Compound Nouns Research Articles

PECULIARITIES OF SEMANTICS AND GRAMMATICAL ORGANIZATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE NEBO COMPONENT

The article examines the peculiarities of semantics and grammatical organization of phraseological units (further – PUs) with the nebo component. It is noted that both phraseological macro- and microsystems in Ukrainian linguistics began to be intensively studied only in the late XX-early XXI centuries. The purpose of the proposed intelligence is to investigate the place of the PU microsystem with the nebo component in the Ukrainian phraseology, to describe the semantics features, its grammatical organization representing this microsystem. The reference base was thesaurus and phraseological dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, internet sites, as well as the author’s own phraseological catalogue where 28 Pus are subject to analysis, the theoretical and methodological basis of research is the works of Ukrainian linguists, in which individual phraseological micro- and macro-systems are studied. The analysis of the PUs with nebo component gave grounds to summarize: 1. The microsystem of the PUs with the nebo component is relatively small, but rather diverse in its semantic features and grammatical organization; 2. for such PUs, as well as for the whole Ukrainian language in general, the phenomena of polysemy, synonymy and antonymy are characteristic phenomena; 3. the nebo component in such PUs is used in all case forms, with the exception of the vocative case. Most of the PUs of this microsystem is formed with the nebo component in the accusative singular case without a preposition (rarely): nebo prykhylyty with prepositions z: skynuty z neba na zemliu, padaty z neba, yak hrim z yasnoho neba, etc. (only 12 PUs); the least examples – in the dative singular and genitive plural: as hot as the heavens, to raise to the heavens (only 1 PU); 4. almost all syntactic structures in the microsystem of the PUs with the component nebo are presented here as well as for the whole Ukrainian phraseology in general: a) PUs related to the subordinate phrase: lizty do neba, distavaty zori z neba, etc.; b) PUs related to the word combinations: yak nebo vid zemli vyrosty, yak zirok na nebi, etc.; c) PUs as comparatives: khai kaminnia z neba padaie, etc., and two fold: dusha vidlitaie v nebo, as well as the subjunctive part of a compound sentence: de zemlia skhodytsia z nebom, etc.; 5. PUs with the component sky can appear in a sentence as a predicate (simple verb, compound noun, compound verb), circumstance; 6. semantic features and grammatical peculiarities of such PUs should be a subject to run a separate investigation in comparative aspect.

Reassembling Fragmented Entity Names: A Novel Model for Chinese Compound Noun Processing

In the process of classifying intelligent assets, we encountered challenges with a limited dataset dominated by complex compound noun phrases. Training classifiers directly on this dataset posed risks of overfitting and potential misinterpretations due to inherent ambiguities in these phrases. Recognizing the gap in the current literature for tailored methods addressing this challenge, this paper introduces a refined approach for the accurate extraction of entity names from such structures. We leveraged the Chinese pre-trained BERT model combined with an attention mechanism, ensuring precise interpretation of each token’s significance. This was followed by employing both a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and an LSTM-based Sequence Parsing Model, tailored for sequence annotation and rule-based parsing. With the aid of a rule-driven decoder, we reconstructed comprehensive entity names. Our approach adeptly extracts structurally coherent entity names from fragmented compound noun phrases. Experiments on a manually annotated dataset of compound noun phrases demonstrate that our model consistently outperforms rival methodologies. These results compellingly validate our method’s superiority in extracting entity names from compound noun phrases.

Word-Formations and Semantic Relations of Compound Words Found in <em>National Geographic</em> Magazines

This study aims to identify and classify the compound words, and their semantic relations and to interpret the meanings of the newly coined compound words found in National Geographic magazines January to June 2019 edition. This study uses qualitative methods to analyze the data. This research focused on the classification of compound words according to Delahunty & Garvey (2010): compound nouns (CN), compound verbs (CV), compound adjectives (CAdj), compound adverbs (CAv), and neoclassical compound (NCC). The results of the study show that there are 241 data of compound words. Compound nouns become the most dominant types (144), followed by neoclassical compounds (45), compound adjectives (37), compound verbs (12), and the least frequent is compound adverb (3). For the analysis of semantic relations, the study shows that endocentric compounds become the most dominant semantic relations with 170 data, meanwhile 71 data are exocentric compounds. The researcher found at least six newly coined and theme-related compounds that whose meanings have not been found in the referenced dictionaries.

