Compound Nouns Research Articles

Conceptual blending in entrenched Persian noun-noun nominal compounds

Abstract The current paper offers an analysis of a set of 27 entrenched endocentric, exocentric, and copulative āb (water)-noun nominal compounds in Persian with both right- and left-headed compounds, based on the network model of conceptual blending theory. Given that an emergent meaning is involved in endocentric and copulative compounds, the same as in exocentric compounds, the paper argues that all types of compounds can be insightfully defined as conceptual blends. However, the conceptual blending network model fails to show the distinct role of head and modifier in the overall meaning of compounds, on the one hand, and the qualifying difference in the extent of emergent meaning among various types of compound words, on the other hand. Our study also lends support to a correspondence between the continuum of integration networks and the continuum of figurativity in compounds.

The Morphological and Graphical Substitution of Ältere Komposita. Etymological Archaism and Contemporaneous Perception as Opposing Principles

In the third millennium BC, Ältere Komposita were a prolific kind of compound nouns with specific morphological features, above all, word stress on a non-last constituent. In order to match the stress and syllable structure patterns of younger stages of ancient Egyptian, Ältere Komposita were either mutilated or substituted with neologisms. At the same time, the graphical representation of retained Ältere Komposita became a playground for the learnèd élite between the poles of tradition and innovative substitution. This contribution explores strategies of substitution in the realms of morphology and of writing.

Lithuanian equivalents of German nominal compounds in an anonymous German-Lithuanian manuscript from the 17th century Lexicon Lithuanicum

This paper analyses Lithuanian equivalents of German nominal compounds in an anonymous bilingual dictionary of the 17th century Lexicon Lithuanicum. 1208 words translated into Lithuanian were used for the analysis of the German compounds. Firstly, the article focuses on the Lithuanian equivalents, which are simple words (simplicias) and word phrases (syntagms), then the German words translated into Lithuanian as derivatives and compound nouns are described. The presented data are compared with the research results of other manuscripts (bilingual dictionaries C and B) from the 17th–18th centuries.
 According to the research data, the majority of the German nominal compounds recorded in the dictionary were translated into Lithuanian by simple words or syntagms. Almost a half of the German compounds were rendered into Lithuanian as derivatives, very often represented by suffixation. Lithuanian compound nouns, which serve as equivalents of German compounds make up only about 10 percent of the analyzed words, and are usually represented by N+N word-formation type.

When teaching works and time helps: Noun modification in L2 English school children

AbstractThe study focuses on the interaction between length of exposure and instruction in the L2 English acquisition process of L1 Spanish school children. Two target structures involving noun premodification are targeted: noun–noun (NN) compounds and adjective–noun (AN) strings. Four groups of participants have been studied for 3 years: a group that has been exposed to a specifically designed teaching program targeting NN compounds and a group that has received the regular English instruction program which does not address this structure as part of the curriculum. Two age subgroups appear in each case. The longitudinal judgment data elicited show that performance improves in the cooperation between length of exposure and the exposure to the NN instruction program. Furthermore, it is this last issue that actually takes the lead in that the NN instruction program directly impacts on not only NN compounds but also AN strings. This points to instruction being determinant in the L2 learning process; that is, a consciously and carefully directed instruction is proven to be more effective than length of exposure itself. This study on longitudinal experimental data contributes to shed light on the factors involved in instructed L2 acquisition.

COLOCATIONS OF TEXTS OF THE CIVIL CODE OF UKRAINE

Modern understanding of legal linguistics has expanded significantly as the relationship between jurisprudence and linguistics in the study of language issues of the legal field has changed The article is devoted to the study of the colocation structure of the texts of the Civil Code of Ukraine. It has been established that collocations are statistically stable compounds that form a certain continuum between free and stable compounds. It is proved that the conclusion of collocations of the texts of the Civil Code of Ukraine provides for a combination of the corpus method with distributive and contextual analysis. In this article, it is claimed that contemporary changes in the humanities justify the expansion of the range of jurisprudence integration to some other approaches, different from formalistic and pragmatic ones. The paper describes the features of legal language as a specialized system of legal concepts, provides communication needs in the field of legal science and practice. The article presents an overview of scientific works devoted to the study of the language of juridical field that covers general theoretical problems of juridical terminology, its history, formation and development issues, precision and normativity of separate terms and also linguistic features of separate juridical terminology Typical of an explicit definition is a simple sentence with a compound noun predicate that can function with zero or lexical verb conjunction. The complexity and specialized nature of legal cases determine the special requirements for the training and experience of a lawyer. To maintain the necessary level of knowledge and skills, a lawyer must constantly engage in his education and training.

