the radial direction of “n”, and with the increase of the stand-off distance of the jet, the particle phase volume transitions from “n” to “m” distribution. The research on the flow characteristics of particles can provide a basis for the nozzle design of pre-mixed abrasive water jets.

Exploring the interactions of NH3 and H2O co-condensation: A study on the potential of supersonic separators for NH3–H2 separation

The use of a supersonic separator presents a novel approach for separating ammonia (NH3) from hydrogen (H2). Even trace amounts of water (H2O) can significantly influence the condensation characteristics of NH3. This study presents mathematical models for homogeneous NH3 and H2O condensation and heterogeneous NH3–H2O condensation. Through computational analysis, we revealed that the droplet radius and liquid mass fraction of a single condensable gas condensation increased accordingly with increasing inlet condensable gas content. Interactions between the condensation processes of NH3 and H2O were also captured in the simulation. Notably, at 100 ppm H2O content, H2O spontaneously condensed before NH3, serving as a condensation nucleus for NH3, and the heterogeneous condensation of NH3 decreased the rate of its spontaneous condensation. At an inlet H2O content of 50 ppm, the onset of spontaneous NH3 condensation coincided with that of H2O, with H2O having a negligible effect on NH3 condensation. The impact of H2O on NH3 condensation transitioned from minimal to inhibitory and then to facilitative as the content of H2O increased from 25 ppm to 250 ppm. At the nozzle outlet, the liquid mass fraction of NH3 initially decreased from 0.0414 to 0.0352 and then increased to 0.0446.

Numerical study on performance optimization and flow mechanism of a new cyclone separator

This study proposed a new cyclone separator, using a designed nozzle inside the traditional cyclone separator, which significantly improved the efficiency of separating fine particles while maintaining an essentially unchanged pressure drop. Firstly, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to compare the flow characteristics of the new cyclone separator with those of the traditional cyclone separator. On this basis, this study comprehensively investigated the pressure drop and separation efficiency of two separators under varying working conditions. The new separator achieved a separation efficiency for particles with a particle size of 1 μm that was approximately 45% higher than that of the traditional separator when the inlet velocity was 2–10 m/s. Besides, the pressure drop of the cyclone separator remained unchanged while the separation efficiency increased by 46% at an inlet flow rate of 2 m/s. The influence of the outlet area of the nozzle inside the new cyclone separator on the separation efficiency and pressure drop was analyzed, and the outlet area of the nozzle with the best overall performance was determined. It was found that the overall performance of the new cyclone separator is optimal when the nozzle outlet area is S/f = 2 cm. Finally, an energy-saving cyclone separator with high separation efficiency was developed through an in-depth study of the variation of particle motion configuration with time. It is worth noting that this study provides a guidance for the flow field analysis and geometry optimization of new gas-solid separators, not limited to cyclone separators.

Effect of droplets in the primary flow on ejector performance of MED-TVC systems

The performance of an ejector, as a crucial component that determines the operating efficiency of the multi-effect distillation system, is closely related to the state of the motive steam. However, the motive steam may be accompanied by droplets during system operation, which decreases the dryness of the motive steam. Nine wet-steam numerical models with different droplet mass fractions and numbers were established to investigate the influence of droplets in the primary flow on the performance and condensation phenomenon of the ejector. The results showed that as the droplet mass fraction of the primary flow increased from 0 to 0.12, the entrainment ratio (ER) of the ejector decreased by 9.15%, and the condensation intensity at the throat of the primary nozzle and the outlet of the primary nozzle decreased by 2.9% and increased by 201%, respectively. In addition, as the droplet number increased from 6 to 14, the ER of the ejector and condensation intensity at the throat of the primary nozzle varied merely between 1.5% and 1.8%, whereas the condensation intensity at the outlet of the primary nozzle fluctuated by 50%. Therefore, the presence of droplets in the primary flow of the ejector cannot be ignored. Some steam–water separation measures must be adopted to ensure efficient operation of the ejector.

Numerical analysis of convective heat loss from a cylindrical–hemispherical receiver using a glass cover and an air curtain

AbstractIt is imperative to mitigate the convective heat loss from the receiver to improve the overall efficiency of the parabolic dish concentrator. In this study, the reductions of convective heat loss from the cylindrical‐hemispherical receiver are numerically analyzed and the model was validated by the experimental data from literature. In the first case, the impact of the glass cover on convective heat loss is examined under conditions of both natural and forced convections at various receiver orientations (γ = 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°). Numerical results clearly demonstrate that the use of a glass cover significantly reduces the intrusion of surrounding air into the receiver cavity which leads to an enhancement of the stagnation zone inside the cavity and, as a consequence, a noticeable reduction in convective heat loss is observed. To perform analysis of the receiver with glass cover under forced convective condition, the wind velocities over the receiver are considered in the range of 1–6 m/s. The maximum reduction of convective heat loss using the glass cover is achieved to be 58.44% with wind velocity of 5 m/s at γ = 60°. In the second case, the influence of air curtain at the receiver aperture under natural convective heat loss conditions is analyzed. The analysis incorporates three variables: receiver orientation (γ = 0°–60°), nozzle width ( = 0.002–0.004 m), and nozzle outlet velocity ( = 0.5–3.5 m/s). The results show that the air curtain minimizes the outflow of receiver inside air and results in an improvement in the stagnation zone inside the cavity. The maximum effectiveness of the air curtain is found to be 43.2% at nozzle width of = 0.004 m and nozzle velocity of = 1.5 m/s at receiver orientation of 60°. It is also noteworthy that the optimal nozzle velocity decreases with the increase of nozzle widths.

