Northeast Texas Research Articles

Serpentine-nontronite-vermiculite mixed-layer clay from the Weches Formation, Claiborne Group, middle Eocene, northeast Texas

AbstractThe Weches Formation of the Claiborne Group (Eocene) in northeast Texas consists of clayey sandstones and mudrocks, both with variable proportions of dark green to brown clay peloids deposited in a marginal to open marine setting on the Gulf Coast margin. The composition of the dark green peloids, from two localities, has been investigated using X-ray diffraction, back-scattered electron microscopy with X-ray analysis, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), Mössbauer spectroscopy, chemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These peloids were previously described on the basis of their color as glauconite (Yancey and Davidoff, 1994); our results, however, show that the dark green indurated pellets are predominantly composed of mixed-layer clays with a high proportion of Fe-rich 7 Å serpentine layers coexisting with a mixed-layer phase containing glauconite, nontronite and vermiculite layers, in addition to discrete illite and kaolinte. Analyses by EELS of single particles with a chemical composition consistent with them being the Fe-rich clay indicate that the Fe is >95% ferric, while Mössbauer analyses of the bulk magnetically separated fraction for the same samples indicates a ferric iron content of ∼60–70%, despite the variable relative proportions of expandable and 7 Å layers. Taking into account that there is a significant amount of 2:1 layers containing ferric Fe, we interpret these data as indicating that the Fe in the 7 Å layers has a significant amount of Fe2+ even taking into account the high ferric Fe ratio from the EELS analysis when the coexisting 2:1 layers are considered. Thus, these 1:1 layers are closer to berthierine in composition than to odinite. The vermiculite layers in the Texas clay may indicate partial ‘verdinization’ of expandable 2:1 clay. A possible reaction is smectite → vermiculite → berthierine-like phase. We estimate a temperature of 20°C for the seawater in which the Texas clay formed, the lower end of the range for modern occurrences of odinite.

Archeological Investigations at the Hudnall-Pirtle Site (41RK4) An Early Caddo Mound Center in Northeast Texas

The Hudnall-Pirtle site (41RK4) is situated on a large T-1 alluvial terrace of the Sabine River in northern Rusk County in Texas. This area of the state, commonly called Northeast Texas, is part of the Southern Gulf Coastal Plain, a relatively level, sloping plain formed by the pre-Pleistocene embayment of the Gulf of Mexico. From a biogeographical perspective, the site is located in the Oak-Hickory-Pine forest of eastern Texas, otherwise known as the Pineywoods. This area represents the western extension of the southern coniferous forests and is dominated by shortleaf and loblolly pine trees. Hardwood trees, including various oaks, hickory, elm, and gum, are the dominant vegetation in the floodplains of rivers and major creeks in Northeast Texas.

Marine Shell Ear Disks from Protohistoric Caddo Sites on Stoots Creek, Hopkins County, Texas

In this article, we discuss three engraved marine shell ear disks from two protohistoric (ca. A.D. 1670-1700) Caddo sites on Stouts Creek in Hopkins County, Texas. These rather unique engraved marine shell disks have only been reported from three other archaeological sites in the entire southern Caddo area. Stouts Creek is a tributary to White Oak Creek. The drainage is situated in the modern Post Oak Savanna, at the far western edge of the distribution of Late Caddo Titus phase sites in Northeast Texas. The Stouts Creek marine shell ear disks we report on have been recovered from two different sites in the Stouts Creek valley. One came from a Caddo midden near the Culpepper site (41HP1), a protohistoric Caddo site excavated by The University of Texas in 1931. This particular marine shell disk has a central perforation and a 13.7 mm diameter engraved circle on its outer surface.

