Northern Regions Of Russia Research Articles

Продолжительность жизни населения северных регионов России: тенденции и резервы роста

The article is devoted to the tendencies in life expectancy of population of the northern regions of Russia in the context of growth and regional convergence indicator in the early 2000s and possibilities for its further growth. The sources of information are the official Rosstat data. Life expectancy in the North has been found to be largely subordinate to the Russian-wide patterns of the regional convergence: the compaction of the northern constituent entities to the national average level occurred at both the top and bottom levels. Both the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Districts experienced a significant decline, as did the gap in most regions with life expectancy below that of the Russian Federation. Only Kamchatka Krai and Magadan Oblast increased the lag, while maintaining group affiliation in the regional grouping in terms of life expectancy. The potential for the further growth in life expectancy in the North is being determined by the insufficient reduction in mortality caused by the circulatory system diseases and increase in the neoplasm mortality within the period of 2003–2019, and environmental and behavioral risk factors reflected in the differences in life expectancy in different settlements, its gender differentiation and the high level of mortality from external causes. The large difference in life expectancy between urban and rural areas makes the large potential in the northern regions except Murmansk Oblast and partly the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Almost all northern constituent entities have a significant potential posed by the male under-representation indicator. Despite a significant rate of decline, external causes of death and their share in cause-related mortality are widespread in the North. With the exception of the Chukotka Autonomous District, within recent years, infant mortality rate in the North has been fairly good — it can no longer be considered as a potential for the life expectancy growth of population.

Innovative Development in Northern Russia Assessed by Triple Helix Model

This paper considers issues related to assessing the level of innovative development in the northern regions of Russia. A comparative assessment of the level of innovative development in seven regions of the Far North of Russia (FNR) for 2017 was

Безопасность человека в Арктике: угрозы сквозь призму «северного менталитета»

The article is devoted to the analysis of threats to human security in the Russian Arctic, taking into account the peculiarities of the “northern mentality”. The authors note that the concept of “human security” is relatively new for the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF), as until recently security in the northern regions of Russia was defined mainly from the state-centric positions. The universalist approach is hardly applicable in practical policy: it is impossible to build a policy of “human security in general” and transfer it to the conditions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The concept of human security and corresponding policies must be adapted to the specific conditions of the Russian Arctic. Today, however, the AZRF faces a set of new threats to human security that require a response. The authors examine several groups of threats to human security that are relevant to the AZRF, the reasons for their emergence and the extent to which they affect the further development of the region. In conclusion, the authors conclude that the transition of the AZRF to sustainable development is only possible if the threats to human security discussed in the article are neutralised. The key directions of human security policy, which is based on the principle of enhancing the viability and self-development of the peoples permanently living in the Arctic, are highlighted.

Особенности рынка труда на российском Севере: занятость, заработная плата и роль северных надбавок

This article focuses on the labor market in the Russian northern regions. The labor market in the Russian North was formed due to the state policy of the no longer existing state, aimed at the active attraction of migrants from other territories for the industrial development of the country. This policy of attracting migrant labor in the state was implemented mainly through the creation of the institution of wages, which provided additional northern payments to the salary, designed to compensate for the discomfort of living and working conditions in the North. This led to an increase in employment in the North. The re-search goal is to study the formation and development of the wage institution, as well as to determine the impact of wages on employment in modern conditions. The article presents the history of formation of the institution of wages in the Russian North. The dynamics of labour market indicators is given, the change in the ratio of wages in the North is presented, based on official statistical data over the past 15 years. The results of the study show that the northern territories have problems of the labor market that have arisen in recent decades: high levels of unemployment, reduced employment, and wages, once being a significant factor, had a positive impact on employment, but today contribute to the decline in the economic attractiveness of life in the North.

