Use Of Non-renewable Resources Research Articles

Recent Developments Studies on Wood Protection Research in Academia: A Review

The wood preservation industry has taken large leaps to develop and produce chemicals that protect wood from microorganisms and weathering degradation with no or low environmental impact. These improvements occurred after concerns of federal and public agencies about the release of toxic components into atmosphere, soil, and water. These days, reduction in use of non-renewable resources is a crucial concern. Wood and wood-based products are generally low in CO2emissions and can be gained from sustainable forest resources. Therefore, they can play a significant role as renewable resources. In comparison to other building materials, wood has numerous advantages, such as suitable thermal insulation, high strength to weight ratio, easy machinability, and attractive esthetics. Wood as a valuable building and industrial material requires to be protected due to its biodegradable properties especially when it is submitted to harsh conditions. Wood durability can be improved through wood protection which include wood preservatives and modification systems. Wood protection should be safe to use, efficient, cost-effective, permanent, and should not corrode metal or degrade wood components. Numerous reviews of wood protection can be found in the scientific literatures, but until now a review of a combination of wood preservation and wood modification has not been studied. It should be considered that the latest research projects in wood protection in academia not always reflect the most current developments in the industry due to exclusive rights. The findings reported in academia contribute to the safe use of preservatives, advancement of wood modification techniques, as well as recycle and disposal of treated material. Therefore, in this study, the most current research and advancements promoted in the wood protection in academia are discussed which including an overall summary of the recent developments on wood preservatives, different types of preservatives, natural preservative compounds, and modification technologies in academia.

From Green Growth to the Blue Growth in the 2030 Agenda Goals

Economic growth is linked to the development and use of natural resources. With the emergence of the idea of sustainable development, the idea of green economy or bioeconomy is born, based on better management of natural resources, through the use of environmentally friendly economic instruments. The new objectives of sustainable development are related to both water protection and responsible consumption and production. This makes the transition from the green economy to the blue bioeconomy. This article examines the link between the blue bioeconomy and the goals of sustainable development in the light of new environmental policies and regulations. The conclusions are that the blue bioeconomy, complementing the green economy, can ensure the decoupling of economic development from the intensive use of non-renewable resources and that together they can lead to a better achievement of sustainable development goals.

Rice Straw: A Waste with a Remarkable Green Energy Potential

With reference to the province of Novara in northwest Italy, this study aims to raise awareness about the environmental benefits that can derive from the use of alternative rice straw management practices to those currently in use, also highlighting how the use of these straws for energy purposes can be a valid alternative to the use of non-renewable resources. Using the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) method, the two rice straw management practices currently in place (open field combustion and straw incorporation) were compared with an alternative strategy consisting in their collection and removal. The results show that removal of straw allows reducing the emissions of pollutants significantly: about one-hundredth of the PM (Particulate Matter) formation compared to the open-field burning and about one-tenth of the ozone depletion (CFCs, HCFCs, halons, etc.) compared to both the other two practices. Moreover, the LCA results show how the use of rice straw to produce energy as an alternative to conventional fuels helps to reduce the global warming potential of rice cultivation.

Potential of the bioeconomy in Visegrad countries: An input-output approach

The EU has placed high priority on the expansion of the bioeconomy with the aim to reduce the use of non-renewable resources, to mitigate climate change, and to develop prospering local economies. However, only few Member States have defined quantitative economic or environmental targets for the bioeconomy in their policy strategies as measurement of the bioeconomy is not straightforward. This study uses an input-output analysis to quantify economic as well as environmental indicators for measuring the bioeconomy in the Visegrad countries (Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary). The current and the potential size of the bioeconomy are derived based on scenarios of minimum, medium and maximum association of partially bio-based goods with the bioeconomy. Our results suggest that currently the bioeconomy contributes 13% to the value of economic output, 10% to value added, 15% to total employment, and 20% to emissions of greenhouse gases in the Visegrad region (with a variation of 8 percentage points among individual countries). There is still potential for a transition towards a bioeconomy, especially in the production of textiles and wearing apparel, chemical products, pharmaceutical products, plastics, furniture, and energy where fossil-based inputs could be substituted by bio-based resources.

