Non-binary Research Articles

Tiresias in T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land: Exploring Transgender Representation in the Modern Context

This research paper delves into the representation of transgender identity through the character of Tiresias in Thomas Stearns Eliot’s ‘The Waste Land,’ a landmark modern poem that explores life in London in the aftermath of World War I. Tiresias is the character appearing in ‘The Fire Sermon’ section of the poem who transverses both male and female genders thereby emerging as an embodiment of gender fluidity. This research portrays Tiresias as transgender to discuss transgender representation in the modern context. For this, the study draws upon mythological allusions, literary analysis, queer theory, artistic expressions, and legal initiatives across the world. The research aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the transgender experiences including the struggles and challenges faced by them in the contemporary world to foster empathy. The findings of this study signal the beginning of the Trans era that holds promising possibilities for the future of trans individuals.

1484. Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Cure by Priority Population Among New York City Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program Part A Clients

Abstract Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common comorbidity among people with HIV (PWH). HCV-related liver disease is the second leading cause of death among PWH. To identify opportunities to improve service integration and health equity, we examined HCV infection and cure among priority populations identified for New York City (NYC) Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program Part A (RWPA) service delivery. Methods Using a merge of NYC HIV and HCV surveillance data with RWPA program data, we identified RWPA clients receiving services from 01/2019–12/2022. We categorized clients into priority populations: Black or Latina cisgender women; Black or Latino men who have sex with men (MSM); transgender, intersex, gender non-conforming, or non-binary (TIGNCNB) people; people who inject drugs (PWID); and people aging (age >50) with HIV (PAWH). We measured active HCV infections (any positive RNA test during analysis period), and HCV cure­ (negative RNA result on the most recent HCV test >12 weeks after most recent positive RNA result obtained during the analysis period). Using logistic regression, we compared HCV prevalence and HCV cure by population, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Among 15,702 RWPA clients, 15% (n=2,278) had active HCV infection, with 70% (n=1,596) achieving cure. 53% of clients were PAWH, 36% were Black/Latino MSM, 26% were Black/Latina cisgender women, 5% were TIGNCNB people, and 2% were PWID. PWID had the highest proportion of HCV infection (38%), and PAWH had the highest cure proportion (73%) (Table 1). After adjusting for potential confounders, PWID and PAWH had higher odds of HCV infection compared to other clients [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 4.37, 95% CI: 3.41, 5.59 for PWID; aOR: 4.05, 95% CI: 3.61, 4.54 for PAWH]. Black/Latino MSM and Black/Latina cisgender women had lower odds of infection (aOR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.88 and aOR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.68, respectively) compared to other clients. Among clients with HCV, PWID had lower odds of cure compared to non-PWID (aOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.85; Table 2). Table 1, Part 1 Table 1, Part 2 Conclusion These findings – particularly the low odds of HCV cure among PWID, who had the highest odds of infection – highlight gaps that can inform resource allocation and targeted integration of HIV/HCV care. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

The first population size estimation of transgender and non-binary people in Georgia

Purpose Accurate data on the number of transgender and non-binary people are essential for the effectiveness of planning and implementation of transgender services, as well as for advocacy, but these data are insufficient. Our goal in this study was to estimate the number of transgender people in Georgia and compare it with estimations in other Eastern European and Central Asian (EECA) countries. Methods We used a variety of methodologies, including the mobile/web app multiplier, service multiplier, and network-based capture-recapture (Telefunken) methods, which all were included in a survey of 100 transgender people. A final estimation was obtained using the Anchored Multiplier method. We also review the existing research on estimating transgender and non-binary population sizes in EECA countries. Results The estimation final value of transgender and non-binary people in Georgia was 0.06 [0.05–0.07%] of the total adult (18–54 years) population of the country or 1,044 [870–1,219]. Conclusion Our transgender and non-binary population size estimates in Georgia are in line with those in other EECA countries. These estimates can offer useful information for planning and assessing trans specific services, including HIV prevention programs at the national level. Furthermore, we believe that our findings will close the information gap regarding regional estimates of transgender and non-binary populations.