SYSTEMATIZATION OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH WITH THE ADJECTIVE DECLENSION TYPE IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

The history of the formation of the system of parts of speech, in particular those that have an adjectival declension type, is analyzed in the article. Grammarians usually qualify such words as adjectival units and refer to them as adjectives, adverbs, and part of numerals and pronouns, which for a long time belonged to different parts of the language.
 Based on the analysis of national grammar studies, we can conclude that in recent decades there has been a certain difference between the systematizations practiced in school and higher education close to it, and the typologies of parts of speech offered by academic publications. This, in particular, applies to words with an adjectival paradigm.
 In our opinion, it is worth unifying such a classification of words, while adjectives will be identified as proper adjectives (qualitative, relative, possessive), ordinal and pronominal adjectives, and participle.
 The basis for such systematization is primarily the main criteria for distinguishing parts of the language, such as: semantic, because all words answer the question which? (whose?) and indicate a sign by quality, relation to material, time, distance, etc., belonging, order of number or action; morphological, which we can qualify as basic because gender, number, and case are determined in almost all such lexemes; syntactic, because in a sentence such words are mostly agreed definitions or noun parts of compound noun predicates.
 In the future, it is necessary to consider other problematic issues of morphology, such as the differentiation of service parts of speech, verb forms, adverbial constructions, etc.

Meaning creation in novel noun-noun compounds: humans and language models

ABSTRACT The interpretation of novel noun-noun compounds (NNCs, e.g. “devil salary”) requires the combination of nouns in the absence of syntactic cues, an interesting facet of complex meaning creation. Here we examine unconstrained interpretations of a large set of novel NNCs, to investigate how NNC constituents are combined into novel complex meanings. The data show that words’ lexical-semantic features (e.g. material, agentivity, imageability, semantic similarity) differentially contribute to the grammatical relations and the semantics of NNC interpretations. Further, we demonstrate that passive interpretations incur higher processing cost (longer interpretation times and more eye-movements) than active interpretations. Finally, we show that large language models (GPT-2, BERT, RoBERTa) can predict whether a NNC is interpretable by human participants and estimate differences in processing cost, but do not exhibit sensitivity to more subtle grammatical differences. The experiments illuminate how humans can use lexical-semantic features to interpret NNCs in the absence of explicit syntactic information.

Noun Compound Interpretation With Relation Classification and Paraphrasing

Noun compounds are abundant in various languages and their interpretations have been applied in a wide range of NLP tasks. However, most existing work only uses relation classification- or paraphrasing-based methods to model this problem, failing in coverage or accuracy. We argue that the above two approaches are complementary to each other for the noun compound interpretation. In this paper, we propose a two-phase strategy to solve this task. The first phase is to perform the relation classification sub-task with a novel multi-view representation learning model. When noun compounds are predicted as the non-semantic relation, i.e., NA, or the confidence scores are below the threshold, the second phase, namely paraphrasing, will be triggered to interpret noun compounds with a contrastive slot filling method. To evaluate the effectiveness of our methods, we construct the largest Chinese dataset for noun compound interpretation in the life service domain. The experimental results on our constructed and public datasets prove the effectiveness of our solution. Furthermore, the online A/B testing on Meituan APP suggests that the Query View Click-Through Rate increases by 0.91% when noun compounds are used to enrich semantic information of items with the help of their interpretations on the platform.

Aspects of semantic supplementation in compound nouns of Jeonnam Dialect

Aspects of semantic supplementation in compound nouns of Jeonnam Dialect

A Dataset of 108 Novel Noun-Noun Compound Words with Active and Passive Interpretation

We created a dataset of 205 English novel noun-noun compounds (NNCs, e.g., “doctor charity”) by combining nouns with higher and lower agentivity (i.e., the probability of being an agent in a sentence). We collected active and passive interpretations of NNCs from a group of 58 English native speakers. We then measured interpretation time differences between NNCs with active and passive interpretations (i.e., 108 NNCs), using data obtained from a group of 68 English native speakers. Data were collected online using crowdsourcing platforms (SONA and Prolific). The datasets are available at osf.io/gvc2w/ and can be used to address questions about semantic and syntactic composition.

Wolf-hound vs. sled-dog: neurolinguistic evidence for semantic decomposition in the recognition of German noun-noun compounds.