A Geographical Perspective on Poverty-Environmental Degradation

Environmental degradation is a process in which the natural environment is negotiated by declining environmental health and the biological diversity. The environmental health problems and urban poverty has a strong bond between them. The high use of non-renewable resources and the destruction of key renewable resources are the major contributors of environmental degradation. The poor people alone cannot be blamed as the key contributors of environmental degradation. In many areas the poor people are more aware about the proper use of natural resources like land, forests and water resources, as they get their livelihood from these resources. This paper focuses on the understandings prevalent on the topic of poverty and environmental degradation and cross-examines the geographical literature available on the subject. The broad objective of this paper is to examine the various contributors which acts vital role in the environmental degradation. The article provides a particular attention towards the poor as one of the elements of environmental deterioration. The analysis depicts that the institutional and market failures encourage unsustainable actions which pushes some income groups into poverty. The conflict among different income groups are the main culprits of poverty-environment degradation nexus. The environmental degradation, on the one hand, contributes to poverty through different agents which effects the human health and depletes the productivity of those natural and manmade resources upon which the poor are dependent, on the other hand, the poverty restricts the poor to perform such activities that will lead to damage the environment. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 9, Issue-1: 1-7.

Resource Depletion Risk for Medical Equipment: Embracing the Circular Economy.

Resource Depletion Risk for Medical Equipment: Embracing the Circular Economy.

Recent and Advance “Green Initiatives”–The Way Forward For Sustainable Progress And Preserving Biosphere.

Abstract: Recent advancements in eco-friendly technology can go a long way in solving major challenges of environment and protecting our biodiversity at their different levels such as genetic, species, and ecosystem. To preserve the endangered and extinct species of flora and fauna and their surroundings, it is necessary to balance both biotic and abiotic components equally, otherwise their disbalance can lead to environmental issues such as global warming, pollution or drastic climatic changes [1-4]. Moreover, an unsustainable development of developed countries for improving their lifestyle and economy, advancement of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, plastic, industries, expansion of automobile industries generate carcinogenic hazardous waste that affect the human health and their wellbeing. It is an alarming state globally, and therefore the advancement of green application and methodologies, becomes imperative. To this approach, here, are discussed various green initiatives which can solve the major or minor issues of atmosphere (Fig.1.). These technologies can look after and limit the use of non-renewable resources and focused on utilization of renewable resources in energy production, storage [5-7], water conservation and in cultivation practices. These applications can also solve the problem of air pollution, water pollution etc. and try to maintain greenery and equilibrium in the climate, and even it controls the global warming and water cycle in the atmosphere (Fig.2.). Successful implementation and regular updating of green expertise can convert non- green industries into green initiatives [8-16] which gradually eliminate the fear of inadequate oxygen, energy, land and water resources [17-18] for the living beings and complement our economy also (Fig.3.). Deprived quality of data, regional differences, investments and government policies are the major roadblocks for the scientist who are involved in the process of green technological developments, but it can solved by regular practice of investment, implementation of techniques , monitoring and evaluation of infrastructure [19]. Mutual role of scientist, industries and government policies can achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Experimental Investigation of Effect of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Properties on the Mechanical and Durability Characteristics of Geopolymer Concrete

With the increased population and industries in the global building sector, two major construction issues must be addressed: (i) Huge construction waste accumulation and (ii) Excessive use of Non-Renewable Resources. Geopolymer Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete emerges at a critical juncture in history to address two issues. Firstly, utilizing Geopolymers derived from the waste of industry to replace cement which reduces the use of cement and thus emissions of CO2, and secondly, Recycled Coarse Aggregate can make use of accumulated construction waste while conserving the natural resources. In the current study, Geopolymer Concrete was made with a constant ratio of fly ash and GGBS (50:50), a sodium silicate to Sodium Hydroxide ratio of 2.5, a Sodium Hydroxide concentration of 8 Molarity, an alkaline to binder ratio of 0.4, and different proportions of Recycled Coarse Aggregate that was partially and completely replaced with Natural Coarse aggregate with the percentage of (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%). The test results showed that Recycled Coarse Aggregate can be used as a Natural Coarse Aggregate in Geopolymer Concretes by replacing 70%, with a 28-day compressive strength of 60.02 MPa, which is almost same as 100% Natural Aggregate in Geopolymer Concrete. The reduction in strength after 90 days of exposure to the HCL solution was up to 1.28 percent for Geopolymer Concrete using Recycled Coarse Aggregate. The Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Concrete using Recycled Coarse Aggregate decreased by up to 1.89 percent after the same period of exposure to the Sulphate solution. In this study combination of fly ash, GGBS, 70% Recycled Coarse Aggregate, and an 8 Molarity NaOH concentration-based Gopolymer Concrete was recommended for precast construction with ambient curing.