The Impact of Ambivalent Sexism and Related Factors

This article explores the impact of ambivalent sexist attitudes at the national, social, and individual levels. To begin from the definition, development, and significance of ambivalent sexism theory, by exploring the perceptions of hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes on male and female beliefs about well-being, life satisfaction, parenting responsibilities and housework assignments, and interpersonal status and behavioral responses to study society's pervasive ideology of poor outcomes between women's identities and successful performance in roles. It is important to note that both benevolent and hostile sexism harm gender equality because they harm men, women, and non-binary people based on traditional gender stereotypes that mask social biases, and even these normative standards of behavior can further promote gender bias. This study explores the impact of ambivalent sexism on male and female individuals and their relationships, hoping to contribute some theoretical research to future science development and progress, thereby promoting the spread of gender egalitarianism.

A Kernel Inquiry into Genderless Fashion: The Social Concepts It Conveys

In recent years, a type of clothing form for both men and women, which is called genderless clothing, has become popular. This concept has appeared more and more frequently in peoples eyes and become a global trend. The popularity of genderless fashion is not just a style of dress, it is accompanied by a variety of social concepts and progress. This study reviews the development of genderless fashion and analyzes some of the core reasons why it has become a global trend, exploring the development of social attitudes that fashion reflects. It is mainly related to four factors: Generation Zs need for expression, non-binary gender identity, the awakening of feminist consciousness, and brand-new consumer demand. These findings help people understand the connection between fashion trends and social values, the spiritual needs of contemporary people and also provide apparel developers with a more comprehensive perspective to further recognize the core needs of consumers.

Intersectional effects of sexual orientation and racial/ethnic discrimination on substance use among young adult sexual minority cisgender women and nonbinary people of color: Testing additive, prominence, and multiplicative hypotheses.

Intersectional effects of sexual orientation and racial/ethnic discrimination on substance use among young adult sexual minority cisgender women and nonbinary people of color: Testing additive, prominence, and multiplicative hypotheses.

Transgender and non-binary people’s perception of their healthcare in relation to endometriosis

Background Endometriosis is described as a gynecological disease that can severely impact on people’s quality of life. Much of endometriosis research and literature is focused on cis women, although gender diverse people and cis men have been diagnosed with this disease. Cis women have reported problems in their healthcare for endometriosis due to delays in diagnosis and a lack of support in their treatment. Gender diverse people have reported to experience discrimination in healthcare settings. There is a lack of research on gender diverse people’s experience of living with endometriosis and little is known about their experience of healthcare for endometriosis. Aim Our aim in this article is to report on the healthcare experiences of transgender and non-binary people with endometriosis. Methods We used a phenomenological lens to explore the experiences of transgender and non-binary people with endometriosis’ perceptions of healthcare. Eleven participants were recruited through social media internationally. We recruited participants that identified as transgender and/or non-binary, had suspected/diagnosed endometriosis and were 18 years old or older. Participants took part in three online semi-structured interviews and completed a diary for three months. We used Hermeneutic Analysis to analyze the data via themes. Phenomenology of embodiment was used as a theoretical point of departure in understanding the data. Results From the analysis, the following themes were created that captured participants’ healthcare experiences: (1) Medical Gaslighting of Endometriosis and Gender Diverse Experiences, (2) Misgendering and Gendered Language, (3) Medical Discrimination, and (4) Validating Experiences with Health Care Providers (HCPs) and Recommendations by Participants. The findings revealed that medical gaslighting, misgendering and experiences of discrimination in healthcare settings had a psychological effect on participants, with reports of dysphoria, self-doubt, fear and a trauma response. Discussion Experiences of medical gaslighting, misgendering and discrimination in the healthcare of endometriosis may limit communication between HCPs and patients through limited treatment options being communicated, assumptions in healthcare and participants not feeling safe to disclose their gender identity for a disease that already from cis women’s reports has difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. This highlights additional barriers for gender diverse people to overcome in their healthcare for endometriosis. We recommend that HCPs may benefit from further awareness and training with working with gender diverse people with endometriosis.

Experiences of gender-diverse youth during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada: A longitudinal qualitative study.