Northern Regions of Russia as Described by the Flemish Knight de Lannoy: "Non-Muscovite" Identity

The article deals with a unique work of Rossica, the first in Western Europe detailed description of the northern Russian regions of Novgorod and Pskov, written by an eyewitness. Memoirs of the Flemish knight, which contain this description, have been known for a long time and have been repeatedly researched. But in the context of the regional imagology of Russia they are considered for the first time. The relevance of the problem is also related to the importance of the study of francophone Rossica, which has not yet been sufficiently studied, for imagology and the history of intercultural interaction.
 The memoirs are valuable because they represent the only work describing these regions even before they were part of the Muscovite principality, and thus the "non-Muscovite" identity of their population is clearly visible. Despite considerable cultural and socio-political similarities between the regions, the observer knight notes well the specificity of each of them separately.
 The question is raised that the “muscovite identity” was secondary and by no means the only one in the descriptions of the “Russian character” and Russian state in European Rossica, and that the earliest sources describe just a different alternative identity, apparently especially relevant for the northern regions and closer to the European than to the “Muscovite” identity. It is also concluded that it is necessary to attract more attention to the historical experience of these regions in the teaching of history and in the formation of the historical memory of contemporary Russians.

Genetic resources of narrow-leaved lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and their role in its domestication and breeding.

Narrow-leaved lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a cultivated multipurpose species with a very short history of domestication. It is used as a green manure, and for feed and food. This crop shows good prospects for use in pharmacology and as a source of f ish feeds in aquaculture. However, its genetic potential for the development of productive and adaptable cultivars is far from being realized. For crop species, the genetic base of the cultivated gene pool has repeatedly been shown as being much narrower than that of the wild gene pool. Therefore, eff icient utilization of a species’ genetic resources is important for the crop’s further improvement. Analyzing the information on the germplasm collections preserved in national gene banks can help perceive the worldwide diversity of L. angustifolius genetic resources and understand how they are studied and used. In this context, the data on the narrow-leaved lupine collection held by VIR are presented: its size and composition, the breeding status of accessions, methods of studying and disclosing intraspecif ic differentiation, the classif ications used, and the comparison of this information with available data on other collections. It appeared that VIR’s collection of narrow-leaved lupine, ranking as the world’s second largest, differed signif icantly from others by the prevalence of advanced cultivars and breeding material in it, while wild accessions prevailed in most collections. The importance of the wild gene pool for the narrow-leaved lupine breeding in Australia, the world leader in lupine production, is highlighted. The need to get an insight into the species’ ecogeographic diversity in order to develop cultivars adaptable to certain cultivation conditions is shown. The data on the testing of VIR’s collection for main crop characters valuable for breeders are presented. Special attention is paid to the study of accessions with limited branching as a promising gene pool for cultivation in relatively northern regions of Russia. They demonstrate lower but more stable productivity, and suitability for cultivation in planting patterns, which has a number of agronomic advantages. Analyzing the work with narrow-leaved lupine genetic resources in different national gene banks over the world helps shape the prospects of further activities with VIR’s collection as the only source of promising material for domestic breeding.

Демографические причины нового этапа снижения рождаемости в северных регионах России.

At the last time the North is a one of important vector of country’s economy strategic development. A rich mineral resource and fuel and energy bases give the reason for development and implementation of the new investment projects. Successful economic developing of territories needs in human resources, however a number of northern regions of the country have persistent problems in demographic sphere: low level of birth-rate and migration outflow. Here are Republic of Karelia, Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Magadan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions and in 2018–2019 the Chukotka Autonomous Region also can be included. In the last years in these regions, as in the whole in Russia, the deterioration of the birth-rate situation began. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to identify demographic reasons of birth-rate reduction in the Russian northern regions. The index method was used. It helped to find what value at the dynamics of total birth-rate coefficient belongs to changes in the proportion of women aged 15–49 years old in a population, in the age birth-rate coefficient, and also in the age structure of a female reproductive group. According to research it was found a favorable effect in 2014–2016 on the preservation of the positive dynamic of the total birth-rate coefficient in the conditions of negative influence of factors of demographic structure exactly for a reason of increasing of the real fertility. It was detected, that in 2017–2019, a negative effect on the dynamic of the total birth-rate coefficient has implemented significant decrease in birth-rate itself and not only structural factors. The revealed beginning of the reduction of age- specific birth rates confirms the importance of prolongation of family and demographic policy in the field of improving the economic situation of families with children, increasing the status of parenthood in society. The high-priority task in the conditions of factors increasing, that complicate to preserve economic stability in the country, is to provide a decent level and quality of life, an accessibility of the most important living benefits — comfortable housing and jobs with salary, that can qualitatively satisfy a wide range of needs of families with children.

