Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Articles

Pharmacosomes and Emulsomes: An Emerging Novel Vesicular Drug Delivery System

In the past few decades, significant attention has been made on the development of novel drug delivery system (NDDS)...

Withdrawal Notice: Mucoadhesive Microspheres: An Emerging Trends in Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus

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Primordial science and pioneering approaches of guggul for chronic ailments – A modernized review

An oleo gum resin guggulu is a product which obtained as a result of gummosis from the bark of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari [syn. Commiphoramukul (Hook. Ex Stocks) Family, Burseraceae]. It has been known for its immense applicability in the Ayurveda since time immemorial for the treatment of variety of disorders such as inflammation, gout, rheumatism, impotence, leprosy, obesity, and disorders of lipids metabolism. It is a mixture of phytoconstituents like terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, guggultetrols, lignans, sugars, and amino acids. This review is an effort to compile all the information available on all of its chemical constituents which are responsible for its therapeutic potential, limitation of guggul extracts and the necessity of novel principles for gum guggul. Nowadays, Guggul is available as the marketed formulation for curing numerous clinical conditions and is accessible in combination with various other ingredients. Though conventional dosage form shows the dominance as patient compliance and easy availability, yet it has found to pose the problems like dose fluctuation, peak-valley effect, non-adjustment of the administered drug, invasiveness etc. Guggul lacks its desired effect due to its low bioavailability and water solubility. This makes it a partial or a deficient therapy for remedy of many signs and symptoms. Novel drug delivery system (NDDS), a new approach and has excluded many of drawbacks exhibited by conventional dosage forms. Some of the novel dosage forms of guggul has been formed like nanoparticles, nanovesicles, gugglusomes and proniosomal gel. But still, the novel formulations for guggul has its less outspread in the market. Guggul can be executed as a profitable drug using NDDS. There is a need to highlight the unidentified and unexplained facts about guggul so as to make it more efficacious and effective in terms of bioavailability and aqueous insolubility.

Application of Nanotechnology to the Extraction of Herbal Components for Medicinal Uses

: Herbal medicine is central to Indian medicinal treatment, which has been known as Ayurveda traditionally. There are hundreds of herbs that have the qualities to treat several kinds of diseases, even critical and chronic ones. Importantly, these herbs have hardly any side effects. Herbal medicine is manufactured from herbal extracts. Hence, the method of extracting herbal extracts assumes high importance in manufacturing herbal medicines. : There are several methods for extracting herbs. However, the novel drug delivery system (NDDS)-nanotechnology has been gaining popularity as a method to extract herbal extracts. NDDS offers miraculous promises as it is a complete processing system that combines the methods of drug formulation (pharmaceutics), biochemistry, molecular biology, and process and technology. In this method, a nano-sized drug release system is used to transmit medicines on the targeted parts of the human body safely. NDDS serves many purposes, such as it minimizes the requirement of frequent supervision to conquer refusal, enhances the remedial worth, minimizes toxicity, and rises bioavailability. : There are many advantages to the targeted drug release system, such as it reduces the frequency of the dosages taken by the patients, has a more uniformed effect of the drug, reduces any possibility of side effects, and controls fluctuation in circulating drug levels.

Silymarin Loaded Novel Drug Delivery for Oral and Topical Administration

Silymarin is polyphenolic flavonoid obtained from the seeds of silybum marianum plant. It has various pharmacological properties such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, hypolipidemic properties. Silymarin has recently reported to be neuroprotective agent against neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer, Parkinson’s and cerebral ischemia. It contains eight active components, among which silibinin is the most active component. However, silymarin is BCS class II drug which having poor bioavailability due to extensive phase II metabolism, poor aqueous solubility, low permeability across intestinal epithelial cells and rapid excretion in bile and urine. Therefore, it is necessary to understand all formulations and analytical aspects including all possible future prospects. In this review a potential approach to enhance solubility, bioavailability and to develop a robust formulation is studied. The number of studies describes novel drug delivery system (NDDS) based formulations have been significantly increased. The raise in novel drug delivery exploitation is essentially due to defeated barriers within technological process of lipid based nanoparticles formulations and increased knowledge of underlying mechanisms of transport of NDDS via different route of administration. This review focuses on pharmacological properties of silymarin, challenges, benefits and application of novel drug delivery system. To reduce the adverse effects and toxicities novel drug delivery will be an attractive approach of current therapies.
 Keywords: Silymarin, route of administration, novel drug delivery, bioavailability, solubility