Spatial, Temporal, and Interspecies Patterns in Fine Particulate Matter in Texas

The Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) field study was conducted from July to October 1999 and was followed by several years of modeling and data analyses to examine the causes of haze at Big Bend National Park TX (BBNP). During BRAVO, daily speciated fine (diameter <2.5 µm) particulate concentrations were measured at 37 sites throughout Texas. At the primary receptor site, K-Bar Ranch, there were many additional measurements including a “high-sensitivity” version of the 24-hr fine particulate elemental data. The spatial, temporal, and interspecies patterns in these data are examined here to qualitatively investigate source regions and source types influencing the fine particulate concentrations in Texas with an emphasis on sources of sulfates, the largest contributor to fine mass and light extinction. Peak values of particulate sulfur (S) varied spatially and seasonally. Maximum S was in Northeast Texas during the summer, whereas peak S at BBNP was in the fall. Sulfate acidity at BBNP also varied by month. Sources of Se were evident in Northeast Texas and from the Carbón I and II plants. High S episodes at BBNP during BRAVO had several different trace element characteristics. Carbon concentrations at BBNP during BRAVO were probably mostly urban‐related, with arrival from the Houston area likely. The Houston artificial tracer released during the second half of BRAVO was highly correlated with some carbon fractions. There was evidence of the influence of African dust at sites throughout Texas during the summer. Patterns in several trace elements were also examined. Vanadium was associated with air masses from Mexico. Lead concentrations in southern Texas have dropped dramatically over the past several years.

(113) Quantifying Landscape Microclimates and Related Cold Injury

It is generally accepted that plants closer to structures benefit from the warmth emitted via imperfect insulation and solar energy reemitted as long-wave, thermal radiation. However, while claims of protection are given, little quantifiable information exists on the extent or pattern of this protection. We studied existing plantings of Trachelospermum asiaticum, an evergreen groundcover that is frequently damaged in northeast Texas. The plantings studied were part of a landscape with at least five different identifiable microclimates: 1) near building (NB); 2) mid-bed (MB); 3) bed edge (BE); 4) beneath Quercus virginiana (LO); and 5) beneath Pyrus calleryana`Bradford' (BP). We placed HOBO temperature data loggers recording one temperature per minute in each location. Following our first damaging freeze, we waited 7 days before collecting leaf samples. Leaf samples were collected by using a 25-cm square, 2 cm deep on two sides. The square was placed on the groundcover so that the top of the groundcover was level with the top of the square. All leaves and stems that extruded through the top 2 cm of the square were excised. Four samples were taken from each location, and the number of damaged and nondamaged leaves were counted for each sample. Leaves that were at least 50% discolored were considered damaged. Leaf damage data were analyzed using SAS Proc ANOVA. Leaves in the BE and BP locations showed significantly fewer live leaves than any other locations. NB leaves were virtually undamaged. Average temperatures in the BE and BP locations were 4.5 to 5 °F colder than the “near building” locations, comparable to an a or b zone in the current USDA Plant Hardiness Zone map.

Upper Albian and Lower Cenomanian ammonites from the Main Street Limestone, Grayson Marl and Del Rio Clay in northeast Texas

The ammonite faunas of the Main Street Limestone, Grayson Marl and Del Rio Clay form the basis for a revised upper Upper Albian to lower Lower Cenomanian zonal sequence in northeast Texas. A Mortoniceras ( Subschloenbachia) rostratum Zone, previously known to be well-represented in the Denton Clay, Weno Limestone, and Pawpaw Shale, extends into the lower Main Street Limestone. A M. ( S.) perinflatum Zone is also recognised in the Main Street on the basis of the occurrence of the index species, although precise stratigraphic relations of the scattered records of the two index species are not known. The succeeding Mariella ( Wintonia) brazoensis Zone is an Acme Zone, yielding a monospecific assemblage of the zonal index that is abundant in the Main Street Limestone, although the index species ranges both lower and higher in the sequence. The base of the Cenomanian, in ammonite terms, is drawn at the base of the succeeding Graysonites adkinsi Zone, on the basis of the first occurrence of Mantelliceratinae with inner and outer ventrolateral tubercles. The index species of the succeeding G. wacoensis Zone is the senior synonym of Graysonites lozoi Young, 1958, and G. wooldridgei Young, 1958. The Lower Cenomanian sequence is generally truncated by the erosive base of the terrigenous-clastic Woodbine Formation in the study area, but relics of Buda Limestone, and of Grayson Marl with ammonites of the upper Lower Cenomanian Budaiceras hyatti Zone are present locally in Denton and Grayson Counties. A total of 30 ammonite species are described, of which Moremanoceras flexuosum, Stoliczkaia ( Stoliczkaia) conlini, and Neophlycticeras ( Neophlycticeras) fascicostatum are new.

