New Varieties Of Winter Wheat Research Articles

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF GROWING NEW DOMESTIC VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT AT DIFFERENT SOWING PERIODS IN THE WESTERN FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Purpose. To study and evaluate the impact of sowing dates of modern varieties of winter wheat on productivity, grain quality, production profitability in the agrobiological system of cultivation in the Western Forest Steppe zone. Methodology of research. Field: observation of the growth and development of plants during the growing season, yield formation; laboratory: determination of grain quality indicators; mathematical and statistical: dispersion analysis; calculation-comparative: determination of productivity, economic assessment of the researched elements of technology. Findings. Effective technological elements of the agrobiological system of growing grain ear crops have been developed in relation to the terms of sowing winter wheat in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine. It is substantiated that in the conditions of climate change and in these soil and climatic conditions, winter wheat shows high indicators for late sowing, the best dates for sowing winter wheat are September 25 and October 5. A trend of growth in grain quality indicators for late sowing was noted. The content of gluten and protein in winter wheat grains, on average for 2021–2023, taking into account the data for all varieties, was the highest for its sowing in the latest dates (October 15 and 25) and amounted to 20.1% and 20.8% for gluten and 11.4; 11.7% for protein. It has been proven that the sowing of winter wheat in the period from September 25 to October 5 ensured the highest yield of quality grain 6.70–7.10 t/ha, conditionally net profit – 11900– 12384 UAH/ha, profitability level – 54,6–56,7%. Originality. The technological elements of ensuring the sustainability of winter wheat grain production with valuable economic characteristics have been developed, which contributes to increasing its competitiveness and profitability based on the use of the biological potential of new varieties in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe. Practical value. The implementation of effective technological elements of the agrobiological system of growing grain ear crops in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe will contribute to the growth of high-quality grain yield of new varieties of winter wheat, which will ensure a decrease in the cost of production and an increase in its profitability. Key words: grain ear crops, variety, sowing period, productivity, quality, competitiveness, profitability.

Ecological plasticity of yield of new varieties of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Ecological plasticity of yield of new varieties of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Development of key characters of yield and quality in new varieties of winter wheat

Development of key characters of yield and quality in new varieties of winter wheat

IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR GROWING HIGH-PRODUCT VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT IN SCIENTIFICALLY BASED CROP ROTATIONS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

It has been established that in order to sustainably meet the needs of food grain, the decisive role belongs to the improvement of technologies for growing high-yielding varieties of winter wheat in scientifically based crop rotations, the urgency of whose implementation is caused by climate changes. It was found that in solving the mentioned problem, great importance is attached to the creation of new varieties of winter wheat with high genetic potential of productivity and quality, stable resistance to diseases, pests, adverse environmental factors. An important role in the improvement of such technologies is played by selection, thanks to which the creation of new and improvement of existing varieties of winter wheat takes place. Important trends in the selection of winter wheat are: development of new high-yielding varieties with complex resistance to diseases and pests; increasing the adaptive properties of breeding material to natural and anthropogenic factors; research of the gene pool of plants, selection of donors of economic-valuable traits, establishment of new physiological-biochemical, anatomical-morphological and cytogenetic traits and their connection with better properties; improvement of methods of creating raw material for the selection process. Great importance is attached to the research, development and improvement of systems and methods of stabilizing selection in order to preserve varietal identity, improvement of methods of approbation in the direction of varietal control of crops. An important role is played by the use of scientifically based seed crop rotations with effective saturation, placement and ratio of crops belonging to groups with different biological properties. When placing seed crops of winter wheat, it is necessary to take into account the culture's requirements for fertility, moisture availability, clogging, and mechanical composition of the soil. When drawing up a scheme for alternation of crops in crop rotations, attention is focused on the fact that each crop should ensure high and stable yield and quality of seeds. Because precursors affect the yield and seed quality of winter wheat depending on how much they dry out the soil and use nutrient reserves. The preservation of winter wheat varieties from biological and mechanical clogging is of great importance. In order to preserve the purity of seed crops, it is forbidden to place winter wheat after predecessors, the carrion of which can clog its variety. In addition, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of contamination of seed crops with diseases and pests that are transmitted by wind, water, as well as through soil, seeds, plant residues, etc. It is especially important to take into account the clogging of crops by weeds, the seeds of which are difficult to separate from grain: ryegrass in oat crops, ragweed in pea crops, wild radish in wheat and barley crops. It was determined that in the conditions of climate change, in seed crop rotations, it is necessary to observe varietal agricultural techniques, use optimal rates of organic and mineral fertilizers, siderates, post-harvest sowing, plant protection products, and also apply differentiated tillage.