Mouth Dissolving Tablets: A Modern Approach to Delivery of Drug

Recently pharmaceutical preparations used for elderly patients have been investigated to improve the treatment compliances and quality of life of patients. Recent advances in Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) aims to enhance safety and efficacy of drug molecule by formulating a convenient dosage form for administration and to achieve better patient compliance. One such approach is Dissolving Tablet are disintegrates instantaneously when placed on tongue, releasing the drug that dissolves or disperses in the saliva. Mouth Dissolving Drug Delivery System emerged from the desire to provide patient with conventional mean of taking their medication. Difficulty in swallowing (Dysphagia) is a common problem of all age groups, especially elderly and pediatrics, because of physiological changes associated with these groups of patients. The saliva containing the dissolved or dispersed medicament is then swallowed and the drug is absorbed in the normal way. Some drugs are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx and esophagus as the saliva passes down into the stomach & it may produce rapid onset of action. Bioavailability of drug is significantly greater than those observed from conventional tablet dosage form.

Herbal Excipients- Significance of Substances of Natural Origin as Excipients

As in every field there is a transformation to improve the performance and satisfy the demand of consumer, in pharmaceutical word, need of “Excipient” have been changed from inert and cheap substance which forms bulk of formulation to a material which has potential to be placed in formulation as it accomplished the desirable objective of treatment. The Herbal or natural excipients have a great advantage over their synthetic analogues as these are non-toxic, less expensive and freely available. Due to advances in drug delivery technology, currently, excipients are included in novel dosage forms to fulfill specific functions and in some cases, they directly or indirectly influence the extent and/or rate of drug release and drug absorption. Recent trends towards use of plant based and natural products demand the replacement of synthetic additives with natural ones. Today, the whole world is increasingly interested in natural drugs and excipients, hence natural materials have many advantages over synthetic ones as they are chemically inert, nontoxic, less expensive , biodegradable, improve the shelf life of the product and widely available. This article gives an overview of natural excipients which are used in conventional dosage forms as well as novel drug delivery systems.

PHARMACEUTICAL WORLD WITH INNOVATIVE APPROACHES-A REVIEW

An existing drug in the conventional dosage form is evolution in to novel drug delivery system which can significantly enhances and improves the performance of drug in terms of drug safety, drug efficacy as well as patient compliance. With the help of appropriate novel approaches, an existing drug molecule can get a new life and can be a major advance solution for the problems towards the release of drug at specific site and specific rate. The main aim of novel drug delivery system is to minimize the drug loss and drug degradation which can be achieved by targeting the drug to the site of interest. With the help of soluble or insoluble biodegradable natural and synthetic polymers different novel formulations can be formulated as microparticles, microcapsules, liposomes, neosomes, micelles etc. Targeting is based on active targeting and passive targeting mechanisms for drug release. This review covers the basic information on Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS).

Use of Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Malignant Neoplasm As a Cancer Targeted Drug Delivery System

The current situation of Malignant Neoplasm is very different it’s the fourth decade and despite much progress has been made in categorizing the environmental causes and cellular and molecular biological basis for this dreaded disease, Malignant Neoplasm commonly known as (Cancer) till now we did not understand the actual difference between the cancer cell and its normal counterpart. If we did not understand we cannot control, eliminate, treat cancer. The human genome sequence and its subsequent improvements in the sequence data are important steps to fully comprehend cancer cell biology. The current recent advances in the understanding of pharmacokinetic & pharmacodynamic behaviour of drug have offered a more rational approach to the development of optimal drug delivery system. The novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) are carriers which maintain the drug concentration in therapeutic range for a longer period of time. Nanotechnology, a new, novel focus of research evolved from the convergence and coalescence of many diverse scientific disciplines which includes Nanomedicine will have an impact on the key challenges in cancer therapy: nanotubes, Nanopores, and nanoparticles are the most promising applications for various Malignant Neoplasm treatments.