Animacy is an intrinsic semantic property of words referring to living things. A long line of evidence shows that words with animate referents require lower processing costs during word recognition than words with inanimate referents, leading among others to a decreased N400 amplitude in reaction to animate relative to inanimate objects. In the current study, we use this animacy effect to provide evidence for access to the semantic properties of constituents in German noun-noun compounds. While morphological decomposition of noun-noun compounds is well-researched and illustrated by the robust influence of lexical constituent properties like constituent length and frequency, findings for semantic decomposition are less clear in the current literature. By manipulating the animacy of compound modifiers and heads, we are able to manipulate the relative ease of lexical access strictly due to intrinsic semantic properties of the constituents. Our results show additive effects of constituent animacy, with a higher number of animate constituents leading to gradually attenuated N400 amplitudes. We discuss the implications of our findings for current models of complex word recognition, as well as stimulus construction practices in psycho-and neurolinguistic research.

How to Perform English Word Stress on English Pronunciation

Word stress is a suprasegmental feature in English pronunciation. The word stress supports the correct articulation of English pronunciation. This qualitative research revealed the position of stress in English words. This research captured the pattern of English word stress. There are several phonologists discussing the word stress such as Chomsky, Hale, and Giegerich. The data taken was from the Oxford English Dictionary and from the English native spoken by observing, reading, listening, and noting. The way to analyze the data applied the textual analysis. The result of this research is the pattern of the English word stress articulation. From this research, it is known that the number of syllables determines the position of the stress. The ultimate stress occurs in two-syllable words. The penultimate and antepenultimate syllables occur in the words which have more than two syllables. The stress in the first syllable occurs in one-syllable, two-syllable, three-syllable, and four-syllable words. Stress does not fall on the affixes. However, the stress falls on the preposition for phrasal verbs. There is variation of stress position on the compound nouns and noun phrases due to their formation. Knowing stress’ position while pronouncing English helps distinguish the meaning literally.

Semantic relations classification in Hindi compound nouns using embeddings

Semantic relations classification in Hindi compound nouns using embeddings

The role of L1 translation form in L2 compound processing: the case of native Czech speakers processing German noun-noun compounds

This study explores how Czech-German late bilinguals process German (L2) noun-noun compounds. Using a lexical decision task combined with translation constituent priming, we investigated two factors potentially influencing the L2 compound processing: (a) the compound translation corresponds to one derived noun (e.g., Abendstern—večernice, ‘evening star') or to an adjective + noun phrase (e.g., Weizenmehl—pšeničná mouka, ‘wheat flour'); and (b) the compound translation entails translations of compound constituents (L1 translation of Abendstern, večernice, includes only first constituent, i.e. modifier, Abend = večer, ‘evening'; L1 translation of Weizenmehl, pšeničná mouka, includes both constituents, Weizen = pšenice, ‘wheat', Mehl = mouka, ‘flour'). Two experiments were conducted; one focussing on head priming, the other on modifier priming. The results are in line with non-selective bilingual access and decomposition of L2 compounds. They reveal no influence of factor (a), while (b) affects processing.

Criteria for writing compound nouns (contact-hyphen) in modern Russian orthography

The subject of the study is the regularities of the distribution of merged and hyphenated spellings of complex nouns in modern rules. Special attention is paid to identifying the main criteria for the design of the words of the studied group in the "Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation" of 1956, which still have the status of a set of spelling norms of the state language. Since the current rules are outdated, the work also considers the prescriptions of updated, but not having an official status, academic rulebooks: the complete academic handbook of 2006 and the newest electronic resource of OROSS "Spelling commentary of the Russian Dictionary" by E. V. Beshenkova, O. E. Ivanova, E. V. Tenkova. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it analyzes the modern rules of spelling of complex nouns and the criteria underlying them. The established inconsistency of codification of these norms originates in the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" of 1956 and is further developed in modern reference and educational literature, in particular in the complete academic handbook of 2006. As a result, it is concluded that it is necessary to include in the basic set of spelling rules a section containing the basic rules for distinguishing between merged and hyphenated spellings, set out briefly, simply and clearly.