Recent studies have suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased existing health challenges experienced by transgender (trans) and non-binary people. Additionally, COVID-19 has also negatively impacted youth mental health. However, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic with respect to the intersection of youth and trans and non-binary populations is currently not well established. The present longitudinal qualitative study aimed to examine the evolving challenges experienced by trans and non-binary youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gender-diverse youth, defined as participants who did not identify as cisgender in April 2020, were invited to participate from among the participant pool of a COVID-19 cohort study in Canada. Qualitative interviews were conducted in August 2020, January 2021, and August 2021, during the first year and a half of the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative themes were identified based on reflexive thematic analysis and plot-line narrative inquiry. Ten participants aged 18 to 28 were included in the present analysis, yielding 29 transcripts. We identified themes of (1) losses of connection to gender-diverse communities, (2) changes in gender identity, affirmation, and self-reflection, (3) a dual burden of trans and non-binary specific health and service access challenges as well as COVID-19 pandemic related health challenges, and (4) virtually rebuilding gender-diverse communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gender-diverse youth may experience unique challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. The losses with gender-diverse communities may further isolate queer people from access to healthcare, housing, and employment. Public health policy targeted at gender-diverse youth may consider addressing "upstream" disparities in healthcare and housing in order to support the rebuilding of queer and gender-diverse communities by gender-diverse people.

Genderkompetenz in der Medizin und Osteopathie

Since over a century gender mainstreaming tries to take root in our society to ensure equality of all genders on all social levels. Nevertheless, the so-called gender gap is still omnipresent, especially the gender health gap. Men are still the main focus in (medical) research, the androcentric system and binary thinking are tenacious.This can cause severe consequences for medical issues for non-male genders. Late or wrong diagnosis for heart diseases or pain syndromes in women happen a lot of times because of unawareness of early symptoms or wrongly blaming a psychosomatic cause. Non-binary people are not represented at all.The medical knowledge of gender differences is also important for osteopathy, because we have to interpret those symptoms in a gender sensitive way in order to avoid missing contraindications for a treatment.

Non-binary gender identity expression in the workplace and the role of supportive HRM practices, co-worker allyship, and job autonomy

In this paper, we shed light on how non-binary people express their gender identity in the workplace by drawing on self-discrepancy and self-verification theories. We argue that non-binary workers may experience a discrepancy between their actual and ideal expression of their gender identity at work and be motivated to prevent this due to a desire for others to see them as they see themselves. A mixed quantitative/qualitative survey of 160 non-binary workers in the UK and USA reveals that there are various ways non-binary workers express their gender identity at work via physical appearance and clothing, gestures and language, posture and movement, and other communication signals. However, most non-binary workers may perceive a moderate level of discrepancy between their current and ideal-future expression of their gender identity at work. We find that such discrepancies are less likely to occur when organizations promote supportive gender identity related HRM practices (such as flexible dress code and pronoun policies), co-worker allyship, and job autonomy. Overall, we contribute to knowledge about how non-binary people view their gender identity expression at work and what HR practitioners, managers, and co-workers can do to support them.

Hormonal contraception and risk for cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in young women: a scoping review of the evidence.

Women are significantly more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) than men. Suggestions to explain the sex differences in dementia incidence have included the influence of sex hormones with little attention paid to date as to the effect of hormonal contraception on brain health. The aim of this scoping review is to evaluate the current evidence base for associations between hormonal contraceptive use by women and non-binary people in early adulthood and brain health outcomes. A literature search was conducted using EMBASE, Medline and Google Scholar, using the keywords "hormonal contraception" OR "contraception" OR "contraceptive" AND "Alzheimer*" OR "Brain Health" OR "Dementia". Eleven papers were identified for inclusion in the narrative synthesis. Studies recruited participants from the UK, USA, China, South Korea and Indonesia. Studies included data from women who were post-menopausal with retrospective data collection, with only one study contemporaneously collecting data from participants during the period of hormonal contraceptive use. Studies reported associations between hormonal contraceptive use and a lower risk of ADRD, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), better cognition and larger grey matter volume. Some studies reported stronger associations with longer duration of hormonal contraceptive use, however, results were inconsistent. Four studies reported no significant associations between hormonal contraceptive use and measures of brain health, including brain age on MRI scans and risk of AD diagnosis. Further research is needed on young adults taking hormonal contraceptives, on different types of hormonal contraceptives (other than oral) and to explore intersections between sex, gender, race and ethnicity. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MVX63, identifier: OSF.io: 10.17605/OSF.IO/MVX63.

Liturgies of Livability or Liturgical Violence: What Kind of Space Is Christian Congregational Song Creating for LGBTQIA2S+ and Nonbinary People?