Photocatalysis and perovskite oxide-based materials: a remedy for a clean and sustainable future.

The massive use of non-renewable energy resources by humankind to fulfill their energy demands is causing severe environmental issues. Photocatalysis is considered one of the potential solutions for a clean and sustainable future because of its cleanliness, inexhaustibility, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Significant efforts have been made to design highly proficient photocatalyst materials for various applications such as water pollutant degradation, water splitting, CO2 reduction, and nitrogen fixation. Perovskite photocatalyst materials are gained special attention due to their exceptional properties because of their flexibility in chemical composition, structure, bandgap, oxidation states, and valence states. The current review is focused on perovskite materials and their applications in photocatalysis. Special attention has been given to the structural, stoichiometric, and compositional flexibility of perovskite photocatalyst materials. The photocatalytic activity of perovskite materials in different photocatalysis applications is also discussed. Various mechanisms involved in photocatalysis application from wastewater treatment to hydrogen production are also provided. The key objective of this review is to encapsulate the role of perovskite materials in photocatalysis along with their fundamental properties to provide valuable insight for addressing future environmental challenges.

Effects of using pulverized termite mound (PTM) as partial replacement of fine aggregate on the durability properties and microstructure of concrete

The unrestrained use of non-renewable natural resources used in the production of structural concrete raises sustainability concerns. The use of appropriate waste and non-conventional materials is encouraged to address some of these concerns. Understanding the relationship between the durability properties and microstructure of such a material will increase innovation in its use and mitigate some of the environmental issues associated with concrete production. This paper presents the results of a study conducted to evaluate the durability and investigate the microstructure of concrete with fine aggregate partially replaced by pulverized termite mound (PTM). Durability was evaluated by sorptivity and water absorption coefficient tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the microstructure of the concrete specimens after 28 days of curing. The results show (i) that the durability of the PTM concrete specimens, as measured by the water absorption coefficient, improves progressively with PTM content, (ii) that the durability of the PTM specimens, as evaluated by sorptivity, improves up to a PTM content of 70%, and (iii) that the microstructure of the concrete specimens has smaller pores compared to the control, which follows the trend of the sorptivity results. Therefore, for practical purposes, the use of PTM mounds as a substitute for fine aggregate in the production of structural concrete should be limited to 70 %.

Sustainable building materials based on hemp shives and geopolymer paste

European regulations states that the construction industry must encourage the rational and prudent use of non-renewable natural resources, as well as and increase the use of reusable resources and promote the use of renewable natural resources in production. Bio-compositesbased on natural aggregates such as hemp shives are widely studied and used in building sector due to their extensive properties of a range that primarily is so wide, as hempshives are increasingly combined with various binders and as their production technology is evolving rapidly. In this study three series of geopolymer paste (GP) samples were studied to obtain the most suitable binder for the production of hemp shive-based bio-composites, as well as a bio-composites were created from the most suitable binder and described their compressive strength and thermal conductivity performance.