Heritable variability in winter wheat at the interaction of genotype with factors of high genetic activity

Identification of new opportunities in the use of certain ecogenetic factors for the genetic improvement of winter wheat is a vital component of improving existing cereal agrocenoses within the framework of the food security strategy. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the potential of substances with prominent genetic activity in inducing potentially beneficial changes and to establish the possibility of obtaining optimised schemes for obtaining new forms and more controlled trait variability. Mutations were detected by visual observation and biometric and biochemical analysis from the second generation to the sixth, with the inheritance of the detected traits in subsequent generations being checked. The study presented the possibilities of the mutation process for certain genetic and breeding-value forms, the specific features of induction of such traits, which makes it possible to increase the predictability of obtaining the necessary mutant lines and partially controlled high variability in certain traits. It was found that the most promising for use is the complex application of moderate doses of sodium azide and dimethyl sulphate as ecogenetic factors. It was shown that in combination with three varieties among the ones under study (Kalancha, Polyanka, Pochayna), it is possible to create highly efficient genotype-mutagenic systems with increased yield of valuable forms. The increase in mutagenic depression using more harmful substances can be substantially offset by an increase in the proportion of beneficial changes. The negative side is their complex nature. The nature of the ecogenetic factor is no less significant than the concentration of the mutagen or the genotype of the original form, which is sometimes overlooked. It was confirmed that the use of these factors is quite promising in terms of obtaining small biochemical changes (micromutations). Several promising mutant lines were identified that have a comprehensive improvement in grain yield and quality without additional negative changes. The findings of this study can be used in breeding programmes to create new varieties of winter wheat

Зимостойкий сорт озимой пшеницы Изаура для сложных климатических условий Уральского региона

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to present the result of the breeding work of the wheat breeding laboratory of the Kurgan Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture – branch of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences” – a new variety of winter wheat Izaura and to give its economic and biological characteristics. The variety was created by the method of multiple individual-familial selection from a hybrid population of K-85 (a population of hardy forms) / Kurganskaya ozimaya. According to the results of the competitive variety testing, the yield of the variety in 2017 was 4.65 t/ha (+0.29 t/ha to the Omsk winter standard), in the conditions of drought of 2020–2021, 1.10 t/ha (+0.42 t/ha). The maximum yield was obtained in the Orenburg region of 58 kg/ha (2020). When creating a new variety, the task of increasing yields was solved due to higher winter hardiness, resistance to brown rust, powdery mildew and improving baking properties. The advantage of the variety: increased winter hardiness, frost resistance, friendly spring regrowth, resistance to the return of spring cold, high yield and grain quality. During the years of research, the variety was slightly affected by diseases that are widespread in the conditions of the forest–steppe of the Trans-Urals: brown rust – 11 %, powdery mildew – 0.5 points, septoria 0–0.1 %. In terms of grain quality, the new variety is a valuable wheat. The nature was 751 g/l, vitreous – 50 %, protein content in grain – 17.5 %, gluten content in flour – 35.3 % of the second group, flour strength – 367 e. a., bread volume yield – 848 cm3, overall bread score – 3.3 points. Resistant to germination and shedding of grain on the root. The variety is intended for zonal cultivation technology in pairs. According to the results of the state variety testing, since 2022, the Izaura variety has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in the Ural (9) and West Siberian (10) regions, where increases amounted to 0.25 and 0.45 t/ha, respectively. Scientific novelty. A new variety of winter soft wheat has been created, which has advantages over common varieties in the Ural region, in terms of resistance to brown rust, powdery mildew and has increased winter hardiness.

