Abstract
The massive use of non-renewable energy resources by humankind to fulfill their energy demands is causing severe environmental issues. Photocatalysis is considered one of the potential solutions for a clean and sustainable future because of its cleanliness, inexhaustibility, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Significant efforts have been made to design highly proficient photocatalyst materials for various applications such as water pollutant degradation, water splitting, CO2 reduction, and nitrogen fixation. Perovskite photocatalyst materials are gained special attention due to their exceptional properties because of their flexibility in chemical composition, structure, bandgap, oxidation states, and valence states. The current review is focused on perovskite materials and their applications in photocatalysis. Special attention has been given to the structural, stoichiometric, and compositional flexibility of perovskite photocatalyst materials. The photocatalytic activity of perovskite materials in different photocatalysis applications is also discussed. Various mechanisms involved in photocatalysis application from wastewater treatment to hydrogen production are also provided. The key objective of this review is to encapsulate the role of perovskite materials in photocatalysis along with their fundamental properties to provide valuable insight for addressing future environmental challenges.
Highlights
The abundantly available sun energy can be harvested through photocatalysis to deal with the concerns pertaining to the environment and humankind
This article aimed to discuss the imperative properties of perovskite materials which play vital role in photocatalysis, and will assist in understanding the fundamentals of photocatalytic mechanisms involved in designing highly efficient photocatalysts
Defect engineering gained much attention among researchers because it resulted in visible light photocatalytic activity without doping
Summary
The blissful gi of Mother Nature, the Sun is an ultimate renewable energy resource that irradiates 3.85 yotta joule (YJ) of energy yearly on the earth's surface. The doping at the cations or anions at different sites of perovskite structure enhances the photocatalytic activity by introducing the intra-band energy levels; the shallow and deep intraband energy levels trap the photogenerated electron–hole pair. The doping at the different sites of the perovskite structure changes the absorption peak of the material, increasing the light absorption. The electron from the conduction band of the semiconductor material migrates to the co-catalyst and causes charge separation, and increases the photocatalytic activity.[139–141]. Substituting the different materials can introduce defects in the perovskite materials in the perovskite structure These defects act as a site to trap the charge carriers and enhance the separation of charge carriers and increase the photocatalytic efficiency. Zirconium (Zr) doping at the Ti site of CaTiO3 generates oxygen vacancies, producing defects and increasing photocatalytic activity by changing the lattice structure.[167,168]. Nano sheets Nano bers 3D hierarchical hybrid material Composite g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 (ref. 209) Bi2WO6/RGO210
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