The liturgy is one of the most important places in which people are formed theologically through components such as prayers, music, visual art, and preaching. Yet, depending on the theology that is expressed, the liturgy can be a place that heals or harms. Because LGBTQIA2S+ and nonbinary people are often excluded and made invisible in Christian worship, this article focuses on the importance of Christian congregational song and how—drawing from Nathan Myrick’s work—it can be ethical for LGBTQIA2S+ and nonbinary people when it contributes to their flourishing. First is an articulation of a theology of “both/neither” which (1) acknowledges that LGBTQIA2S+ and nonbinary people exist, (2) is based on a sexually polymorphic reading of Genesis 1:27 and asserts that LGBTQIA2S+ and nonbinary people are made in God’s image, and (3) celebrates difference, diversity, and multiplicity. Next is a discussion of how enacting a theology of “both/neither” in the liturgy creates liturgies of livability for LGBTQIA2S+ and nonbinary people, whereas when it is not, it inflicts liturgical violence. This article concludes by exploring examples from Christian congregational song that support liturgies of livability through their expression of a theology of “both/neither.”

Gender Experiences of Transgender Youth: How Changeable is the Gender Experience of Binary vs. Nonbinary Identifying Transgender Youth and What Factors Are Involved?

Gender Experiences of Transgender Youth: How Changeable is the Gender Experience of Binary vs. Nonbinary Identifying Transgender Youth and What Factors Are Involved? Abstract: Objectives: Nonbinary gender identities are becoming increasingly visible in transgender healthcare and research. However, little is known about the various gender identities of transgender adolescents - whether they are stable or fluid and which factors influence their gender experience. The present study investigates these different aspects of gender in transgender adolescents with various gender identities. Method: The sample comprised a recent cohort of 114 adolescents diagnosed with gender dysphoria (GD) attending the Hamburg Gender Identity Service for Children and Adolescents (Hamburg GIS). We used the Gender Diversity Questionnaire to assess the different aspects of gender. Results: In total, 83 % of the sample reported a binary (BI) and 17 % a nonbinary gender identity or were still questioning their gender identity (NBGQ). 15-18 % of the transgender adolescents reported gender fluidity. The NBGQ group reported significantly higher levels of gender fluidity or more often that their gender identity was still open to change, respectively, than the BI group. Puberty (79 %), physical distress (70 %), and social media (36 %) were the most frequently mentioned factors influencing their gender experience. Conclusions: The present study underscores that gender experience is not binary and fixed for all transgender adolescents, but that, in some cases, it may be nonbinary or fluid. This heterogeneity, the possible fluidity, and the puberty-related physical distress may challenge treatment decisions in transgender adolescents diagnosed with GD. This situation highlights the importance of developing individualized treatment plans.

Gendered stereotype content for people with a nonbinary gender identity

Background Gender stereotypes about women and men have a complementary structure, where women and men are seen as high/low in feminine characteristics and low/high in masculine characteristics. These stereotypes are related to representation within social roles, where beliefs about social role occupation influences which characteristics are associated with women or men. It is not known how people with gender identities that do not fit a binary structure are stereotyped. The current study provides a first step towards addressing this gap. Methods Swedish participants (N = 152) reported descriptive stereotype content (positive/negative feminine/masculine personality characteristics) and estimations of representation within domestic and occupational social roles for people with a nonbinary gender identity for the past, present, and future in a between-groups design. Stereotype content for the past included a higher degree of feminine compared to masculine characteristics, but ratings for the present and future showed no differentiation between femininity and masculinity. Results People with a nonbinary gender identity were believed to more frequently occupy feminine compared to masculine social roles for all time points; this was especially pronounced for occupational social roles. The theorised connection between social role occupation and stereotype content did not emerge: degree of positive masculinity and femininity correlated positively with representation in masculine domestic and occupational roles respectively, but positive femininity was negatively correlated with representation in feminine occupational roles. Conclusions These results indicate that stereotypes about people with a nonbinary gender identity do not show the same complementary pattern or reliance on social roles as gender stereotypes about women and men, but that there is a feminine bias in perceptions of social role occupation for people with a nonbinary gender identity.