Niosomes: A Promising Approach in Drug Delivery Systems

Design of vesicles as a tool to enhance drug delivery has created a lot of interest among humans operating within drug delivery systems space over the past decade. Niosomes are formations of vesicles by a hydrating mixture of cholesterol and nonionic surfactants. Completely different novel approaches used to deliver these medicines include liposomes, microspheres, engineering science, small emulsions, antibody-loaded drug delivery, magnetic microcapsules, implantable pumps and niosomes. Design and development of novel drug delivery system (NDDS) has two prerequisites. First, it should distribute the drug in accordance with a predetermined rate and second it should release therapeutically effective amount of drug at the site of action. Conventional dosage forms are unable to meet these requisites. Niosomes are basically non-ionic surfactant based vesicles in which an aqueous solution of solute is completely sealed off by a membrane resulting from the group of surfactant macromolecules as bilayer. Niosomes remain in the bloodstream for a reasonable time, which is useful for targeted drug delivery. This review additionally presents an overview of the strategies of preparation of niosome, types of niosomes, characterization and their applications. Keywords: Niosomes, Vesicles, NDDS, Conventional, Micromolecules.

Nanomedicines as Drug Delivery Carriers of Anti-Tubercular Drugs: From Pathogenesis to Infection Control.

In spite of advances in tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy, TB is still airborne deadly disorder as a major issue of health concern worldwide today. Extensive researches have been focused to develop nov-el drug delivery systems to shorten the lengthy therapy approaches, prevention of relapses, reducing dose-related toxicities and to rectify technologically related drawbacks of anti-tubercular drugs. Moreover, the rapid emergence of drug resistance, poor patient compliance due to negative therapeutic outcomes and intracellular survival of Mycobacterium highlighted to develop carrier with optimum effectiveness of the anti-tubercular drugs. This could be achieved by targeting and concentrating the drug on the infection res-ervoir of Mycobacterium. In this article, we briefly compiled the general aspects of Mycobacterium patho-genesis, disease treatment along with progressive updates in novel drug delivery carrier system to enhance therapeutic effects of drug and the high level of patient compliance. Recently developed several vaccines might be shortly available as reported by WHO.

Recent Advances in the Development of Polymeric Nanocarrier Formulations for the Treatment of Colon Cancer

Background: Many efforts have been explored in the last decade to treat colon cancer but nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are making a vital contribution in the improvement of drug delivery to colon cancer cells. Objective: In this review, we attempt to highlight recent advancements in the development of novel drug delivery systems of nanoparticles for the targeted drug delivery to colon. Polymers like Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) aptamer chitosan, Hyaluronic Acid (HA), Chitosan (CS)– Carboxymethyl Starch (CMS), silsesquioxane capped mesoporous silica, Near IR (NIR) fluorescent Human Serum Albumin (HAS), poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated hyaluronic acid etc. have been discussed by employing various anticancer drugs like doxorubicin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil etc. Conclusion: These novel drug delivery systems have been determined to be more efficacious in terms of stability, sustained and targeted drug delivery, therapeutic efficacy, improved bioavailability and enhanced anticancer activity.

Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Approach to Better Patient Compliance

Recent advances in science and technology radically changed the way we detect, treat and prevent different diseases in all aspects of human life. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, progressive, autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system whose major role is to protect the health by attacking foreign bacteria and viruses are mistakenly, attacking the joints resulting in thickened synovium, pannus formation, & destruction of bone, cartilage. Still now researchers are unable to know the exact cause of this disease. However, it is believed that genes and environmental factors play a role in development of RA. In this review, we discuss the Pathophysiology, predictors, & factors involved in pathogenesis of RA. We also discuss the Conventional therapeutic agents for Rheumatoid Arthritis. More importantly, we extensively discuss the emerging novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) like nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, microspheres, liposomes, and so on as these are the promising tools having successful applications in overcoming the limitations associated with conventional drug delivery systems. Although several NDDS have been used for various purposes, liposomes have been focused on due to its potential applications in RA diagnosis and therapy. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic effectiveness and challenges for RA by using these novel drug delivery systems. Finally, we conclude by discussing the future perspectives.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF KETOCONAZOLE NIOSOMAL GEL

