Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Assays Research Articles

Pharmacological Prospects of Morin Conjugated Selenium Nanoparticles-Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Thrombolytic, and Anticancer Activities.

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have gained wide importance in the scientific community and have emerged as an optimistic therapeutic carrier agent for targeted drug delivery. In the present study, the effectiveness of nano selenium conjugated with Morin (Ba-SeNp-Mo) produced from endophytic bacteria Bacillus endophyticus reported in our earlier research was tested against various Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and fungal pathogens that showed good zone of inhibition against all selected pathogens. Antioxidant activities of these NPs were studied by 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2-), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assays that exhibited dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values 6.92 ± 1.0, 16.85 ± 1.39, 31.60 ± 1.36, 18.87 ± 1.46, and 6.95 ± 1.27 μg/mL. The efficiency of DNA cleavage and thrombolytic activity of Ba-SeNp-Mo were also studied. The antiproliferative effect of Ba-SeNp-Mo was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in COLON-26 cell lines that resulted in IC50 value of 63.11 μg/mL. Further increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels up to 2.03 and significant early, late and necrotic cells were also observed in AO/EtBr assay. CASPASE 3 expression was upregulated to 1.22 (40 μg/mL) and 1.85 (80 μg/mL) fold. Thus, the current investigation suggested that the Ba-SeNp-Mo has offered remarkable pharmacological activity.

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant potential of Lepidagathis spinosa Wight ex Nees., Whole plant - In vitro method

Aim: To assess the phytoconstituents, total flavonoid, phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Lepidagathis spinosa wight ex Nees. (L.spinosa). Objective: To assess the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of L. spinosa with different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hydro alcohol extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed using spectrophotometric method. The total antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activities of various extracts were estimated against DPPH, Hydroxy radical and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Results: The hydro alcohol extract of the whole shrub revealed the maximal polyphenol content when correlated with the other solvent extracts. Total phenolic content of the hydro alcohol extract was found to be 33.53 of GAE/g dry weight of samples. Flavonoid content was found to be 19.63333 mg of quercetin equivalents/g dry weight of the extract. All the extracts were exposed significant antioxidant activity and hydro alcohol extract showing highest antioxidant ability in association with the polyphenol contents. Based on the IC50 values, hydro alcohol extract of the plant revealed the potent DPPH, Hydroxy radical, Nitric oxide radical scavenging ability. Conclusion: This study suggests that hydro alcohol extract of L. spinosa could be a potential source of natural antioxidant and justifies its traditional use in ethnomedicine.

Methanolic fraction of Cassia fistula L. bark exhibits potential to combat oxidative stress and possess antiproliferative activity

ABSTRACT Cassia fistula L. is well known for its traditional medicinal properties as an anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic, and wound healing agent. The aim of the present study was to determine antioxidant, genoprotective, and cytotoxic potential of different fractions of C. fistula bark including hexane (CaMH), chloroform (CaMC), ethyl acetate (CaME), and methanol (CaMM). Among all the fractions studied, CaMM exhibited maximal radical scavenging activity in antioxidant DPPH assay, Superoxide anion radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay displayed an IC50 value of 18.95, 29.41, and 13.38 µg/ml, respectively. CaMM fraction possessed the highest phenolic (130.37 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight of extract) and flavonoid (36.96 mg rutin equivalent/g dry weight of fraction) content. Data demonstrated significant positive correlation between polyphenol levels and radical scavenging activity. Single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) exhibited genoprotective potential of C. fistula bark fractions against DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human lymphocytes. CaMM fraction displayed highest protective ability against H2O2 induced-toxicity as evidenced by significant decrease in % tail DNA content from 30 to 7% at highest concentration (200 µg/ml). CaMM was found to be rich in catechin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and kaempferol. The phenolic content and antioxidant ability of the fractions was markedly negatively correlated with H2O2- induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Cytotoxic potential was evaluated against dermal epidermoid carcinoma (A431), pancreatic (MIA PaCa-2) and brain glioblastoma (LN-18) cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Results showed that C. fistula bark fractions possessed highest toxicity against the skin carcinoma cells. CaMM fraction reduced over 50% cell growth at the concentration of 76.72 µg/ml in A431 cells. These findings suggest that fractions of C. fistula bark exhibit potential to be considered as therapeutic agents in various carcinomas.