Decontextualized Language Skills in Children with Developmental Language Disorder and Developmental Dyslexia: Evidence from a Word Definition Task

The present study investigates the development of decontextualized language skills, by means of a word definition task, in children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) & Developmental Dyslexia (DD). Although these disorders have a common basis and have studied for different aspects of language abilities, no studies, to date, have compared them in terms of their word definitional skills. Addressing this gap, the present study examined thirty-six children with DLD, or DD or typically developing (TD) age-matched children. All participants were tested on their expressive vocabulary, non-verbal abilities and on their definitional skills. In the definitional task they had to define 16 words (8 nouns, 4 verbs, and 4 adjectives; simple vs. compound, abstract vs. concrete) orally. Definitions were evaluated on both content and form. Results have shown that more decontextualized language was used by the TD group than by the two impaired groups and the DD group exhibited the use of more decontextualized language than the DLD group. By contrast, no differences were found among the groups in form. Delving into different word characteristics more demanding were found to be abstract and compound words. DLD group faced more difficulties than the other groups in compound abstract nouns. Fewer differences were found in verbs suggesting that formal definitions of verbs are equally demanding for all groups. Findings suggest that these two disorders have more similarities in most of the categories in terms of the use of decontextualized language. The present study offers new knowledge on the development of definitional skills and indicates that research should investigate them in the light of interrelation of different word characteristics; otherwise the picture we get can be misleading.

The formations of bare-stem, closed compound nouns in English

Compounding is one of the most productive type of word formation processes in English and it is arguably the most controversial one in terms of its linguistic analysis. This paper aims at describing the formations of bare-stem, closed compound noun in English. This is a descriptive qualitative research, conducted by subclassifying the compound nouns into formations that are based on the word class of each element that constructs the compound. The result of the study shows that, firstly, there are thirteen formations from which bare-stem closed compound nouns can be constructed. Secondly, nouns, verbs, and adjectives can combine rather freely in compounding despite the patterns are not equally productive. This study also highlights the constraints in subclassifying compounds, which is a prevalent issue that has been widely recognized by scholars. Keywords: English morphology, compounding, noun, word formation

영어 의미구조의 개념화: 전경-배경 조직을 중심으로

This paper aims to discuss the correlation between a conceptualization and the semantic structures through figure-ground organization. Incorporated are also the features of figure-ground organization inherent in language and revealed new characteristics of it in English structures. The results of the study are as follows: in the phonological and morphological structures, figure is characterized by ‘detail’. In the grammatical structures, nouns have the feature of a figure, but adjectives have a ‘ground’ feature with the meaning of result, and the first component of a compound noun functions as a ground, whereas the modified noun functions as a figure. The basic meaning of polysemy can be a ground, and the extended meaning of it can be a figure. Hyponym is the ground, but hypernym is the figure. The profiled entity of active zone phenomenon is represented as a figure. The source domain of conceptual metaphor and metonymy corresponds to the ground, while target domain corresponds to the figure.

The Tips on Teaching Compounds

To teach compounds effectively, this paper aims to explore the rules in terms of their grammatical categories, stress, and meaning. The study shows that there are two rules to predict the grammatical categories of compounds:Generally speaking, if the head of compounds is the content word, the grammatical categories of compounds are determined by the right-hand words.If the head of compounds is the function word, the grammatical categories of compounds are usually determined by the left-hand words. In addition, there are several rules to determine the stress of compounds. For example, the primary stress of noun compounds is placed on the first element, and light stress is on the second. Also, the meaning of the head of the compound seems to be central to the meaning of the whole compound. The pedagogical implications are also suggested.