ABSTRACT
 
 In recent years, treatment of infectious disease through Novel Drug delivery system (NDDS) has undergone a revolutionary shift. Niosomes are a Novel Drug Delivery system which has potential application to treat infectious disease topically. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles, in which medication is encapsulated in a vesicle for controlled drug release. Ketoconazole niosomes were prepared by using Cholesterol, Span 60/ Span 40 as surfactants, chloroform, and diethyl ether using rotary vacuum evaporator method. Formulation was then evaluated for particle size, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in-vitro drug release studies. The Entrapment efficiency and drug content were calculated at 225nm using UV spectrophotometer. The drug content was found to be 70.37% for Span 40 and 72.81% for Span 60.The percentage of drug entrapment in niosomes was 60.3 % for Span 40 and 62.21 % for Span 60. FT-IR studies for niosomes containing Span 40 shows -CH stretching (Aliphatic) at 2891 cm-1and2925 cm-1 for niosomes containing Span 60. Ketoconazole niosomal gel was prepared using Carbopol 940, glycerol, Triethanolamine and distilled water. Evaluation of niosomal gel was determined by Physical appearance, pH, viscosity, drug content, entrapment efficiency and In-vitro diffusion studies.The percentage of the drug release from the niosomal gel was found to be 40.78 % for Span 40 and 33.75% for Span 60 . This delivery system is cost effective and simple to prepare as only the prepared gel of niosomes was introduced in Rotary vacuum evaporator for solvent evaporation.
 

REVIEW ON NOVEL OSMOTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) are the key area of pharmaceutical research and Development. The reason is relatively low development cost and time required for introducing a NDDS as compared to new chemical entity. Many conventional drug delivery systems have been designed to modulate the release a drug over an extended period of a time. Various designs are available to control or modulate the drug release from a dosage forms. Majority of oral CR dosage forms fall in the category of matrix, reservoir or osmotic systems. Osmotically controlled drug delivery systems (OCDDS) is one of the most promising drug delivery technology that use osmotic pressure as a driving force for controlled delivery of active agents. Drug release from OCDDS is independent of pH and hydrodynamic conditions of the body because of the semipermeable nature of the Rate controlling membrane and the design of deliver orifice used in osmotic systems, so a high degree of In vitro/In vivo correlation is achieved. Osmotic drug delivery systems release the drug with the zero order kinetics which does not depend on the initial concentration and the physiological factors of GIT. This review brings out new technologies, fabrication and recent clinical research in osmotic drug delivery.
 Keywords: Osmotic, Matrix, Reservoir, Fabrication

AN UPDATED REVIEW ON MODIFIED RELEASE TABLETS

For some time now modified drug release has been studied and used extensively during the development of pharmaceutical drug products because of its advantages over immediate release formulations. As per the forecasting by Global Business Intelligence (GBI) research, the growth in oral drug delivery market will uplift in the coming years. Modified release drug products allow at least a two-fold reduction in dosing when compared to a drug that is presented in a conventional immediate release form. Modified release drug products are designed to release active pharmaceutical ingredient over a longer duration of time; At least, longer than an immediate release (I.R) formulation. Many Pharmaceutical companies also utilize the proprietary advantages of Modified release formulations to extend the patent life cycle of commercial products thereby bringing in new business. Keywords: Immediate release (I.R), Modified release (M.R), Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), Loading doze (LD), Maintenance doze (MD), New Drug Application (NDA)

Novel formulations of docetaxel, paclitaxel and doxorubicin in the management of metastatic breast cancer.