A Comparative Study on the Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities off Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Psidium Guajava L. Varieties

Antioxidants play an important role in protecting the cell from damage caused by oxidative stress (OS). Plants have potential phytochemicals, which possess antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to investigate the screening of phytochemcials, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties of ethanolic leaf extracts of Psidium guajava varieties (Lucknow 49 and TRY G1). The leaf extracts were screened for various phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, phenols and glycosides) and antioxidant activities. Antidiabetic actives were evaluated by in vitro analysis using standard protocols. The antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine) radical scavenging assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay methods. The phytochemicals screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, phenols, tannins, and glycosides. Among the varieties, Lucknow 49 had higher level of α-amylase inhibitor activity of 62.46 and α -glucosidase inhibitor activity of 98.40 at 100 μg/mL than TRY G1. Both the varieties of the extracts showed antioxidant activities in dose dependent manner, and values were compared with standard ascorbic acid. Lucknow 49 showed the maximum DPPH (60.68%), superoxide radical (65.67%) and nitric oxide radical(61.36%) scavenging activities than TRY G1 variety. The IC50 values of the variety Lucknow 49 were also confirmed antioxidant potentials. The results indicate that both the varieties of Psidium guajava had significant antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials, hence the plant leaves could serve as effective antidiabetic agents and potent free radical scavengers, which may be used for pharmaceutical applications. However, further exploration is necessary for effective usage in both traditional and modern system of medicines.

In Vitro Antioxidant Properties and Methylglyoxal (MGO) Scavenging Effects of Centella asiatica Leaves in Water Extract

Introduction: Advanced glycation end product (AGE) is formed by the non-enzymatic glycation, leading to free radicals’ production and high oxidative stress. Accumulation of AGEs is associated with chronic diseases which are correlated with diabetes mellitus. Centella asiatica is a traditional medicinal herb used in Asia with numerous pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, wound healing, neuroprotective, and gastrointestinal treatment. This research was aim to evaluate the antioxidant, antiglycation, and phytochemical analysis of C. asiatica leaves (L.) water extract. Methods: The antioxidant activity of the plant extract was evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH) radicals, nitric oxide (NO), and chelating capacity assays. Total phenolic content (TPC) was performed to determine the presence of bioactive compounds, such as saponins, which have been extensively reported in previous studies. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used as positive control in the antioxidant assays, while quercetin was used in the antiglycation assays. Antiglycation effects of C. asiatica L. were evaluated through Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-MGO, BSA-glucose, and MGO scavenging assay. The data was expressed in terms of IC50. Result: The plant extract possessed significantly (p < 0.001) lower IC50 value compared to the BHT in DPPH and NO radical scavenging assay. It also showed stronger antiglycative effect with lower IC50 value compared to the quercetin in BSA-glucose and BSA-MGO assay. The TPC of C. asiatica L. was 3.20 mg/GAE/g at 100µg/ml. Conclusion: The antiglycation effects of C. asiaitca L. include the reduction of Amadori products formation, trapping α-dicarbonyl intermediates, and free radical scavenging. It is suggested that the antiglycation effects of C. asiatica L. maybe attributed by the presence of saponins and other phytochemicals.

Antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy of ethyl acetate extract of Cymodocea serrulata and assess the major bioactive components in the extract using GC-MS analysis

The emergence of drugs from marine sources, particularly marine plants, has increased in recent years. Hence, the purpose of this study was to assess, evaluate the phytochemical profile, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity of Cymodocea serrulata extract. Furthermore, qualitatively analyzed the predominant components present in the extract which showed considerable antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The qualitative phytochemical analysis results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract contained more number of pharmaceutically valuable phytochemicals than other solvent extracts. The ethyl acetate extract showed excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus (20 mm) followed by P. aeruginosa (18.11 mm), E. coli (17.20 mm), B. subtilis (17.11 mm), C. diphtheriae (17.10 mm) and C. pneumoniae (17.0 mm) at the concentration of 75 mg ml−1. The antioxidant activity results revealed that the crude ethyl acetate extract of C. serrulata demonstrated significant free radicals scavenging activity ranging from 25.562 ± 1.62 %, 63.615 ± 1.02 %, 75.524 ± 0.48 %, and 88.048 ± 1.28 % for DPPH, FRAP, H2O2, and nitric oxide radicals scavenging assays at the concentration of 100 mg ml−1 respectively. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract contained 14 major components, the majority of which had previously been identified as pharmaceutically valuable components. These findings concluded that the components present in the ethyl acetate extract of C. serrulate have pharmaceutical value and may be useful to the humanity.

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Seven Underinvestigated Medicinal Plants against Microbial Pathogens.

Background Plants are a rich source of therapeutic compounds that have tremendous applications in the pharmaceutical industry. This study aimed to identify the phytochemicals present in the seven selected medicinal plants as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Methods Phytochemical screening, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were determined using standard methods. The antioxidant activity of plant extracts was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assays. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was determined by the broth microdilution method. Results The results of phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and steroids in all plant extracts. The extract of Psychotria peduncularis showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (5.57 ± 0.22 mg GAE/g and 1.38 ± 0.06 mg QE/g, respectively). All plant extracts showed very strong antioxidant activity against DPPH and NO radical scavenging with IC50 values ranging from 0.55 to 49.43 µg/mL and 0.65 to 13.7 µg/mL, respectively. The extracts of Tristemma mauritianum and P. peduncularis displayed significant antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 16 to 1024 µg/mL. T. mauritianum extract showed bactericidal activity against all tested species. The extracts of Alsophila manianna and P. peduncularis showed significant antifungal activity (MIC = 64 µg/mL) against Candida albicans strain. Conclusion The screened extracts of medicinal plants used in our study can be used as potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, and resources for the development of new drugs.

Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Potential of Polyherbal Extract Mixture-an In Vitro and In Silico Study.

Standardisation of polyherbal formulations plays a key role in estimating the quality and safety of drugs. In this study, a novel polyherbal formulation was prepared for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy and it was attempted to evaluate for its safety and efficacy against free radicals. To ascertain the safety of the formulation, individual herbs and polyherbal formulation have been screened for microbial load, heavy metals, pesticide residues and aflatoxins according to Ayush guidelines. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard procedures and GCMS analysis to identify the bioactive compounds. Antioxidant methods such as DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging assays were undertaken. To predict the mechanism behind the antioxidant efficacy, a molecular docking analysis was performed against Keap1/Nrf2 (PDB ID: 2FLU) protein using AutoDock Vina software. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavones, glycosides, polyphenols, phytosterols and saponins. The results of in vitro antioxidant studies showed increase in percentage inhibition with increase in concentration and found no significant difference compare with standards. Among the 15 bioactive compounds identified from GCMS analysis, guanosine showed high binding affinity with Keap1/Nrf2 and interacting with similar residues as that of standard ascorbic acid which is analysed through molecular docking. Based on the results, it has been concluded that the safety parameters of polyherbal formulation were found within specified limits of Ayush guidelines and its efficacy against oxidative stress plays an effective role to treat diabetic nephropathy due to its synergistic antioxidant effect.