English Compound Meaning Predictability: An Exploratory Cross-Linguistic Study

Compound words are integral to the development of word knowledge in English. This study explored cross-linguistic similarities and differences in compound-meaning inference, focusing on the semantic relation between the modifier and head in noun-noun compounds. Semantic relation specifies how the meanings of the modifier and head are combined. Although some less-established compounds allow multiple semantic relation, causing ambiguity in meaning, L1 speakers of English typically prefer using semantic relation/meaning. This study investigated whether English L2 students would be able to identify the dominant semantic relation of ambiguous novel compounds (e.g., child art). Two groups of English L2 university students, a Thai L1 group and a Vietnamese L1 group, completed a multiple-choice format, compound-meaning inference task, in which they identified the dominant meanings, as preferred by a group of native speakers of English. Results indicated that the Thai L1 and Vietnamese L1 groups did not differ in their overall mean scores for the dominant meanings, although they demonstrated some differences at the item level. This study discusses the need for more cross-linguistic studies in compound words. Keywords: compound processing; second language; vocabulary; semantics; meaning predictability

Compound Adjectives in General and in French Language in Specific

Compounding is an effectiv process of morphology to produce new items in dictionary. In this research we focus on compound adjectives in general and its’ properties in in French language. In this research we easily identify that compound adjectives are very rarely studied compared to compound nouns. This research starts by an introduction about compound adjectives and then the basic items that are used to create compound adjectives are presented, then we foucus on the cases that are no considerd as compound in French language, after that we specify the types of compounding and the pattern that are used to form compound adjectives in French language. At the end we talk about endocentric and exocentric compound adjectives. Finaly, we come to the conclution that this subject is ill-posed and very far from being clearly resolved and thesre are many different approaches to define this subject. For this reason, we tried to present add the different approaches.

Banjar Archaic Vocabulary: An Anthropological Linguistic Studies

Banjar archaic is an ancient ethnic Banjar language that some speakers still speak in remote areas or older speakers. Banjar archaic language is unique in terms of disclosure, so it is exciting to research. Banjar's archaic vocabulary must be well documented so that the vocabulary does not disappear over time. This study aims to identify the vocabulary of the Banjar language archaic and describe the class category of Banjar archaic. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method with the emic approach. The subject of this study was the Banjar ethnic community with an age range of 40-65 years. The research was conducted in Peat Subdistrict, Banjar Regency. The results showed that the vocabulary of Banjar language archaic is still used by Banjar ethnicity, as evidenced by the discovery of eighty-eight vocabulary with four types of word classes, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numerals. Of the four types of word classes, which are still widely used are the class of nouns in the form of basic nouns and compound nouns. While the least is numeral found only one vocabulary. The surviving vocabulary of Banjar archaic is caused by several factors of community culture, namely farming and community patterns that still uphold Banjar customs.

Compound Words in The Land of Stories The Wishing Spell Novel By Chris Colfer

This research mainly aims at finding out the types and describing the meaning of compound words found in the novel The Land of Stories The Wishing Spell by Chris Colfer. This novel consists of 438 pages with 24 chapters. Descriptive qualitative method was used in this research to analyze the data. This research used the theory from McCarthy (2002) and Ullman (1972). The result of this research shows there are three types of compound words found, namely; compound noun, compound adjective, and compound verb with 106 total data found. Meanwhile, there are two kinds of meaning found, those are transparent and opaque meaning.

ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH COMPOUND WORDS IN AN ARTTICLE OF LIFE AND STYLE COLUMN

In a text, the kinds of words are found in many different word-formations. Therefore, every language shows new words such as inflection, derivation, and compounding. However, those methods cannot be used generally when it comes to texts. It can be determined whether a word is a noun or a phrase by a number of factors. As a result, this research will provide precise information about how compounding is used in the text. The research objectives are (1) What kinds of compound words found in the life and style columns of the Jakarta Globe article? (2) How the English compound words described in the life and style columns of the Jakarta Globe article? Further, this research employs a qualitative approach as suggested by Creswell (2014). The data were taken from an article in one of English newspapers in Indonesia entitled "Designers of the Runaway as Jakarta Fashion Weeks Takes off" from the life and style column in Jakarta Globe. The finding of the research showed that there were two types of compound words that found in the article entitled "Designers of the Runaway as Jakarta Fashion Weeks Takes off" from the life and style column in the Jakarta Globe. Those are exocentric and endocentric compound words. Besides, noun compound, verb compound, and adjective compound are the lexical categories that were produced by the process of compounding.

MORPHOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY OF COMPOUND NOUNS IN ENGLISH AT THE LEVEL OF WORD-FORMATION RULES

This paper tries to present morphological productivity of compound nouns in a corpus comprised of news, literary, academic and TV registers using an onomasiological approach, namely, the productivity at the level of word-formation rules. The productivity at the aforementioned level is the union of the productivity at the level of word-formation types and morphological types. By using manual, descriptive, analytic and statistical methods, we came to 571 examples of compound nouns that fell into 10 different conceptual categories (Agent, Action, Result, Object, Location, Instrument, Substance, Time, Quantity, State), i.e. clusters. Each cluster offered pieces of information on the interaction of different concepts within different word-formation types together with the morphological aspect through different morphological types, which was the aim of the paper. The results proved our initial hypothesis that the interaction of different elements is of the utmost significance for better understanding of compounding. The interaction of two concepts dominated all clusters while the combination of two stems, especially two nouns, dominated morphological types.

Metonymical noun-noun nominal compounds in Persian

ABSTRACT This study investigates patterns in metonymical noun-noun compounds in Persian and examines similarities and differences between metonymical compounds in Persian and in English. A detailed analysis of 435 metonymical compounds reveals the following patterns of metonymy-based compounds in Persian: i) metonymical modifier, ii) metonymical head, iii) metonymical head and modifier, iv) compound as a metonymical whole, and v) a whole-part/part-whole metonymic relationship between the components of the compound. The quantitative analysis shows that compounds with a whole-part/part-whole metonymical relationship and compounds with metonymical modifier are by far the most frequent patterns, a result that may be explained by the ease of processing of these two compound types resulting from the transparency of their head element. Comparing patterns of metonymical compounds in Persian with those described in English shows that the first four patterns are observable in both English and Persian whereas the two languages differ to some extent in the last pattern. While Persian compounds with compound-internal metonymic relationships instantiate either whole-part or part-whole metonymies, English compounds with internal metonymic relationship instantiate part-part metonymy as well as whole-part and part-whole metonymies.

WORD-FORMULATIVE POTENTIAL OF THE WORD "КӨК" IN THE MODERN KAZAKH LANGUAGE

In the Kazakh language, the word "blue" is considered a homonym. In our language, this word has become the basis for many words used in the meanings of a noun, an adjective, and the quality of an object. The article defines the word-building potential of the word "blue" in the modern Kazakh language based on the analysis of the word-building nest derived from this word. Linguistic data, i.e. derived words are collected from the "Dictionary of compound nouns" by the scientist B. Kasym and "Dictionary of the Kazakh literary language", "Explanatory dictionary of the Kazakh language" by M. Buralkyuly. The works of such scientists as N.Oralbai, O.Tokkozhaeva, T.Tokhtarov, N.Kokisheva, B.Yesimseitov, K.Kurmanaliev, D.Kuandykov, who studied the problem of word-formation nest, the works of I.A.Batmanov, A.N. Kononov, G.A. Aidarova, A. Kaidarov, Z. Akhtamberdieva, B. Omirbekov, G. Zh. Bayaliyeva, N. N. Aitova, S. A. Rakhimberlina, B. K. Kasym Kazakh linguistics. In addition, 271 derived words are determined in five word-building cells from five semantic fields of the word "blue" and the number of words formed in the word-building nest by synthetic, analytical, lexico-semantic word-formation methods. Since the word blue is a homonym used in five different meanings, this word forms five word-building cells. The first derivational nest is formed from the word blue (adjective) in the sense of color, the second derivational nest is formed from the word blue in the sense of green grass, the third derivational nest is formed from the word blue in the sense of sky, the fourth derivational nest is formed from the word blue in the sense of a flat ribbon, cut from camel skin, the fifth derivational nest is formed from the word blue in the sense of immature, raw.

Exploring Variability in Compound Tensification in Seoul Korean.