Numerical modeling of the two-dimensional free and impinging jets with solid and erosion bed using FLOW-3D

ABSTRACT This study simulates the flow properties of a plane-layered jet in free and impinging jets on a horizontal surface using Flow-3D and validates them with previous research and experimental data. The flow characteristics, such as velocity and shear stress distribution, are compared with theoretical relationships. The simulations vary the outlet velocities for the free jet and the surface types and slip conditions for the impinging jet. The results show that the free jet flow follows the self-similar theory, except for a faster decay of numerical velocities at the end of the jet’s path. The results also reveal a virtual origin (λ) before the nozzle outlet, ranging from 7.6 to 8.4 mm. The impinging jet results match the experimental wall shear stress distribution diagram, with the peak at y/H = 0.14. The transverse velocity profiles and the wall shear stress distribution of the impinging jet are influenced by the slip condition and the surface type, but the difference between smooth and granular surfaces is less than 3%. This study offers valuable insights into the behaviour of free and impinging jets on a horizontal surface and shows the effectiveness of the Flow-3D numerical model.

Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Pipeline Jet Cleaning Robot

With the passage of time during pipeline operation, a substantial number of impurities accumulate and adhere to the inner wall of the pipeline. This deposition hinders the pipeline’s ability to function correctly, thereby posing significant hidden risks to people’s lives and the safety of their property. This article focuses on employing pipeline robots for internal cleaning. It examines the jet cleaning process of the spiral-driven pipeline inspection and cleaning robot, aiming to determine the optimal motion state and cleaning parameters for the device within the pipeline. The findings are verified and analyzed through experiments. It was observed that the cleaning effect is enhanced, with a target surface distance of approximately 12- to 13-times the diameter of the nozzle outlet (around 25 mm). In addition, an incident angle of 15° yields favorable cleaning results, with a maximum shear force exerted on the target surface of approximately 0.11 MPa. Ensuring that the pipelines operate reasonably and stably, thus guaranteeing their safe functioning and preventing significant economic and environmental damage, holds immense value.

Experimental Analysis of the Influence of the Sliding-Gate Valve on Submerged Entry Nozzle Outlet Jets

This work studies how the sliding-gate valve (SGV) modifies the features and the dynamic behavior of the outlet jets for flat-bottom and well-bottom bifurcated submerged entry nozzles (SENs) used in continuous casting machines. Three conditions for the SGV were studied: no obstruction, moderate obstruction, and severe obstruction. The experimental study used a scaled model, employing cold water as the working fluid. A high-frequency analysis of the flow inside the SEN’s bore arriving at the outlet ports was performed by employing the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Low-frequency measurements of the volumetric flow at the exit port were obtained by splitting the exit jet into four quadrants and employing digital flowmeters. It was observed that reducing the SGV clearance increases the turbulence of the flow inside the SEN bore, but the flow displays ordered rather than erratic fluctuations. Flowmeter measurements showed that, regardless of the level of obstruction in the SGV, the outlet jets on flat-bottom and the well-bottom SENs have dynamic behaviors and features with significant differences. This finding is relevant because the flow distribution inside the outlet ports is directly related to the jet’s wideness, affecting the recirculation pattern inside the mold and, therefore, the quality of the finished steel slab.

Effects of header design on thermal characteristics of multi-nozzle steam spraying

The distribution header of small-scale steam systems, commonly employed in household items like steam cleaners, is pivotal for dictating the spray characteristics of the steam generated. For uniform spray performance across multiple outlets, it's imperative to discern the design factors influencing this outcome. We numerically assessed the flow characteristics of steam in a spraying system with three nozzle outlets and scrutinized the impact of header design parameters on uniformity. Through a multiphase numerical model, numerical simulations were conducted. Our analysis revealed that decreasing the diameter of the three outlets promoted a more even mass flow rate of the sprayed steam from each outlet, having a minimal effect on temperature consistency. In contrast, enlarging the tapering angle of the header improved temperature uniformity up to 62.5 % but negatively influenced the uniformity of the steam spray amount when outlet diameters were consistent. Notably, when the combined area of the outlets was increased, there was a decline of up to 85 % in the uniformity of the discharged steam mass among the outlets with an increased tapering. This research offers insights that are anticipated to inform future studies and advancements in steam spraying system optimization, enhancing performance and efficiency for applications such as steam cleaning and sterilization processes.