Assessing Preferences of Facial Appearance in Transgender and Gender Nonbinary Patients

BackgroundWe designed a survey to evaluate preferences of facial appearance in transgender male (TM), transgender female (TF) and gender nonbinary patients to better inform goals of facial gender affirming surgery (FGAS) in gender nonbinary patients.MethodsTM/TF and nonbinary patients > 18 years old were identified via retrospective chart review and distributed an anonymized survey via email from October 3 to December 31, 2022. To assess facial preferences, AI-generated and open-source portraits were edited to create five image sets with a range of features from masculine to feminine for the forehead, mandible/chin and hairline. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact tests and ANOVA in R-Studio.ResultsSurvey response rate was 32% (180 patients identified via chart review, 58 respondents; TM = 5, TF = 39, nonbinary = 14). TM and TF patients as well as TF and nonbinary patients had significantly different preferences for all regions (p < 0.005; all series), while TM and nonbinary patients did not (p => 0.05; all series). TF patients consistently selected 4s with neutral or more feminine features. TM and nonbinary patients, however, demonstrated no consistent preference for either male or female features but rather a range of responses spanning extremes of both masculine and feminine options. When stratified by sex assigned at birth, nonbinary patients consistently identified preferences opposite to their assigned gender.ConclusionGender nonbinary and TM patients appear to have uniquely individual preferences regarding facial appearance that do not fit into classically masculine or feminine patterns/phenotypes. As a result, we recommend individualized preoperative planning for FGAS to achieve the optimal result in these patient populations.Level of Evidence IVThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Abstract 14018: Prevalence of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Transgender and Nonbinary Adult Community Health Center Patients

Background: Sex differences in cardiac arrhythmias are well-established and partly attributed to sex hormones. Aim: We aimed to explore the prevalence of arrhythmias in transgender and nonbinary ( TGNB ) adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized patient electronic medical records from a single community healthcare center specializing in TGNB care. Adults aged ≥18 years with ≥2 medical visits between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2021, were categorized into self-reported gender groups as TGNB (transgender man[TGM], transgender woman[TGW], nonbinary-assigned male at birth, nonbinary-assigned female at birth) and cisgender (cisgender man[CisM] or cisgender woman[CisW]). We categorized arrhythmias as atrial, ventricular, or other. Descriptive statistics characterized the prevalence of arrhythmias by gender group. Age- and race-adjusted Firth-type logistic regression models compared TGNB patients to CisM and CisW. The prevalence of arrhythmias was also descriptively explored in nonbinary people and in TGNB people with a gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) prescription. Results: Among 49,862 adults, 7121 (14%) identified as TGNB persons. Participants were young (median age 28 years-old) and prevalence of arrhythmias was low (0.7-1.4% in nonbinary persons, 1.4-1.5% in transgender persons). Adjusting for age and race, TGM and TGW had a similar risk of arrhythmias compared to CisM (TGW: OR=0.89 (0.63-1.24), p=0.52; TGM: OR=1.17 (0.82-1.62), p=0.37), but statistically significantly higher odds of arrhythmias compared to CisW (TGW: OR=1.65 (1.13-2.34), p=0.01; TGM: OR=2.15 (1.48-3.04), p&lt;0.01). Prevalence of arrhythmias appeared similar among TGNB adults who used GAHT and those who did not (1.5% vs 1.9% in TGM, 1.2% vs 2.1% in TGW). Conclusion: Further research examining arrhythmias in TGNB patients and across gender minority subgroups is warranted, including longitudinal studies evaluating the potential impact of GAHT.

Deconstructing transphobic fallacies and unveiling the realities of transgender phenomenology in India: An empirical inquiry

The community of the trans-gendered or the gender diverse or the gender nonbinary has been the cause of many debates in recent times over their claim of equal rights of existence in India. While several first world countries have taken or are in the course of taking adequate steps to ensure their inclusion among the general masses, India despite its long history of accommodation and tolerance has fallen behind. This is largely in lieu of the prevalent discourse classifying any form of sexuality and gender that does not conform to the heteronormative gender binary as unnatural and a product of westernisation. This paper endeavours to elucidate and scrutinize the Queer and specifically Trans elements embedded within Indian Mythologies, as manifested in the Veda, Purana, Dharma-Shastra, Kama-shastra, Natyashastra, and numerous other sacred texts. By doing so, it attempts to subvert the prevailing narrative that enforces their exclusion. In addition to that, it provides a comprehensive survey of gender fluidity as depicted in Indian mythologies and ancient texts, thereby illuminating the obscured heritage of progressive advancements in gender studies within the Indian context. Moreover, it underscores the contrived essence and artificial construct of the gender binary, while emphasizing the futility of steadfastly adhering to its purported "naturalness".