In Korean noun-noun compounds, the lenis onset consonant in the second noun is often realized as a tense consonant. Although extensive work has been carried out to clarify its causes and relevant phonological processes, this tensification is deemed not entirely predictable. This paper presents a speech production experiment that confirms the existing findings that the variability in tensification is predictable to a certain extent. The experimental results also showed that the relationship between the predictors and the variability is not linear and that tensification mirrors the cognitively determined boundary strength. Native Korean speakers calibrate the boundary strength by incorporating complex information, such as the word's length, segment type, frequency, and plausibility of the compound. While a "tight" boundary led to high tensification probability, it was not affected by speaking-rate variation. Furthermore, the perceived compound's plausibility directly affected the duration of the tensified consonant. Importantly, the findings suggest that speakers' calibration of the boundary strength is fluid and changeable over time and it affects both phonological and phonetic outputs. Finally, variability in data was reduced for the experimental conditions leading to either extremely high or low tensification probability, and there seemed to be lexicalized exceptions to the general trends.

Impairment of semantic composition in schizophrenia: An ERP study with lexical stimuli

The ability of taking advantage of contextual constraints to facilitate semantic composition is impaired in schizophrenia, especially when control demands are high. This study examined the deficit using a primed lexical decision task with low control demands. Furthermore, two types of two-character Chinese words, binding nouns and compound nouns representing different levels of compositional difficulty, were employed to explore processing differences between schizophrenic (N = 35) and healthy (N = 18) participants. With the initial character of each word serving as the prime (context), participants judged as quickly and accurately as possible whether the final character, presented subsequently (SOA = 1000 ms) as the target, could combine and form a real word. Analyses of the N400 effect indicated that, even when integrating a one-character target into a one-character context, schizophrenic patients demonstrated lower efficiency than healthy controls, possibly due to deficiency in sustained attention and memory maintenance. However, their sensitivity to different levels of compositional difficulty seemed to be preserved. Specifically, as the initial characters of binding nouns could generate strong expectancies for their respective final characters, there was a processing advantage (greater N400 effect) of binding nouns over compound nouns, which was observed in both healthy and schizophrenic participants. Implications for the mechanisms underlying impairment of semantic composition in schizophrenia are discussed.

Compound noun types in Turkish

Birleşik isimler, yeni bir kavramı karşılamak için iki veya daha fazla kelimenin bir araya getirilmesiyle oluşan yeni kelimelerdir. Anlam bakımından iki tür birleşik isim vardır: 1. Belirtili birleşik isimler: taş fırın, çayevi. Belirtili birleşik isimler iki unsurdan oluşur. Birinci unsur, belirten; ikinci unsur ise belirtilendir. Ayrıca ikinci unsur, birleşik ismin baş unsuru olarak tanımlanır. Her bir unsur, birden fazla sözcük türünden oluşabilir. Fakat bu tür birleşik isimlerde baş unsur, hiçbir zaman yalın bir sıfat olmaz. Yalnız bu gruba ait olan kalıplaşmış birleşik isimlerde yalın bir sıfat birinci ve ikinci unsur olabilir: karabaş birleşik kelimesinin birinci, sırtıkara kelimesin ikinci unsuru bir sıfattır. 2. Belirtisiz birleşik isimler: alışveriş, demirbaş. Belirtisiz birleşik isimler de iki unsurdan oluşmaktadır. Her bir unsur da birbirinden farklı sözcük türünden oluşan birden fazla öğeden oluşabilir. Belirtisiz birleşik isimlerde belirtili birleşik isimlerden farklı olarak bir baş öğe bulunmaz, her kelimenin kendi başına bir anlamı vardır. Birleşik isimler ayrı ve bitişik yazılabilir. Bazı birleşik isimler ayrı yazıldığında anlamı da değişir: aslanağzı bir çiçektir ve aslan ağzı ise herhangi bir aslanın ağzı demektir. Ayrıca birleşik isimler, biçimbilimsel olarak isim, fiil, sıfat vb. gibi çok çeşitli kelime türleri ve bazı eklerle yapılır. Birleşik isim yapılarında en önemli eklerden birisi de Türkçeye özgü iyelik ekidir. Bu ek bazı birleşik isimlerde anlam ayırt etmektedir, kadın doktor ve kadın doktoru gibi.