The design, synthesis, antioxidant, and antihypoxia activities of two new hydroxydaidzein derivatives

7,8,3’,4’,5’-Pentahydroxyisoflavone (8,3’,5’-trihydroxydaidzein) and 6,7,8,3’,4’,5’-hexahydroxyisoflavone (6,8,3’,5’-tetrahydroxydaidzein) are synthesized via a simple and effective method using commercially available daidzein as a raw material. Their structures are confirmed using spectroscopic analyses (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry), and their purities are determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant capacities are investigated by utilizing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, reducing power, and phosphomolybdenum assays. The antihypoxia activity is examined using a hypoxia-induced PC12 cell injury model. The antioxidant and antihypoxia abilities of 8,3’,5’-trihydroxydaidzein and 6,8,3’,5’-tetrahydroxydaidzein are greatly improved in comparison with daidzein. These results indicate that 8,3’,5’-trihydroxydaidzein and 6,8,3’,5’-tetrahydroxydaidzein are excellent antioxidant agents and can be used for alleviating injury induced by hypoxia.

Biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using mushroom fungus Cordyceps militaris: Characterization and mechanistic insights of therapeutic investigation

The present research demonstrates the Cordyceps militaris (a medicinal mushroom) mediated fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles (Cor-ZnONPs) and its therapeutic investigation. The biosynthesized Cor-ZnONPs were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, SEM with EDX, HRTEM, particle size, and zeta potential analysis and evaluated for their antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antibacterial potential by in-vitro methods. The nanoparticles showed SPR peak at 354 nm. FT-IR analysis exhibited a sharp peak at 432.05 cm−1, demonstrating the distinctive Zn–O bond. Cor-ZnONPs had an average particle size of 1.83 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.29 and were crystalline as obtained from XRD analysis. Zeta potential of −6.42 mV indicates the moderate stability of nanoparticles. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Zinc and Oxygen. Cor-ZnONPs expressed a 70–90% survival rate in brine shrimp lethality assay with 10–100 ppm concentrations and exhibited potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 46.29 ± 0.49 and 47.21 ± 0.19 μg/mL, respectively. Cor-ZnONPs showed moderate radical potency with DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Cor-ZnONPs revealed the highest antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Shigella flexneri, Proteus vulgaris, and Rhodococcus equi. Moreover, a very low concentration of Cor-ZnONPs was required to inhibit the growth of studied bacterial strains. This study provides an informational insight into the Cordyceps militaris mediated synthesis of ZnONPs, and their antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antibacterial potential. Biosynthesized Cor-ZnONPs indicate a new application of nanoparticles in the development of therapeutic drugs.

Screening of secondary metabolites and antioxidant potential of endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum and host Digitaria bicornis by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods

Perennial grasses are hosts to an extremely diverse assemblage of endophytic fungi, but their significance is still underexplored. In the present study, an endophytic fungus was isolated from the aerial regions of Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. and was characterized by morphological and molecular methods (ITS rDNA region), as Penicillium citrinum Thom. The crude extracts of endophytic fungus and host were recovered and evaluated for their antioxidant potential by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. The present study was also an attempt to compare the anti-radical power of extracts by spectrophotometric (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay) and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) methods and suggested that cyclic voltammetry could be used routinely instead of assaying by more number of spectrophotometric methods. The results indicated that the ethyl acetate extract of P. citrinum and methanolic extract of D. bicornis has potential compounds with antioxidant and other pharmaceutical activities. Nine and 17 antioxidant biomolecules, respectively, in P. citrinum and D. bicornis extracts were detected by OHR-LC-MS and the presence of function group of the bioactive compounds was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Finally, the study also reported that the extracts of P. citrinum and D. bicornis have several bioactive compounds with application in commercial pharmaceutical industries.

Exploring Dose-Dependent Cytotoxicity Profile of Gracilaria edulis-Mediated Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles against MDA-MB-231 Breast Carcinoma.