Cebuano-Visayan Superbalita Select News Articles: A Morphosyntactic Analysis

The present study conducted an analysis of the morphosyntactic structures found in three specific news articles from the Cebuano-Visayan SuperBalita publication. The articles in question are titled "34 ka menor naluwas sa CCPO", "Signal Shutdown Sa Pasigarbo Sa Sugbo", and "Manindahay Sa Carbon Nabalaka Sa Grabi'ng Alkansi". The study aimed to address the following inquiries: the immediate constituents and rewrite rules of syntactic structures and the morphemic structures that comprise the content words within sentences of the news articles. The research employed a qualitative approach, specifically utilizing structural analysis. The frameworks of Corder's linear grammar and Pesirla's pedagogic grammar were employed, yielding the subsequent discoveries: The analysis of the three chosen textual samples revealed the presence of sixteen simple sentences, eleven complex sentences, and one compound sentence, specifically sentence 3, which was identified through its corresponding rewrite rules. The second problem's data unveiled the morphemic structures of content words, exhibiting a total of fifty nouns, fifty-eight verbs, five adjectives, and five adverbs. Most of the nouns present in the text are in their simple form, while three of them are compound nouns, namely uplan bulabug, minur di idad, and tunga’ng gabi. The prefix "ka" is employed in the formation of five complex nouns, namely kadagku-an, kagamhanan, kalihukan, kahigayuan, and kasumaran. On the other hand, the base words pama-agi and pasigarbu are utilized in the formation of the remaining two complex nouns, using the prefixes "pama" and "pasi". Most verb prefixes are observed to be bound morphemes, specifically "gi", "nag", "mag", "gipa", and "mu". The three chosen news articles from Cebuano-Visayan Superbalita exhibit the manifestation of morphosyntactic linearity, as indicated by the findings. Therefore, additional research on morphology and syntax may serve as a starting point for discourse that employs indigenous languages.

A case study of delexical nouns in an EFL setting

This paper demonstrates the relevance of delexical nouns (way, end, case and point) based on corpus findings, course book analyses and classroom experiments. To this end, first, delexical noun functions and frequencies have been studied in-depth in two large English language corpora: Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and British National Corpus (BNC). Additionally, the study reviewed the compound nouns' dictionary meanings. Two coursebooks, namely New English File and Face2Face, have been investigated to determine if delexical nouns are addressed in English language coursebooks to provide ideas to guide the learners in the classroom. Finally, a data-driven learning (DDL) experiment was carried out to assess the participants’ familiarity with the delexical nouns and their collocations. The results of the quantitative analysis from the study demonstrate that delexical nouns are introduced in the course books but are not explicitly explained. Consequently, there are no actual exercises to practise them. The classroom experiment findings reveal the participants’ positive attitude towards how the four delexical nouns, way, end, case and point, were introduced and taught.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ СУБСТАНТИВНИХ КОМПОЗИТІВ УКРАЇНСЬКОЮ МОВОЮ

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of translating English noun compounds in D. Eggers’ novel “The Circle” into Ukrainian. The approaches to defining the concepts of compounding and compounds were described. One hundred English noun compounds and their Ukrainian equivalents were analyzed, the translation methods of these lexical units were determined. It was established that to convey English noun compounds in the Ukrainian version of D. Eggers’ novel “The Circle” the following translation methods were used: selection of dictionary equivalents (40%), loan translation (39%), explication (11%) and various types of transcoding, in particular: transcription (4%), practical transliteration (2%), mixed transcoding (2%) and adaptive transcoding (2%). Most often, the selection of dictionary equivalents and loan translation were applied, which made it possible to preserve the semantic integrity of the compounds and made them accessible for understanding by Ukrainian readers. Loan translation was also used in cases of conveying the meaning of proper names – occasional author’s formations that contained the word Circle and other components associated with the company. Less common methods were explication and types of transcoding, which contributed to the compactness of the translation, and also helped to preserve the authenticity of the noun compounds used by the author of the novel. To translate the most used N+N structural type of noun compounds from English into Ukrainian, T. Boiko used 5 methods, which are dominated by word combinations in which N1 was translated into adjective. This can be explained by the fact that adjective-noun constructions are more common in the Ukrainian language, unlike English, in which noun-noun constructions are often used.