The management of breast cancer with advanced disease or metastasis is a common problem in India and other countries. A panel of 13 oncology experts deliberated on the sidelines of the 35th Indian Cooperative Oncology Network Conference held in Mumbai to formulate an expert opinion recommendation on the novel drug delivery system (NDDS) formulations in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The survey comprised of 39 questions related to limitations of conventional formulations and therapeutic positioning of NDDS formulations of docetaxel, paclitaxel and doxorubicin in the management of MBC. The experts used data from published literature and their practical experience to provide expert opinion and recommendations for use by the community oncologists. The experts opined that the newer NDDS formulations should provide a significant efficacy advantage in terms of overall survival and progression-free survival, or demonstrate better tolerability when compared with conventional formulations. The newer NDDS formulations of taxanes should be considered in special circumstances such as diabetes, in patients who have had hypersensitivity reactions and in cases where steroids need to be avoided. The novel formulations of doxorubicin should be used in the elderly and in patients with borderline cardiac function.

Novel Approaches of Herbal Drug Delivery

From ancient times, herbal medicines are in use to cure the diseases due to their potential and less side effects. But difficulties in identification, processing, standardizing, extracting of herbal drugs, it rarely attracts scientists towards the development of novel delivery systems for herbal drugs. The reduced efficacy of herbal drugs is due to the traditional and out of date approach of administration to patients. To minimize these problems various novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) such as phytosomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, herbal transdermal patches, nanoparticles and biphasic emulsions are used nowadays. Novel approach of delivering herbal drugs will increase the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines along with the increased stability of the drug product. These techniques provide improved patient compliance, sustained release and targeted action of plant actives and extracts. This review summarizes the information of various novel techniques used for improving safety and efficacy of phytomedicines, type of active ingredients, biological activity and application of novel formulation of herbal drugs to achieve better therapeutic response.

Application of Chitosan and its Derivatives in Nanocarrier Based Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems.

The respiratory tract as a non-invasive route of drug administration is gaining increasing attention in the present time on achieving both local and the systemic therapeutic effects. Success in achieving pulmonary delivery, requires overcoming barriers including mucociliary clearance and uptake by macrophages. An effective drug delivery system delivers the therapeutically active moieties at the right time and rate to target sites. A major limitation associated with most of the currently available conventional and controlled release drug delivery devices is that not all the drug candidates are well absorbed uniformly locally or systemically. We searched and reviewed the literature focusing on chitosan and chitosan derivative based nanocarrier systems used in pulmonary drug delivery. We focused on the applications of chitosan in the development of nanoparticles for this purpose. Chitosan, a natural linear bio-polyaminosaccharide is central in the development of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) including nanoparticles for use in the treatment of various respiratory diseases. It achieves this through its unique properties of biodegradability, biocompatibility, mucoadhesivity and its ability to enhance macromolecule permeation across membranes. It also achieves sustained and targeted effects, primary requirements for an effective pulmonary drug delivery system. This review highlights the applications and importance of chitosan with special emphasis on nanotechnology, employed in the management of respiratory diseases such as asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis. This review will be of interest to both the biological and formulation scientists as it provides a summary on the utility of chitosan in pulmonary drug delivery systems. At present, there are no patented chitosan based controlled release products available for pulmonary drug delivery and so this area has enormous potential in the field of respiratory science.

Herbal Drug Nanoparticles: Advancements in Herbal Treatment

Herbal medicines have been used all over the world from last many years. Especially in India, there is wide market for herbals. Herbal medicines have less adverse effects as compared with modern medicines. The delivery of plant/herbal therapeutic molecules as drugs is problematic due to poor solubility, poor permeability, low bioavailability, instability in biological milieu and extensive first pass metabolism. These limitations of herbal drugs can be overcome by attaching or encapsulating them with suitable nanomaterials. Over the past decade, major advances have been made on development of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) from plant actives and extracts. By developing new formulation as nano herbal medicines like nanoparticles, dendrimers, Nano crystals, Quantum dots, Nanosperes, Nanocapsules, herbal market get good feedback. The new approach in herbals as nanotechnology have a sound future which has a scientific approach to deliver the component in sustained manner which increase the patient compliance and avoid repeated administration. So many conditions like bacterial infection, hepatotoxicity, inflammation, oxidation and chronic diseases like cancer, wound healing can be cured by nano herbals more effectively as compared to allopathic medicines. The next most important step for herbal formulations is their standardization which establishes consistent biological activity, consistent chemical profile or simply a quality assurance program. This review will provide information of the use of nanotechnology for herbal drugs, nanoparticles, formulation techniques of nanoparticles and their standardization.