Green-based synthesis of metal nanoparticles using marine seaweeds is a rapidly growing technology that is finding a variety of new applications. In the present study, the aqueous extract of a marine seaweed, Gracilaria edulis, was employed for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles without using any reducing and stabilizing chemical agents. The visual color change and validation through UV-Vis spectroscopy provided an initial confirmation regarding the Gracilaria edulis-mediated green synthesized silver nanoparticles. The dynamic light scattering studies and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy pictographs exhibited that the synthesized Gracilaria edulis-derived silver nanoparticles were roughly spherical in shape having an average size of 62.72 ± 0.25 nm and surface zeta potential of -15.6 ± 6.73 mV. The structural motifs and chemically functional groups associated with the Gracilaria edulis-derived silver nanoparticles were observed through X-ray diffraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Further, the synthesized nanoparticles were further screened for their antioxidant properties through DPPH, hydroxyl radical, ABTS, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. The phycosynthesized nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells having IC50 value of 344.27 ± 2.56 μg/mL. Additionally, the nanoparticles also exhibited zone of inhibition against pathogenic strains of Bacillus licheniformis (MTCC 7425), Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC 3216), Vibrio cholerae (MTCC 3904), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1098), Staphylococcus epidermidis (MTCC 3615), and Shigella dysenteriae (MTCC9543). Hence, this investigation explores the reducing and stabilizing capabilities of marine sea weed Gracilaria edulis for synthesizing silver nanoparticles in a cost-effective approach with potential anticancer and antimicrobial activity. The nanoparticles synthesized through green method may be explored for their potential utility in food preservative film industry, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries.

<i>In Vitro</i> Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Evaluation of a Polyherbal Formulation

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major metabolic disorder causing morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prominent adverse effects of allopathic drugs are the principal reason for an escalating number of people seeking alternative and complementary-based therapies that may have less or no adverse effects. The poly-herbal formulation Vilva Kudineer Choornam (VKC) is a combination of Siddha medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antidiabetic efficacy of poly-herbal formulation by invitro assays. The Aqueous Extract of Formulation (AEF) and Ethanol Extract of Formulation (EEF) were used for the assay. In the present research work, the antioxidant potential of polyherbal formulation (VKC) was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. The IC<sub>50</sub> value of AEF was 333.02 ?g/ml and EEF was 86.37 ?g/ml in DPPH radical scavenging assay whereas, in nitric oxide scavenging assay, the IC<sub>50</sub> of AEF and EEF were found to be 8.61 ?g/ml and 447.77 ?g/ml, respectively. The VKC was also screened for in-vitro antidiabetic potential by alpha-amylase inhibition assay and it was shown to have significant percentage inhibition of alpha-amylase. The IC<sub>50</sub> of EEF and AEF were found to be 868.84 ?g/ ml and 247.09 ?g/ml, respectively. The findings suggest that the polyherbal formulation (VKC) has significant antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. Further in vitro studies using cell lines and other enzymes may be carried out to fully establish the anti-diabetic potential of the polyherbal formulation.

Anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities of root bark extracts from Rhus tripartitum and cytotoxicity evaluation of isolated compounds

This study was undertaken to investigate anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities of three extracts from Rhus tripartitum root bark prepared by solvents with increasing polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol).Our result demonstrated that the n-butanol extract is endowed with the highest phenolic content 872.503 ± 0.788 mg (GAE)/g Extract, flavonoid content 325.19±0.294 mg(QE)/g Extract and tannin content 698.99± 0.605 mg(CE)/g Extract. In addition this extract was found to exhibit the highest anti-oxidant activity using DPPH radical-scavenging (IC50 = 0.008 mg/ml), ferric-reducing power (IC50=0.844 mg/ml), total antioxidant capacity concentration (756.758±0.940 mg (GAE)/g Extract) and nitric oxide radical scavenging (IC50 = 0.01 mg/ml) assays. Mean while, the ethyl acetate extract present the best anti-diabetic activity (30.11%) and anti-lipidemic activity (49.79%). Three compounds were isolated for the first time from the ethyl acetate extract of Rhus tripartitum and identified using extensive spectral techniques (MS, NMR 1D and 2D). The in vitro cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds on MCF-7 cells positive breast cancer cell line was investiguated. One of the isolated compounds present the interesting growth inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cell.