Peculiarities of semantics and grammatical organization of phraseological units with the "zemlia" component

The article examines the peculiarities of semantics and grammatical organization of phraseological units (further ‒ PUs) with the zemlia component. It is noted that both phraseological macro- and microsystems in Ukrainian linguistics began to be intensively studied only in the late 20th – early 21st c.
 The purpose of the proposed intelligence is to investigate the place of the PU microsystem with the zemlia component in the Ukrainian phraseology, to describe the semantics features, its grammatical organization representing this microsystem.
 The reference base was thesaurus and phraseological dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, internet sites, as well as the author’s own phraseological catalogue where 55 PUs are subject to analysis, the theoretical and methodological basis of research is the works of Ukrainian linguists, in which individual phraseological micro- and macro-systems are studied.
 The analysis of the PUs with zemlia component gave grounds to summarize: 1. the microsystem of the PUs with the zemlia component is relatively small, but rather diverse in its semantic features and grammatical organization; 2. for such PUs, as well as for the whole Ukrainian language in general, the phenomena of polysemy, synonymy and antonymy are characteristic phenomena; 3. the zemlia component in such PUs is used in all case forms, with the exception of the vocative case. Most of the PUs of this microsystem is formed with the zemlia component in the accusative singular case without a preposition (rarely): rvaty zemliu (tear up the earth) with prepositions v(u) (in(into)), ob (about), kriz’ (through): vrostaty v zemliu (grow into the ground (root itself)), lykhom ob zemliu (head the ground), yak kriz’ zemliu provalytysya (vanish into thin air), etc. (only 25 PUs); the least examples – in the genitive case of the plural: za trydev’yat’ zemel’ (go a long way (=go far, far away) (only 1 PU); 4. almost all syntactic structures in the microsystem of the PUs with the component ground are presented here as well as for the whole Ukrainian phraseology in general: a) PUs related to the subordinate phrase: toptaty zemliu (trample on the ground), z lytsya zemli (from the face of the earth), etc. b) PUs related to the word combinations: do zemli (to the earth), yak z-pid zemli (as from under the earth), etc.; c) PUs as comparatives: yak iz zemli vyrostatu (how to grow out of the ground), yak u zemliu vkopanyi (how to dig into the ground); d) PUs as a simple sentence (one-part and two-part): khoch zemliu yizh (even if you eat the Earth); azh zemlia stohne (the Earth groans), etc.; 5. PUs can also act in a sentence as a subject, predicate (simple, compound noun, compound verb), subordinate clause; 6. semantic features and grammatical peculiarities of such PUs should be a subject to run a separate investigation in comparative aspect.

Compound Words In Suwawa Language

This study examines compound words in the Suwawa language, which involve the combination of two words to create new meanings and are commonly used in Suwawa conversations. The research focuses on two key aspects: (1) the forms of compound words in Suwawa and (2) the meaning of compound words in Suwawa. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, the study aims to elucidate the forms and meanings of compound words in Suwawa. Data were collected from Suwawa language speakers residing in Tingkohubu Timur village, Suwawa Subdistrict, utilizing data collection tables and employing interview, documentation, listening, and recording techniques. The data analysis involved presenting, reducing, and verifying the data to draw comprehensive conclusions. The findings reveal two significant outcomes. Firstly, the Suwawa language exhibits three forms of compound words: substantive subordinative, attributive subordinative, and coordinative compound words. Secondly, compound words in Suwawa convey three distinct meanings: noun, verb, and adjective compound words. This research sheds light on the structure and semantic aspects of compound words in the Suwawa language, contributing to a deeper understanding of Suwawa linguistics.

On Compound Noun Formation with a Third Adjective in Secondary Chinese as the Prefix

On Compound Noun Formation with a Third Adjective in Secondary Chinese as the Prefix

Representation of the Quantitative Aspect of Abstract Objects in the German Engineering Discourse (in the Compound Nouns)

The article describes the linguistic means of expressing the quantitative side of abstract objects in the German engineering discourse. Using the semantic-cognitive analysis the work explores the cognitive, nominative and communicative potential of complex nouns, which reflect the integrated knowledge of the abstract object of the engineering field and the way of comprehending its quantitative characteristics. The cognitive potential of such constructions lies in the possibility of segmenting reality and in the realization of syntheses of an abstract object and its attribute. The study showed the widespread use of the words with parametric sense: capacity / volume, the large number, degree; their use as a part of compound nouns indicates the person's awareness of abstracts as the essence that can be measured. The nominative value is characterized by the productivity of the described word-building model. The communicative significance consists in the possibility of operating with such noun constructions in real communication and in their specification through other verbal refinements.