Applicability of photoelectrical solar units inside domical structures in northern conditions

The possibility of installing photoelectrical solar units inside domical structures with the maintenance of their power generation level was investigated; an optimal distance between a photoelectrical solar unit and the transparent walls of the respective domical structure was determined. The experiments were carried out at the North-Eastern Federal University in the central part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) by determining reduction in the electrical energy efficiency of photoelectrical solar units when changing their location. An optimal distance for installing such units within transparent domical structures was found based on graphical interpretations and gradients. The authors obtained reference parameters for light flux reduction, the generation power of a photoelectrical solar unit when changing the operation medium, and the optimal distance of a photoelectrical solar unit inside a domical structure for reducing the surface contamination of the unit. It was found that, when photoelectrical solar units are operated within a transparent domical structure, the power generation falls by 25.61% as compared to actual results in open space. It was found that an increase in the distance between the transparent walls of the domical structure and the unit led to a decrease in the power generation by ~23.01% and the light flux power by 5.224% at 1.5 m. This method of installing photoelectrical solar units can be used in the construction and designing of smart home systems and autonomous power generation facilities in northern regions of Russia.

Problems and prospects of development of the construction complex in the northern regions of Russia

Problems and prospects of development of the construction complex in the northern regions of Russia

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИНВЕСТИРОВАНИЯ В ТОПЛИВНО-ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ КОМПЛЕКС ЯКУТИИ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ МЕХАНИЗМОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ЧАСТНОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА.

The article is devoted to the study of the investment process in the northern regions of Russia on the example of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that the most important factor in the development of any economy, including the economy of the northern regions of Russia, is investment in fixed assets. The aim of the study is to forecast investments in the fuel and energy complex of the northern region for the long term.The authors propose a methodological approach (algorithm) for predictive assessment of investments in the development of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The analysis of investment activity in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the period from 2005 to 2018was carried out. It was noted that the republic has all prerequisites for maintaining leading positions in terms of investment in fixed assets among the regions of the Russian Federation. According to indicator “Investments in fixed assets per capita” theRepublic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 2018 ranked 5th among other regions of Russia.The fuel and energy complex occupies a significant share in the structure of the gross regional product of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The share of investments in the fuel and energy complex in the total volume of investments in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the period from 2008 to 2018 shows an upward trend from 15.3 to 34.5 %. Forecast calculations of investments in fixed assets of the branches of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) have been made. Forecasted amount of investments required for the implementation of the Development Strategy of the Fuel and Energy Complex of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for 2020–2032 will be 1,734.6 billion rubles in the moderate scenario and 2,317.9 billion rubles in the strategic scenario. The largest share in the structure of investments in the fuel and energy complex until 2032 is occupied by theoil and gas complex (59.3 %) and coal industry (15.5 %).In conclusion, it is noted that the main mechanism for implementing the energy strategy is public-private partnership. Its improvement and the search for new mechanisms are necessary conditions for the further development of the fuel and energy complex.

Federal program of resettlement from the Far North regions

This article examines the main aspects of social partnership between government and business in order to support the social stability of the northern regions of Russia. The main provisions of federal resettlement programs from the Far North regions are considered.