In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Parangipattai Rasayanam (PRM)- A Siddha Polyherbal Formulation

Background: The Siddha system of medicine uses a interesting combination of herbs, minerals and metals to promote good health and longevity. Parangipattai Rasayanam is a polyherbal formulation mentioned in the Siddha literature and is indicated for Soolai (Pain), Viranam (Various ulcers), Kiranthi (Venereal diseases), Kuttam (Skin diseases), Gunmam (peptic ulcer) and Moorchai.
 Aim: Evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant activity of Parangipattai Rasayanam.
 Materials & Methods: The antioxidant activity of Parangipattai Rasayanam was evaluated by using various assays such as DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl) Assay, Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Assay, ABTS Assay, Hydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging Assay.
 Result: Parangipattai Rasayanam has promising anti-oxidant activity in the estimated assays.

Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Potential of Centaurea behen L. Root Extracts

Plants have been used by humans as a natural source for treatments and cures since ancient times, and medicinal herbs have gained popularity due to their widespread usage and lack of adverse effects. Plant study has grown in popularity across the world in recent years, and a large body of data has been gathered to demonstrate the enormous potential of medicinal plants employed in diverse traditional systems. Centaurea behen L (C. behen) is a South Asian root that belongs to the Astarcease family and is known as Safed Behman. C. behen is used to treat brain, heart, and liver weakness, as well as palpitation, hepatitis, melancholia, sexual debility, neurasthenia, spermatorrhoea, weariness, and stomach and bowel problems. It is also a heart tonic and is used to treat jaundice. Several sesqueterpene lactones, the guaianolides cyanraopicrin, augerin B, desacylcynaropicrin, grosshemin, and traces of a ketone closely related to solstitialin A were found in aerial sections of C. behen. The goal of this study was to assess in vitro antioxidant activity, as well as qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of C. behen root gathered in the Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. The well-known test methodology was used to determine qualitative analysis of various phytochemical ingredients and quantitative analysis of total flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of an ethyl acetate extract of the roots was tested in vitro using conventional techniques against DPPH and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assays. Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and other phytochemicals were discovered by phytochemical investigation. Ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous root extract of C. behen contained 0.740, 0.381, and 0.465 mg/100mg of total flavonoids, respectively. The anti-DPPH and anti-NO actions of ethyl acetate extracts were concentration dependant. The plant's broad variety of phytochemicals implies that it has medicinal potential, which might be investigated in the pharmaceutical sector as well as in traditional medicine.

In vitro Antioxidant activity and Phytochemical composition of Syringodium isoetifolium

Seagrass are the marine flowering plants found mainly in clear, shallow estuaries and coastal waters. In all temperate and trophical region seagrasses grow both internally and subtidally. One such seagrass namely Syringodium isoetifolium has many medicinal properities. This seagrass have most promising pharmacological activities which may include anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiarrheal, antihaemorrhoidal activities. This study is focussed on the phytochemical evaluation and in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous, ethanol and hydroalcoholic extract of Syringodium isoetifolium. The qualitative analysis of Syringodium isoetifolium shows the presence of tannin, saponin, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinone, polyphenol and coumarin. In all the three extracts only ethanol shows the high concentration of phytocompounds. Emodins, glycoside and anthocyanin were found to be absent in all the three extracts. Quantitative analysis of total phenol, flavonoid, saponin and tannin were found to be 193.10 ±13.52, 106.11 ± 7.42, 52.96 ± 3.64 and 81.30 ± 5.69. Superoxide anion radical, Nitric oxide and Hydroxy radical scavenging assay showed that Syringodium isoetifolium was an excellent scavenger of these radicals. These results are an indication of the potent antioxidant property of the extract and may be responsible for some of the therapeutic uses of Syringodium isoetifolium.