Chemistry and Sustainable Development

One cannot ignore the part that chemistry plays in sustainable development because of how enormous this contribution is. The role chemistry towards this end comprises but not limited to: • Boosting eco-friendly green chemical manufacturing and use; • Limiting the use of non-renewable resources and utilizing renewable resources; • Limiting the use of hazardous materials; • Devising and making available eco-friendly and economical techniques for employment invarious industries. One could define sustainable development as an undertaking that influences development to occur across all areas to seek new chemicals and new ways to create these chemicals in order to serve the larger purpose of developing and maintaining a sustainable society and environment. According to the former Director-General of UNESCO, green chemistry is imperative in order to fix the damage caused by climate change, to eliminate poverty, and to improve health. Since chemistry is such a huge and ever-growing subject of study that covers entire molecular structures, it is obvious that such a subject would play a massive role in sustainable development. Sustainable chemistry or green chemistry is something that is being embraced and promoted by a number of countries and it is something that is proving to be a significant part of a host of research initiatives, networks, etc. Sustainable development is conservation and management of resources in environment friendly manner. Bio plastics, bio fuels, bio energy, green catalysts, green solvents, green and renewable products all are environmentally benign products, contribute toward the sustainable future of society. Few environment friendly tools are discussed in the present paper.

Evaluation of the effects of homeopathic medicines on the seed germination of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica

Background: Aiming to increase the productivity and achieve production levels that meet the market demands, agriculture makes use of pesticides and fertilizers. Fertilizers are natural or artificial substances that contain chemical elements and physical proprieties that enhance plant growth and productivity [1]. However, the addition of fertilizers has generated environmental impacts that jeopardize the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems in the medium and long term [2]. Fertilizers are associated with eutrophication of rivers and lakes [2], soil erosion [3], among others. The organic agriculture is an alternative for the use of additives, which aims to enhance the efficient use of nonrenewable natural resources, and utilization of renewable natural resources and biological processes aligned to biodiversity, the environment, economic development and quality of human life [4]. The use of homeopathy for the cultivation of plants is into the organic agriculture. Homeopathic medicines can lead to greater plant growth, the elimination of pests and soil enrichment, without presenting environmental impacts, or damage to the consumer or for the handler. Aim: The objective of this study is to find on the homeopathic medicine an alternative method for the use of fertilizers in order to increase the germination of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica. Methodology: Seeds of broccoli will be treated with homeopathic medicines for phosphorus and gibberelic acid in the following method and scale 6cH, 30cH and 200cH, according with the 3rd edition of the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. These seeds will be cultured on Petri dishes in a MS medium. The dilution and the agitation water on the same high dilutions above, are used as a growth control, in the same way, gibberelic acid, a hormone, widely used commercially as a fertilizer, is also used as control. The applications will be made six days a week. It will be conducted a seedlings count since the first days of germination and also will be measured the germination velocity and the hypocotyl and primary roots lengths. Results: A quickly, regular and more complete germination is expected when used homeopathic drugs. Rather than use substances harmful to human health, such as fertilizers but gaining it´s same efficiency with a less aggressive results for the plant and for who will eat it or work with agriculture [5-8].
 
 Support: authors declare that this study received no funding
 
 Conflict of interest: authors declare there is no conflict of interest
 
 Correspondente author: Marina das Neves Gomes, marina.gomes@ifrj.edu.br
 
 REFERENCE
 
 [1] EMBRAPA. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. Glossário, 2011. Disponível em: . Acessado em: 01 de março de 2012.
 
 [2] IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável, 2010. Disponível: .Acessado:01/3/12
 
 [3] IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Perfil dos municípios brasileiros - meio ambiente, 2002. Disponível em: . Acessado em: 01 de março de 2012.
 
 [4] SEBRAE - Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas. 2011. O que é agricultura orgânica. Disponível em: . Acessado em: 05/03/12.
 
 [5] BAUMGARTNERA, S.; THURNEYSENA, A.; HEUSSERA, P. Growth Stimulation of Dwarf Peas (Pisum sativum L.) through Homeopathic Potencies of Plant Growth Substances. Forsch Komplementärmed Klass Naturheilkd, v. 11, p. 281 – 292. 2004.
 
 [6] BONATO, C. M.; SILVA, E. P. Effect of the homeopathic solution Sulphur on the growth and productivity of radish. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy Maringá, v. 25 (2), p. 259 - 263, 2003.
 
 [7] BONATO, C. M.; PROENÇA, G. T.; REIS, B. Homeopathic drugs Arsenicum album and Sulphur affect the growth and essential oil content in mint (Mentha arvensis L.). Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, v. 31 (1), p. 101-105, 2009.
 