Variability of yield components in winter wheat varieties and breeding lines under environment of Ukrainian Forest-Steppe

Topicality. The main task of winter wheat breeding is to increase productivity, therefore, the development and introduction of new varieties of winter wheat with high productivity potential being well adapted to changing growing conditions into agricultural production is an urgent area of research. Breeders' efforts are aimed at developing varieties with a successful combination of high parameters of all the main productivity elements in one genotype, which will maximise grain yield. Breeding work is determined by many factors, among which the search and development of new genetic sources with high performance indicators. Therefore, the peculiarities of yield potential realization and the study of the mechanisms of productivity element formation under changing meteorological conditions are important for establishing the response rate and selecting the most stable productive genotypes and their further involvement in breeding programs. Purpose. To identify the best varieties and breeding lines of winter wheat in terms of productivity elements in the environment of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine for their involvement in crossbreeding programmes. Methods. Visual – phenological observations; laboratory-field – determination of biometric indicators; mathematical and statistical – establishing the reliability of the obtained data. Results. It was found that the maximum realisation of the yield potential of winter wheat plants by structural elements occurred under optimal growing conditions such as in years with higher moisture availability and sowing on 5 October. Yield formation was significantly influenced by the weather conditions of the year, genotype and unaccounted factors. Sowing dates had a significant effect only on the manifestation of the plant height trait. There was a minor variation (3.8 %÷5.5 %) in plant height in all varieties and breeding lines. Different levels of variability were found for the following traits: number of productive stems varied from Cv=16.4 % (second sowing date in the dry 2019/20) to Cv=27.6 % (first sowing date in the favourable 2020/21); main head grain content and thousand grain weight – Cv=10.7÷17.6 % and Cv=8.8÷16.9 %, respectively. Regardless of varietal characteristics, the main spike length had insignificant (Сv=5.6÷8.8 %) phenotypic variability with a range of variation of 0.2–2.0 cm. There were determined the variability levels of traits by the spikelet number per spike (Сv=5.7 %÷8.6 %), by grain weight per spike (Сv=13.1÷20.5 %) and per plant (Сv=20.5÷36.3 %). Conclusions. The varieties MIP Assol, Hratsiia MYR, MIP Dniprianka, MIP Yuvileina and breeding lines LUT 55198, LUT 37519 consistently formed a high level of productivity elements regardless of sowing dates and conditions of the growing year, which indicates their high adaptive capacity. They are recommended for breeding programmes as valuable parental components. Key words: productivity parameters, trait, variation, sowing date, year conditions

Research of modern varieties of winter wheat according to productivity depending on growing conditions

The creation of modern varieties of winter wheat has become an impetus to the intensification of cultivation technologies, which was directed to revealing the genetic potential of the latter, which is possible only provided the implementation of the entire complex of agrotechnological measures and hard technology of growing seeds. The productivity of varieties which are dif-ferent by genotype depends to a large extent on predecessors, sowing terms and weather conditions during the vegetation period. The purpose of our research was to determine the potential crop capacity of new winter wheat varieties by Myronivka selection depending on predecessors and terms of sowing in the conditions of the North-Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The research was conducted in the fields of the Pravdynske State Enterprise of Experimental Farming (SEEF "Pravdynske"), the V.M. Remeslo Myronivka institute of wheat of National academy of agrarian sciences of Ukraine (MIW) in vegetation years 2018/19–2020/21 (factor – A (year)), located in the conditions of the North-Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The objects of research were five new varieties of winter wheat by Myronivka selection (MIP Fortuna, MIP Lada, MIP Yuvileina, Aurora Myronivska, MIP Lakomka) compared to the standard of Podolyanka (factor B). Experi-ments were laid after two predecessors – sunflower, soy (factor C); sowing was carried out on September, 25 and October, 5, a deviation of 1–3 days (factor D). The level of materiality coefficients of air temperature deviations (°С) and amount of precipitation (mm) were determined according to the gradation methods by Ped D. A. (1975) and Kalenska S.V. (2018). The weather conditions during the years of research differed significantly, which made it possible to evaluate the material objectively. The crop capacity of new winter wheat verities by Myronivka selection was examined depending on predecessors and sowing terms. Among the examined predecessors, soy was identified as the best one, and the sowing date – October 5, which on average over the years of study helped to obtain the maximum level of productivity of new crop varieties. The variety differences research determined that the largest crop capacity in general according to the experiment for two sowing dates (September, 25 and October, 5) had varieties the MIP Yuvileyna (6.38 and 6.82 t/ha, respectively) and MIP Fortuna (6.78 and 6.60 t/ha, respectively). Key words: winter wheat, variety, yield, weather conditions, predecessor, sowing time.