Problems and prospects for the development of railway transport in the northern regions of Russia in the context of climatic changes

Problems and prospects for the development of railway transport in the northern regions of Russia in the context of climatic changes

The Effective Diffusion of Educational Robotics in Rural Areas: A Case Study in the Sakha Republic of Russia

<p style="text-align:justify">The purpose of this study was to find the determinants of effective diffusion of educational robotics in rural areas. The study analysed the key components, difficulties, and major lessons of the successful case of the remote northern region of Russia – Sakha Republic. The study used a mixed-method approach consisting of interviews, survey, literature analysis, and participants’ observation. In the survey participated 57 robotics teachers and 113 elementary, middle, and high school students of the Sakha Republic. From survey participants were randomly chosen 30 robotics teachers and 18 middle and high school students for the interview. The literature analysis explored reports and articles on the educational robotics activities in the Sakha Republic for the period of 2011-2018. Based on the findings, the study developed a process model with five principles and ten components that influenced educational robotics diffusion in the Sakha Republic. One of the main determinants of the model was a support system of public-private partnerships and a local community of educators. Another was the need to consider the local area’s constraints, possibilities, and culture when implementing any technology in the rural region's education. In the researched case two major determinants would not be possible and sustainable without strong leadership. The findings showed that strong local leadership could use knowledge of the local area to provide more appropriate solutions and could build the active support of the local community and public-private partnerships that would accelerate the diffusion of technology in the rural region's education.</p>

Современное состояние и тенденции развития рынка молока северных территорий России и Казахстана

On materials of the Komi Republic of the Rus¬sian Federation and Kostanay region of the Re¬public of Kazakhstan a comparative study of the dairy industry for 2014-2018, with the charac¬teristics and the main development trends of the market of milk and dairy products presented in graphic images of statistical data, is given; spe¬cific features of the agro-industrial complex de¬velopment in the northern regions of Russia and Kazakhstan are identified; the problems of dairy-grocery subcomplex at the present stage are considered; measures of state support of the dairy industry on improving the forms of state support in order to increase its effectiveness in modern conditions are proposed.

The competitiveness of industry in the northern regions of Russia: from profits to people

The article presents a new approach to assessing the competitiveness of economic activities. The author proposes a calculation of all the main indicators per employee in order to analyze the internal integrity of the economic system. The homogeneity of economic subsystems is analyzed in a new dynamics through the coefficient of variation in three aspects - interregional, interindustry and between indicators. On the example of the industry of the northern regions of Russia, ultra-high intersectoral and interregional disparities are revealed. The thesis is put forward about the need to overcome the existing problems.

Differentiation of normative standards of budgetary appropriations for the maintenance of winter roads in the North of Russia

The article discusses the results of a study of the issues of maintaining highways of regional and intermunicipal importance in the northern regions of Russia. A special role in the article is given to the category of highways as land and ice winter roads. In the hard-to-reach areas of the Arctic and North of Russia, winter roads are the most important element of the transport system. The maintenance and service of winter roads are the responsibility of the regional authorities. The existing issue of insufficient budgetary support for the maintenance of winter roads is, inter alia, associated with the imperfection of the methodology for calculating target norms of budgetary appropriations. The article presents well-reasoned facts and substantiation of the need to update the norms of budgetary appropriations for the maintenance of winter roads, taking into account difficult territorial natural and climatic conditions of work and transport accessibility of goods delivery. Recommendations are given for changing the methodology for calculating monetary costs for the maintenance of winter roads of regional and intermunicipal importance when determining the amount of appropriations from the budget of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

New original decorative specimen of common bird cherry

The northern regions of Russia are characterized by a relatively poor composition of the cultural dendroflora, that due to harsh climatic conditions. To create resistant varieties, it is necessary to attract local highly winter-resistant forms and on their. The northern regions of Russia are characterized by a relatively poor composition of the cultural dendroflora, that due to harsh climatic conditions. To create resistant varieties, it is necessary to attract local highly winter-resistant forms and on their basis to obtain hybrids with foreign species and new samples of Prunus padus L. with better ornamental characteristic to crossing with them.