 [8] LASTA, J. P. Preparados homeopáticos na germinação de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) submetidas ao teste de envelhecimento acelerado. 2010. Dissertação - Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó. Chapecó – Santa Catarina, 2010.

Sources of research in the development of legal relations regarding the use and protection of the environment in the innovation field

Problem setting. Transformation of social relations, as well as the state of the natural environment necessitate the study of the origins of development and the formation of Ukrainian legislation in this area. Rapid rates of man-made load, depletion of natural resources, impossibility (or slow) recovery of natural resources - all these are factors that encourage rapid further steps towards innovative solutions to the use and protection of the environment. Alternative energy sources, the so-called renewable energy sources, are becoming increasingly popular due to their potential and environmental and economic characteristics of use. The object of the origins of the development of legal relations on the use and protection of the environment in the field of innovation. The subject of the study is the historical aspects of the regulation of legal relations on the use and protection of the environment in the field of innovation. The state of research of the problem. The origins of scientific research on the relationship between the use and protection of the environment have repeatedly attracted the attention of researchers. In particular, in this area there were publications of legal scholars: A.P. Hetman, H.V. Anisimova, V.L. Bredikhina, M.V. Krasnova, Y.S. Shemshuchenko, N.R. Malysheva, G.N. Polyanskaya, V.G. Emelyanova, V.V. Nosik and others. However, the study that would be aimed at analyzing the normative regulation of legal relations on the use and protection of the environment in the field of innovation has not yet been, which prompted us to choose this topic of research. The target of this research is to identify and analyze the origins of legislation and scientific achievements in this area. Scientific novelty is the search for and further development of an effective mechanism for regulating the legal relationship between the use and protection of the environment in the field of innovation. Article’s main body. The historical continuity and recurrence of the main legal forms, as emphasized in the literature, make it possible to predict the direction of further development of legislation taking into account the maximum use of valuable historical experience, on the one hand, and avoid future use of legal forms that have failed. Conclusions. Today we can conclude that nature management is irrational, leads to depletion (or disappearance) of natural resources, there is a violation of the ecological balance of natural systems - as a result of rising Earth temperature, destruction of ecosystems, deteriorating human health. Rapid population growth has been observed with great progress, and industrial development has contributed to the increase in energy consumption and the use of non-renewable energy resources, the mass consumption of which has had negative consequences for the environment. Unlike countries with more developed economies, Ukraine is only at the beginning of its path of saving the environment, but instead continues to operate an extensive type of economic development. Natural resources are not used efficiently enough, and if we do not take decisive action, we can already have irreversible consequences. The answer to this should be alternative energy sources - renewable, resource-saving, waste-free (low-waste).

Offshore and Onshore Wave Energy Converters: Engineering and Environmental Features

In the last decade, extensive research has been carried out with the aim of designing new prototype devices that allow for the extraction of electricity from renewable energy sources, in order to contribute to a reduction in the use of nonrenewable resources, and thereby mitigate climate change impacts [...]

CULPRITS OF INCREASED NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDONESIA: ROLE OF INFLATION, POVERTY AND DEBTS

Non-renewable resources, which include natural resources, are now being much rare and are being depleted in the recent decades as these are not being replenished naturally. In Indonesia, there is a need to see and manage the factors that utilize the maximum amount of non-renewable energy in the state. Thus, our study investigates the factors that characterize for the increased use of non-renewable resources that include inflation, poverty, debts, etc. This research has gathered data over 28 years of time to get a time-series analysis. The independent variables are inflation, poverty, and debts of the nation. The dependent variable is non-renewable energy consumption and the control variables are population growth and GDP of Indonesia. For this purpose, we have used Autoregressive distributed time lag (ARDL) model and Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) technique along with unit root tests. Further, the co-integrating among the variables is also tested for observing the relationship of variables in the long-run. The results show that all the inflation, poverty, and debts have significantly being the culprits for increased non-renewable energy consumption in both short-run and long-run analysis. However, population growth has been insignificant in the long run. The research gives useful directions for the policy-makers and people as how to reduce the increased rate of debts, inflation and poverty.Keywords: non-renewable energy consumption, inflation, poverty, debts, ARDL, Indonesia.JEL Classifications: C32, E31, I32, G51, Q43DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11889