The Indian Springs #2 Site(41BW512): A Late 18th Century Kadahadacho Settlement in Northeast Texas

The Indian Springs #2 site (41BW512) is on a high alluvial terrace or bluff edge (330 ft. amsl), overlooking the Red River floodplain and Hubbard Slough, an old channel of the river. The current channel of the river is ca. 1.6 km north of the site. The site appears to be a late 18th century Kadohadacho settlement with a small cemetery, although there is evidence in the collections known to have come from it that it was also occupied in Archaic and Early Caddo times (ca. A.D. 900-1200) as well as in the early to mid-19'h century. The site was discovered by the landowner, Mr. Julian Cranfill during earth-moving activities associated with construction of a pond. When European glass beads were noted by Mr. Cranfill on the disturbed ground surface, he began a limited excavation of the area where the beads were found, attempting to ascertain their context and what other kinds of artifacts may be associated with them. He excavated a circular area about 3-4 m in diameter along the eastern side of the bluff, on a small knoll. During this work, he documented three obvious cultural features and a dark charcoal-stained patch of burned soil that may represent remnants of a shallowly-buried burned structure. Feature I and II are burials of Caddo people, and both had European glass beads and pottery vessels placed in the grave as funerary objects. Feature III is a pit that contained butchered hog jaws; it may be associated with the later 19tb century Anglo-American farm occupation also present at the site. The Feature I burial pit was oriented east-west, and was the size of a child or subadult burial. The burial pit extended to ca. 66 em bs, and the bottom 2-5 em of the pit fill was a very dark soil. This soil is probably the product of firing episodes associated with Caddo burial ceremonies. There was a large concentration of glass beads at the eastern end of the burial, probably from necklaces of beads that were worn by the deceased. More than 3000 beads came from this area, along with a few preserved teeth, and three ceramic vessels. Feature II was a larger burial pit, probably that of an adult Caddo, oriented almost north-south. According to Mr. Cranfill, there were four ceramic vessels, more than 430 glass beads, and five triangular Fresno arrow points accompanying this individual.

Foreword

A little more than 75 years ago, one of the very early seismic crews worked its way through a part of northeast Texas and came up empty-handed as far as providing a viable drilling prospect. That crew missed finding the largest oil field ever found in the lower 48—the seven-billion-barrel East Texas Field. Or so the lore goes. I don't know exactly when or where I heard this story, but I believe it was when I was growing up in the 1950s in east Texas. I probably overheard it at one of the company barbecues as the men stood around tin washtubs chock full of ice and longneck beer bottles, bantering back and forth about such things. No asset team, this group—they were firmly in their company silos—geologists, geophysicists, drillers, etc., and proud of that fact. It seems likely that some sort of seismic crew operated in the area prior to Dad Joiner's Daisy Bradford #3 coming in on 3 October 1930 (Figure 1)—particularly in light of Michael T. Halbouty's statement in the keynote address at the Second Wallace E. Pratt Memorial Conference, January, 2000, when he said “…prior to its discovery, every major company and many independent companies, with their expertise and seismic black boxes ran their equipment repeatedly over the area and agreed that it did not have the parameters for the accumulation of oil.”

Ammonites from the Pawpaw Shale (Upper Albian) in northeast Texas

The lower part of the Pawpaw Shale in northeast Texas yields an abundance of diminutive limonitic ammonites, the assemblage being: Tetragonites sp. juv., Engonoceras serpentinum (Cragin, 1900), Conlinites wrighti gen. et sp. nov., Cantabrigites wenoensis (Adkins, 1920), Neophlycticeras ( Neophlycticeras) sp., Neophlycticeras ( Paradolphia) occidentalis sp. nov., Stoliczkaia ( Stoliczkaia) clavigera Neumayr, 1875, Stoliczkaia ( Lamnayella) worthense (Adkins, 1920), Stoliczkaia ( Shumarinaia) asiatica Matsumoto and Inoma, 1975, Enigmaticeras riceae gen. et sp. nov., Flickia simplex Pervinquière, 1907, Ficheuria pernoni Dubourdieu, 1953, Ficheuria americana sp. nov., Anisoceras armatum (J. Sowerby, 1817), Hamites venetzianus Pictet, 1847, Mariella ( Mariella) worthensis (Adkins and Winton, 1920), Mariella ( Mariella) asper sp. nov., Lechites ( Lechites) comanchensis (Adkins, 1920), Worthoceras worthense (Adkins, 1920), and Scaphites hilli Adkins and Winton, 1920. This assemblage is correlated with the Mortoniceras ( Subschloenbachia) rostratum Subzone of the European sequence on the basis of the occurrence of that species in the underlying Weno Limestone, in the passage beds between the Pawpaw Shale and the succeeding Main Street Limestone, and the lower part of the Main Street. Some previous authors have interpreted the diminutive limonitic ammonites of the Pawpaw as being “dwarf” or “stunted”. The overwhelming majority of individuals are nuclei of much larger ammonites, with smaller numbers of adults of small species that occur in other facies and geographic locations, together with a smaller number still of paedomorphic dwarfs. The fauna is interpreted as a preservational one, where diagenetic pyrite formed in relatively small voids, either the early phragmocone chambers of larger ammonites, or the phragmocone and body chambers of genuinely diminutive species which oxidised to limonite during the weathering process.