Assesment of free radical scavenging activity and inhibitory properties of aqueous extract of Cymodocea serrulata segrass towards α- glucosidase and α –amylase enzyme

Aim: The study reports the in vitro free radical scavenging and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of aqueous extract of seagrass Cymodocea serrulata from Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Asia. Methods: The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH, Superoxide, Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assays and α-amylase, α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity. The C. serrulata showed effective DPPH radical scavenging activity of 69.45 μg/mL, Superoxide radical scavenging activity of 91.08.5 ± 0.02%, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of 86.89 ± 0.03% and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of 81.09 ± 0.3 % at a concentration of 5 μg/mL respectively. It also showed significant inhibitory activity against α- amylase with an IC50 value of 3.0 ± 0.04 (μg/ml) and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 3.7 ± 1.01 (μg/ml) at concentrations of 1-5 μg/mL. Conclusion: Cymodocea serrulata was found to be a potent free radical scavenger and inhibitor of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.

Antioxidant potentials of successive green solvent extracts from the unexplored Ficus subincisa

Ficus subincisa Buch-Ham.Ex Sm. is considered an endemic medicinal plant. The current researchbased on the antioxidant potential of four different green solvent extracts obtained by the successive solventextraction method from the unexplored F.subincisa leaves was evaluated. Various in vitro assays wereperformed to achieve the aim and variation in scavenging potential of the four green extracts, showed thehighest total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), and free radical scavenging potentialagainst DPPH, ABTS, FRAP Phosphomolybdate, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay as compared toother extracts.The extraction of Ficus subincisa with different green solvents namely: d-limonene, isopropylalcohol, ethyl lactate, and hydroalcohol.Extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using differentassays namely, DPPH, ABTS, and nitric oxide scavenging. The Folin-Ciocalteau and AlCl3 colorimetricmethods were measured the content of total phenolics and total flavonoids respectively. Reducing power wasdetermined by phosphomolybdate and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods.Considerableamount of phenolic and flavonoid contents were recorded in the hydroalcohol extract. Although hydroalcoholfractions exhibited good antioxidant activities, the most distinguished radical scavenging potential.Hydroalcohol sowed equivalent to standard in radical scavenging activity by DPPH. Hydroalcohol showedthe higher radical scavenging activity by DPPH (92.03%), Nitric oxide (89.21%) and by ABTS (89.45%),antioxidant activity, the highest total phenols content (78.67 ± 1.07 mg GAE/g fraction), the highest totalflavonoids content (195.58 ± 3.31 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract fraction). The hydroalcohol extractshowed a reducing power of (93.2%) and (1373.91 ± 4.35 µM/ml Ascorbic acid equivalent) using thephosphomolybdate and FRAP assays, respectively.Hydroalcohol shows the strongest antioxidant activity, andit can be attributed to its high content in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It can be concluded that leavesof Ficus subincisa can be used as an effective natural source of antioxidant, and as a commercial basis for theevolution of nutraceuticals

Bamboo leaf extract ameliorates radiation induced genotoxicity: An in vitro study of chromosome aberration assay

IntroductionBamboo species are a rich source of antioxidative phytochemicals, hence can be studied for radioprotective efficacy. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and radioprotective effects of leaf extracts from four Indian bamboo species, Phyllostachys parvifolia, Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus strictus, against γ-radiation. MethodsAntioxidant activity of bamboo leaf extract (BLE) was estimated by various assay such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, Hydrogen peroxide assay, Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and Lipid peroxidation. Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured with four concentrations of hydroalcoholic BLE (3,5,7 and 9 µg/ml) from the bamboo species for 30 mins prior to γ-radiation of 4 Gy or 6 Gy doses. Following this Chromosome Aberration (CA) assay and Dicentric Analysis (DCA) was performed to assess the degree of protection against radiation induced cytogenetic damage by the extracts. ResultsThe results indicate that all the BLE exerted potent antioxidant activity and the highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by BA and DC species. The CA and DCA assay indicated a significant reduction in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the cultures pre-treated with the extracts and 9 µg/ml showed the lowest genetic damage as well as least frequency of dicentric chromosomes. ConclusionBLE can be a good source of natural antioxidants. Administration of BLE prior to radiation exposure provided considerable protection in terms of reduction of in vitro radiation induced cytogenetic damage. This study also forms a basis for further analysis of the possible mode of action of the extract.