Regional sustainability assessment using emergy accounting approach: The case of Nepal in South Asia

Emergy accounting is an environmental assessment tool that accounts for all the energy pathways in production systems. In this regard, the System Thinking Experimental Learning Laboratory Animation (STELLA) with emergy model are used for a retrospective and prospective assessments. Nepal, a country having a relatively small economy but with faster recent growth as well as its geographical position and potentially high vulnerability to climate change was analyzed as a case study using data for 1998–2015 (retrospective) and 2015–2040 (prospective). As per our results, the rising use of non-renewable resources and decreasing use of locally extracted materials caused higher environmental load and reduced emergy sustainability scores. In addition, the effect of natural disasters, such as the Gorkha earthquake, on environmental performance of Nepal was analyzed by emergy accounting. Futuristic emergy analysis for 2015–2040 showed that total and non-renewable emergy would rise considerably, and the emergy sustainability index could further decrease by 33%. Based on these findings, small yet rapidly growing economies, such as Nepal, could improve their environmental management by reducing the material trade deficit (i.e., by increasing domestic material extraction and reducing imports of non-renewable resources), minimizing the use of non-renewables, improving soil fertility, and promoting renewable resource consumption.

Nanofibrillated Cellulose Extracted by Enzymatic Hydrolysis Followed by Mechanical Fibrillation

ABSTRACT In a comparison with certain one-step processes, enzymatic hydrolysis followed by mechanical defibrillation may avoid the use of nonrenewable resources, mitigate the generation of toxic effluents, and reduce the energy consumption related to a single mechanical process. In the present study, bleached and unbleached hardwood pulps were employed as raw materials for producing nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) using a two-step process, in which a cellulase enzyme was inoculated to act as a pretreatment for a subsequent grinding process. The obtained CNF reached high crystallinity indexes (above 70%) and high thermal stability (degradation onset temperatures around 200°C). Increases in enzyme concentration yielded decreases in diameter and increases in both thermal stability and crystallinity index. These findings indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis used as a pretreatment to a further grinding process can allow the production of valuable CNF-based products.

Intellectual Framework for Transforming Conventional Industrial Zones into Eco- Industrial Parks

Industrial practice is vital to achieving economic growth and prosperity in both developed and developing countries - of which Egypt is one. However, it harms the environment by high rates of consumption, depletion of natural resources and disposal of waste. Therefore, transformation of the conventional industrial system to be compatible with the ecosystem and its capabilities to renew itself is necessary. This approach requires minimization of waste, extraction of raw materials and use of nonrenewable resources. This can be accomplished through Industrial Ecology (IE) and Industrial Symbiosis (IS), which maximize utilization of resources in the production process by using waste as a valuable “by-product” rather than disposing it in landfills. Hence, based on normative and experimental literature in IE, IS and previous eco-industrial parks (EIP) experiences, this research attempts to provide an intellectual framework for the planning process for the transformation of conventional industrial zones (CIZs) into EIPs. It is composed of five stages: selection of industrial zones, local context analysis, planning eco-industrial park (EIP), community participation & raising awareness and organizational structure. we hope that this research will represent a reference starting point in the field of industrial ecology planning for urban planners, practitioners and academics and to be a contribution to the scientific debate related to transforming CIZs to EIPs.

How Should We Tax the Use of Nonrenewables Under a Public Budget Constraint?

Most developed countries will be facing severe public budget constraints. We derive a formula for how extraction or use of nonrenewable resources should be taxed when governments need to collect commodity tax revenues. Moreover, we show how it can be directly used to indicate how carbon taxation should be increased in the presence of public-revenue needs. The obtained tax is an augmented, dynamic version of the standard Ramsey taxation rule. It distorts developed reserves, which are reduced, and their depletion, which is slowed down, going further in the direction prescribed for the resolution of the climate externality. We present a simple calibrated application of our results to illustrate how the carbon taxation of oil should be augmented, and the incidence on oil use and tax revenues.