ВАЗОМОТОРНЫЕ РЕАКЦИИ НА ЛОКАЛЬНОЕ ОХЛАЖДЕНИЕ У МОЛОДЫХ ЛИЦ С НИКОТИНОВОЙ ЗАВИСИМОСТЬЮ

Tobacco smoking, as a harmful individual habit, aggravates the negative environmental effects on health in people living in the northern regions of Russia, by increasing the incidence of diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and oncological diseases. This study was aimed at elucidating the vasomotor reactions on local cooling in young people with nicotine addiction. Materials and methods. Twenty four practically healthy people (13 m, 11 f) aged 18-27 years were enrolled to the study. Of these, 16 subjects with initial stage of nicotine addiction formed the study group, and 8 non-smoking subjects served as a reference group. The degree of nicotine addiction was assessed with the Fagerstrom test and the smoking index. The local cold test (LCT) was used to study vasomotor reactions. The autonomous regulation was estimated by analyzing the time- and frequency-domain characteristics of heart rate variability (HRV). Results. In the group with nicotine addiction, increased cold-induced vasoconstriction was revealed from the dynamics of the hand skin temperature during LCT. Also, this group mwas characterized by decreased vagotonia seen as lower values of time- (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50 and CV) and frequency- domain (TP, HF and LF) parameters of HRV. The functional test with deep controlled breathing revealed in this group lower reactivity of neurogenic mechanisms of heart rate control. Among subjects with higher number of cigarette consumption, HRV changes which corresponded with adaptation disorders were more notable. Conclusion. Individuals with initial degree of nicotine addiction were characterized by the impaired reactivity of the central and peripheral parts of the circulatory system what means lower health capacity of the organism. Increased vascular reactivity during LCT, as well as the impaired adaptation seen with HRV analysis, could serve as early indicators of the systemic effects of tobacco smoking.

Финансовые факторы повышения конкурентоспособности корпоративного сектора Республики Коми

The paper demonstrates the importance of a stable financial state of the corporate sector for the competitiveness of the region, limited tools of regional budget policy and the possibility of increasing the financial support of small and me-dium-sized businesses in the Komi Republic. The analysis is based on the indicators of investment in fixed assets and the size of bank lending to small and medium-sized businesses, which are both indicators of the finances of the corpo-rate sector of the economy and the macro-financial block in the concept of regional competitiveness. In the Komi Re-public, as in other northern regions of Russia, the volume of bank lending to small businesses is extremely limited – but the specific investment per capita, and with it the growth rate of the economy, significantly lags behind the average northern and average Russian values. Similarly, in the Komi Republic, as in the rest of the resource economies of Rus-sia, the effects of the "resource curse" (low revenue of small and medium-sized businesses and the volume of innovative products) are manifested – while the poverty of the population is high, the size of average monetary incomes is small and, in comparison with regions with similar income levels, informal employment is very limited. The paper suggests a way to overcome the identified negative trends and restore competitiveness – stimulating demand from the corporate sector of the Komi Republic, primarily small and medium-sized businesses, for financial resources offered by federal development institutions. The problems of intersectoral unevenness and the impact of the system of “northern benefits” on the finances of enterprises are considered.

Assessment of Sustainable Development of the Region’s Innovation System Based on the Concept of the Triple Helix Theory

The article is devoted to the methodological aspects of assessing the sustainability of the regional innovation system and assessing the contribution of the triad participants (education / science, business, government) to the overall region innovative development based on the Triple Helix model. The system of indicators has been determined, which allows to study the region innovative development as a whole and separately pursuant to the blocks of indicators of the triad. Integral rating assessments of the innovative development of the northern regions of Russia of the resource type for the period from 2010-2019 were performed, on the basis of which the levels of innovative sustainability of the regions were calculated and the shares of the contribution of the triad participants in the overall region innovative developmental economy were determined. The authors believe that the proposed methodological approach (algorithm) based on the Triple Helix model adequately solves the assessment of the level of sustainability of the innovative development of regions and the assessment of the contribution of the Triad participants to the overall region innovative development. In order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the activities of the participants of the triad, innovative profiles of the regions have been built, which allow the executive bodies of local government to make appropriate regulatory and managerial decisions aimed at improving the weak positions of the activities of the participants in the triad. The main advantages of using this method include the simplicity of performing numerical calculations based on the standard Microsoft Excel platform, the use of official statistics that exclude the effect of subjectivity arising from the use of various weight coefficients. The obtained study results may be used by regional authorities to adjust the existing program documents in the field of innovation policy, as well as by various economic and social actors for monitoring and predictive assessment of the innovative development of their industry.