Comparison of Bermudagrass, Bahiagrass, and Kikuyugrass as a Standing Hay Crop

Stockpiling of warm‐season perennial grasses for grazing after frost is a management practice that can lower livestock production costs. Six seeded bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] cultivars, two bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) cultivars, and a kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.) cultivar were compared with ‘Coastal’ and ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass in a small plot study in northeast Texas. Plots were sampled monthly from October through February in 1999 through 2002 to monitor accumulated dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Initial standing forage mass was &lt;3000 kg DM ha−1 and remained relatively stable during the sampling period in the first 2 yr. In the third year, initial standing forage mass was &gt;4000 kg DM ha−1 and declined during the sampling period for all entries. Standing forage mass of Tifton 85 bermudagrass was usually greater than the other entries. Crude protein decreased with time, but the rate of decline was related to initial CP concentrations and forage maturity at first frost. Bahiagrass cultivars and kikuyugrass generally had higher CP concentrations than bermudagrass cultivars. Crude protein concentrations were always above the minimum requirements for mature, nonlactating, pregnant beef cows (70–80 g kg−1). Acid detergent fiber increased with time for all entries, with the largest monthly increase usually occurring after December. The ADF concentration in bahiagrass cultivars was always higher than in bermudagrass cultivars and kikuyugrass. Species suitability for stockpiling forage was bermudagrass &gt; kikuyugrass &gt; bahiagrass. Tifton 85 was superior to the other bermudagrasses because of greatest autumn growth.

Hydrogen isotope fractionation factor for mixed-layer illite/smectite at 60° to 150°C: new data from the northeast Texas Gulf Coast

The δD values of water and clay collected from 0.6 to 5.5 km deep wells in 9 oil and gas fields within the Houston salt basin located in the northeast Texas Gulf Coast were used to reevaluate the temperature dependence of hydrogen isotope fractionation between mixed layer illite/smectite (I/S) and water, and the equations of Yeh (1980), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42:140–143) and Capuano (1992), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56:2547–2554) for the calculation of αI/S-water, both of which are commonly cited in the literature. δD values of water and clay in the normally pressured and geopressured sections are different. In the normally pressured section (<2.6 km), δDwater is constant (−15 ± 1 (1σ)‰) while δDclay increases linearly from −59 to −43‰ with increasing depth. In contrast, in the geopressured section δDwater decreases linearly from −7 to −26‰ with increasing depth while δDclay is nearly constant (−36 ± 3 (1σ)‰). The opposite trends are a product of D/H exchange between clay and water in a water-dominated system within the normally pressured section and rock-dominated system in the geopressured section. Assuming hydrogen isotope equilibrium between sediments and enclosed pore water, the new δDwater and δDclay data were used to calculate the hydrogen isotope fractionation factor between I/S and water (αI/S-water), which showed a good fit to the equation derived by Capuano (1992), but not to the equation derived by Yeh (1980), both for the normally and geopressured data despite that both data sets are strikingly different. This suggests that hydrogen isotope equilibrium has been achieved in these two different regimes and that the equation by Capuano (1992) is valid and has wider applicability.