Unsettling the Conversation on Trans Rights

This article argues that trans rights are trapped within settler frameworks of gender and rights, therefore making them incompatible with and in opposition to Indigenous lifeways. Starting with the premise that engagement with the settler state is not benign, the authors argue that trans rights-based organizing diverts and thwarts the potential for solidarity work with Indigenous struggles for freedom and is inherently limited in its potential to secure Indigenous futurity. The authors hope that trans studies and collective struggles organized around gender embrace anti-colonial and anti-racist praxis to result in tangible and discursive outcomes to bolster Indigenous cultural continuity and land-based connections. The authors use this article to call for a collective movement toward gender self-determination that is sensitive and reflexive of settler colonialism and produces tangible decolonial actions that will benefit the lives of Indigenous Two-Spirit, trans, and nonbinary people and align with movements for Indigenous self-determination. Queer and trans settlers are urged to begin a process of accountability and to engage a decolonial praxis to support Indigenous decolonization in all its forms—fighting for land claims, defending water and land rights, and supporting the resurgence of Indigenous erotics and gender formations. To be truly decolonial we suggest that trans political organizing moves beyond the settler framework of rights and toward Indigenous solidarity in politics, practices, and shared struggles, foregrounding anti-colonial, anti-racist, and pro-Indigenous values.

Assessing the state of LGBTQ+ diversity and inclusion in neurosurgery

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of neurosurgeons in terms of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or queer (LGBTQ+) gender and sexual minority status using the Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) as the single nationalized source of LGBTQ+ identification. Additionally, inclusivity was assessed through interviews by residents and attendings in the field. METHODS First, a PRISMA literature review was conducted and independently reviewed by two authors on studies involving LGBTQ+ representation in neurosurgery from PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Then, aggregate responses of 16,901 participants’ sexual and gender identities from the GQ administered between 2016 and 2022 were compiled. To statistically analyze the response frequencies, the authors performed a chi-square analysis. Finally, interviews were conducted with individuals who identify as LGBTQ+ and are currently neurosurgical residents or attendings. Direct invitations were extended to participate in interviews, and all participants gave informed consent prior to the interview. Interviews were conducted using standardized questions and were video recorded. RESULTS Two studies were identified by literature review that referenced the LGBTQ+ community in neurosurgery. A GQ chi-square analysis comparing neurosurgical with nonneurosurgical LGBTQ+ identification proved statistically insignificant (p = 0.65). More broad analysis of majority sexual and gender identification (heterosexual and cisgendered) compared with the total gender and sexual minority group also proved statistically insignificant (p = 0.32) in response frequency. Five interviews, including 4 residents and 1 attending, provided several overarching themes including self-identification as an invisible minority, self-limiting behavior to ensure inclusion, and LGBTQ+ status as a direct departure from the stereotypical neurosurgeon. CONCLUSIONS Results from the GQ analysis indicate that neurosurgery is achieving LGBTQ+ diversity of its incoming members comparable to that of other fields in medicine. However, qualitative data from the interviews and a lack of specific literature indicate that despite obtaining diversity, inclusion of LGBTQ+ neurosurgeons and trainees is lacking.

Reproductive Health Among Those with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: An Overview of Considerations Related to the Premenopausal Period, Pregnancy and Postpartum, and the Menopausal Transition, with a Focus on Recent Findings.

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) impact many aspects of reproductive health for women and non-binary and transgender individuals assigned female at birth. In this narrative review, we highlight considerations and recent research related to (1) the premenopausal period, (2) pregnancy and postpartum, and (3) the menopausal transition. Most recent research has focused on pregnancy and the postpartum period, and specifically on elucidating perinatal risk factors, adverse obstetrical and neonatal outcomes (and modifiable contributors such as smoking), long-term child health, and psychotropic medications (with reassuring results related antipsychotic-associated gestational diabetes mellitus and neurodevelopmental outcomes). Much less recent focus has been on menstruation and menopause, although some research has highlighted the relative worsening of illness peri-menstrually and peri-menopausally. Despite the many important reproductive considerations for those with SSD, many aspects including menstruation and menopause have received very little attention. Further research is needed on how to best support women, non-binary, and transgender people assigned female at birth with SSD throughout the lifespan.