Long-term Breeding Success of the Cattle Egret in Texas

A 28-year (1974-2002) study of the Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) was conducted on Bird Island and Telfair Island at Cedar Creek Reservoir in northeast Texas to determine trends and dynamics of clutch/brood sizes, hatching success, chick mortality, and nest-site vegetation. For the breeding colonies on these islands, annual mean clutch size ranged from 2.71-3.73 (overall mean = 2.98) and from 2.56-4.18 (overall mean = 3.33); annual mean brood sizes ranged from 2.20-3.08 (overall mean = 2.60) and from 2.38-3.67 (overall mean = 2.87). Annual mean hatching success on the islands was high throughout the study (78%-94% [overall mean = 88%] and 71%-96% [overall mean = 86%]). Annual mean chick mortality was low (0.5%-13% [overall mean = 4.5%] and 0%-10% [overall mean = 2.1%]). Among marked broods on both islands, only 6.5% lost chicks, for which the mean loss was 1.16 chicks/brood. Generally, within these broods, there was higher mortality of the younger chicks. In broods of more than two chicks, the mortality ratio between 1st- and 2nd-hatched chicks was lower than other combinations of sibling rank. Decline of nest density coincided with the cumulative adverse effects of guanotrophication on nest-site vegetation. The original native nest-site vegetation was replaced by Chinaberry (Melia azedarach), an exotic tree that provided optimal nest sites until it too became intolerant to guanotrophy, which resulted in a continued decline in nest-site vegetation. During the time of declining availability of nest-site vegetation, the egrets began ground nesting; by 2002, 48% of nests were on the ground.

STREAM FLOW ESTIMATION USING SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED RAINFALL IN THE TRINITY RIVER BASIN, TEXAS

Rainfall is the driving force behind all hydrologic processes in a watershed, and therefore the driving force in hydrologic modeling. In the past, raingauge data has been used as the primary input for these models. However, raingauge networks are generally sparse and insufficient to capture the spatial variability across large watersheds. A relatively new alternative is high-resolution radar rainfall data from weather radar systems, such as the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) of the National Weather Service (NWS). In this study, raingauge data were compared to NEXRAD data at each raingauge location to evaluate the accuracy and validity of rainfall data measured by radar. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the use of spatially distributed rainfall on stream flow estimation using radar rainfall inputs to a hydrologic model. SWAT, a distributed-parameter continuous-time hydrologic/water quality model, was used to estimate stream flow for a watershed in the Trinity River Basin of northeast Texas. Results obtained from simulations using NEXRAD rainfall inputs were compared to those obtained using traditional raingauge data as input to the same model. Estimation efficiency analysis was used to compare the storage volume for the Cedar Creek Reservoir with daily, ten-day, and monthly accumulated flow from SWAT simulations using raingauge and NEXRAD rainfall inputs. The efficiency for both models was similar; however, NEXRAD rainfall inputs seem to provide a better flow estimate. The accuracy of the model results suggest that NEXRAD is a good alternative to raingauge data, and can be extremely valuable in large watersheds without readily available raingauge data or sparse raingauge networks. In addition, NEXRAD can capture rainfall from localized events that may be missed by raingauge networks but that still contribute to overland runoff, thus contributing to stream flow.

Characterization of Rose Clover Germplasm for Flowering Traits

Rose clover (Trifolium hirtum All) cultivars with long‐season (November through May) forage production and cold tolerance are needed to increase pasture availability during the winter in northeast Texas. More information about the genetic and environmental control of rose clover flowering is warranted, before this trait can be manipulated through plant breeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variability for flowering traits in the U.S. Plant Introduction Collection of rose clover. Sixty‐six accessions of rose clover, from eight different countries, were evaluated. Observations recorded on individual plants at 4‐d intervals included first elongation of internodes, first bud, first flower, first color, full bloom, and mature seed. In general, rose clover behaved as a long‐day plant and flowered in photoperiods from 12 to 14h. Thirty‐one rose clover lines were identified within the maturity range of 172 to 182 days of the year (DOY) to full bloom, twenty‐seven were identified within the maturity range of 162 to 170 DOY to full bloom, only five rose clover lines reached full bloom in less than 162 DOY, and only three took more than 183 DOY. There was a range of 40 d difference in time to reach maturity for the rose clover germplasm studied. Utilizing principal component analysis and cluster analysis, the germplasm was separated into three different maturing groups: early, midseason, and late maturity groups.

Economic and Environmental Impacts of Pasture Nutrient Management

Highly intensive stocking of dairy cattle on continuously grazed pasture coupled with liberal applications of commercial fertilizer can lead to increased losses of agricultural nutrients, which is a concern for water quality of receiving lakes and surface water resources. Integrated economic-environmental model simulations performed for the Lake Fork Reservoir Watershed in northeast Texas indicate that appropriate pasture nutrient management including stocking density adjustments and more efficient commercial fertilizer use could lead to significant reductions in nutrient losses. Soluble and organic P losses were predicted to decline by 54 and 13% relative to baseline conditions when manure P was assumed totally plant available (Low P scenario). The soluble and organic P loss reductions declined to 33 and 7% when only inorganic P was assumed plant available (High P scenario). Simulation of an N-based manure management plan resulted in the smallest predicted soluble and organic P loss reductions of 18 and 3%. Nitrogen loss predictions ranged from a 7% decline to a 1% increase for the 3 scenarios as compared to the baseline. The High P and Low P scenarios resulted in estimated aggregate profit reductions of 6 and 18% relative to the baseline. These profit declines occurred because the dairies had to acquire additional pasture land to accommodate the expanded area required for the P-based scenarios. In contrast, the N-based stocking density and nutrient management scenario resulted in an aggregate profit increase of 3% across all dairies. Variations in economic impacts were also predicted across farm sizes. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v56i3_osei

Eocene echinoids of Texas

Fourteen species of echinoids ranging in age from early to late Eocene, including four new species, are described from Texas. New taxa include Schizaster (Schizaster) caddoensis from the Reklaw and Weches Formations (Claiborne Group, middle Eocene), Schizaster (Schizaster) stenzeli and Eupatagus texanus from the Weches Formation, and Schizaster (Paraster) susana from the Caddell Formation (Jackson Group, upper Eocene). Fibularia meyeri (Aldrich, 1921) and Fibularia alabamensis Cooke, 1959 are synonymized with Fibularia texana (Twitchell, 1915) from the Weches and Cook Mountain Formations (Claiborne Group, middle Eocene). Other reported species are Linthia hollandi Barry, 1942, from the Sabinetown Formation (Wilcox Group, lower Eocene); Gagaria sp., Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell, 1915), Protoscutella mississippiensis mississippiensis (Twitchell, 1915), Maretia arguta (Clark, 1915), and Linthia? sp. from the Weches Formation; Spatangus? sp. and Eupatagus carolinensis? Clark, 1915 from the Cook Mountain Formation, and Periarchus lyelli (Conrad, 1834) from the Cook Mountain and Caddell Formations. These echinoids are sensitive indicators of depositional environment, in particular their distribution serves as a marker for stenohaline (open marine) environments and illustrates the biogeographic variability along the northeast Texas coast during the Eocene.

Soybean Growth on Calcareous Soil as Affected by Three Iron Sources

Iron (Fe) chlorosis is a common symptom in many soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) producing areas throughout the United States. On the Blackland soils found in northeast Texas, Fe chlorosis occasionally appears during vegetative growth, but often abates by the time plants flower. However, it is not clear whether preplant additions of Fe will enhance soybean growth or yield on this soil or whether different sources of Fe give different responses. In a greenhouse study, soil from a pH 8.4 Houston Black clay (fine, smectitic, thermic Udic Haplusterts), with a DTPA‐extractable concentration of 11.7 mg Fe kg−1, was treated with FeSO4 (0, 3, 10, 30, and 100 ppm Fe), sodium ferric diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (FeDTPA) (0, 0.3, 1.0, 3, and 10 ppm Fe) or sodium ferric ethylenediamine‐di (o‐hydroxyphenylacetate) (FeEDDHA) (0, 0.3, 1.0, 3, and 10 ppm Fe). Pot size was 19 L and soil dry mass was 10 kg. Soybean (cv. Hutcheson) seed were planted in November 2000 and seedlings were thinned to three per pot at the first true leaf stage. The third uppermost fully expanded leaf of each plant was harvested at growth stage R3 for nutrient analysis. Between 20 and 100 days after planting, six nondestructive leaf chlorophyll readings were obtained from the third uppermost fully expanded leaf. Entire plants were harvested at R6 (mid podfill) for nutrient and biomass yield determination. Leaf blade Fe concentration ranged from 79 to 87 mg kg−1 in the untreated check plants to a high of 109 mg kg−1 for the 10 ppm FeDTPA‐Fe treatment, all of which were greater than the acknowledged critical level of 60 mg kg−1. No visible Fe‐deficiency symptoms appeared during the study. Chlorophyll (SPAD 502) values during the R3 to R5 growth stages were greater for all of the FeSO4 treatments than for the 0 ppm treatment. The 10 ppm FeDTPA‐Fe treatment and the 3 ppm FeEDDHA‐Fe treatment exhibited higher leaf chlorophyll readings than the untreated checks during the R3 to R5 growth stage. The average seed yield from the 12 Fe fertilized treatments at growth stage R6 was only 12% greater (not significant) than the untreated check. Total biomass (root plus shoot) was not affected by the treatments. There was no evidence that the higher rates of Fe caused reduced growth. Overall, our results do not suggest that soil‐applied Fe will consistently stimulate soybean growth or yield on this soil, at least when DTPA‐extractable soil Fe is at 12 mg kg−1 or higher. However, because of the trends for increased seed yield in some of the Fe treatments, field studies using soil‐ and/or foliar‐applied Fe are warranted.

&lt;sc&gt;Walter L. Buenger&lt;/sc&gt;. &lt;italic&gt;The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas between Reconstruction and the Great Depression&lt;/italic&gt;. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2001. Pp. xxvi, 342. Cloth $55.00, paper $27.50

Journal Article Walter L. Buenger. The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas between Reconstruction and the Great Depression. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2001. Pp. xxvi, 342. Cloth $55.00, paper $27.50 Get access Buenger Walter L.. The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas between Reconstruction and the Great Depression. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2001. Pp. xxvi, 342. Cloth $55.00, paper $27.50. Marilyn McAdams Sibley Marilyn McAdams Sibley Huntsville, Texas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 108, Issue 1, February 2003, Pages 207–208, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/108.1.207-a Published: 01 February 2003

Reviews of Books:The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas between Reconstruction and the Great Depression Walter L. Buenger

Reviews of Books:The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas between Reconstruction and the Great Depression Walter L. Buenger

Dancing into the Past: Colonial Legacies in Modern Caddo Indian Ceremony

THE BICENTENNIAL OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE is an appropriate moment to consider the different the peoples of the Louisiana Territory have remembered their history. One group of indigenous inhabitants-the Caddo Indians who, at the beginning of the colonial period, occupied homeland extending across present southwest Arkansas, northwest Louisiana, northeast Texas, and southwest Oklahoma-use particular ceremony, the Turkey Dance, to recall the past. To understand Caddo history within the context of their knowledge system, we might begin with story of Caddo origins: original home of the Caddo was on lower Red River in Louisiana. According to their own traditions . . . . they came up from under the ground through the mouth of cave in hill which they call Cha' kani'na, The place of crying, on lake close to the south bank of Red river, just at its junction with the Mississippi. In those days men and animals were all brothers and all lived together under the ground. But at last they discovered the entrance to the cave leading up to the surface of the earth, and so they decided to ascend and come out. First an old man climbed up, carrying in one hand fire and pipe and in the other drum. After him came his wife, with corn and pumpkin seeds. Then followed the rest of the and the animals. All intended to come out, but as soon as the wolf had climbed up he closed the hole, and shut up the rest of the and animals under the ground, where they still remain. Those who had come out sat down and cried long time for their friends below, hence the name of the place. Because the Caddo came out of the ground they call it ina, mother, and go back to it when they die. Because they have had the pipe and the drum and the corn and pumpkins since they have been people, they hold fast to these things and have never thrown them away.1 fact that Caddo Indians today hold to this account of their origins suggests that their concepts of history differ from those held by folk in societies descended from western European traditions. In the latter case, history is often regarded as linear, chronological narrative concerning flesh-and-blood personages, real events, and actual circumstances that help us understand the past and its connection with the present. For Caddos (and for most other American Indians), history likewise provides an account of how present circumstances developed. But the inclusion of their emergence and separation from underground worlds shared with animal kin as part of that history betoken an altogether different perception of reality. Belief in return to the earth following passage through life on the earth also suggests this, reflecting the Caddos' eternal as well as chronological time frames. At the same time, references to links between emblematic goods and Caddo existence as a people suggest second important function of history, identity formation.2 So it is that every society creates history according to its own understandings of the world and of time/space relationships. Different groups use history for distinctive purposes. means by which communities maintain their histories are varied too. Social structures, political and economic arrangements, ceremonial performances, storytelling, and recognition of special places and emblematic objects all may be used to maintain ties with the past. preservation of historical information in written accounts is important in western or European-derived societies, but such sources are less important or are absent altogether among other groups. Many American Indian communities, for example, embed historical knowledge into variety of texts, including those spoken, crafted, and danced.3 This suggests the need for alternatives to universal definitions of history, ones that understand history in terms of multiple systems of socially constructed ways of knowing.4 Caddo Turkey Dance is an excellent example of non-written historical text. …