Realization of the adaptive yield potential of the assortment of winter wheat in the Steppe zone under different growing conditions

Climate changes in recent decades have increased the degree of risks in crop production. The consequence of such processes is an increase in the temperature regime against the background of a significant moisture deficit in critical periods of plant growth and development. Accordingly, research aimed at establishing the adaptability of plants to such climatic changes is relevant and timely. The purpose of the research is to establish the principles of implementing the adaptive potential of new varieties of winter wheat of different types of development in the Steppe zone under the conditions of climate change. Records and their assessment were carried out according to the generally accepted methods of Ukrainian variety testing with mandatory statistical and dispersion analysis of the results of field experiments. The establishment of indicators of the stability of quantitative traits and plasticity was carried out using the Eberhard-Russell algorithm, which is based on a regression analysis of the dependence of the grain yield of winter wheat of different varieties on the environmental index. The results of the research established that universal type varieties with a stem length of 85-90 cm are the most suitable for irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Regression analysis of the data on the plasticity and stability of the elements of the crop structure in different varieties of winter wheat proved that their variability directly depends on the genotype and ecological gradients. According to the results of the assessment of the adaptive potential, it was established that the parameters of plasticity (bi = 0.804-0.989) and yield (7.33-7.63 t/ha exceed the standard by 10.4-14.9%) showed winter wheat varieties of the universal type - Askaniyska, Askaniyska Bereginya, Perlyna, Znahidka Odeska, while Khersonska 99, Kirena, Yaroslavna, Kuyalnyk, etc. were characterized by an intensive type of development. Varieties of the universal type were more plastic and stable in the formation of ear productivity, compared to short and tall biotypes. The scientific significance of the research lies in the substantiation of scientific principles, practical recommendations for improving varietal agricultural technology of winter wheat, which had different genetic and ecological origins, in irrigated and non-irrigated conditions of the Steppe zone

Адаптивность озимой пшеницы в конкурсном сортоиспытании Удмуртского ФИЦ УрО РАН

Abstract. The work purpose is to evaluate the adaptability, plasticity and stability of new varieties of winter wheat in competitive variety testing, to identify the best ones for the soil and climatic conditions of the Udmurt Republic. In 2017–2020, seven varieties of winter wheat participated in competitive variety testing. Sowing was carried out in the last five days of August. The seeding rate is 6 million germinating grains. Predecessor was green manure fallow (clover 2 year of use). The adaptability of varieties was determined by the method of A. V. Kilchevsky and L. V. Khotyleva (1985), plasticity according to S. A. Eberhart, W. A. Russell (1966), analysis of variance and coefficient of variation according to B. A. Dospekhov (1985). On average for 2017–2018, 2020, the varieties Italmas and 2.05/3 had the highest yield (4.69–4.88 t/ha) and overall adaptive capacity (4.10 and 1.98 t/ha). The varieties Lyubava and DaUR were more stable (σ2CACi 25,72 and 26,08). Varieties Italmas, A-683, 2.05/3 and Lyubava were characterized by high plasticity and responsiveness to favorable conditions (bi > 1). The varieties Italmas, DaUR and 2.05/3 had breeding value (breeding value of the genotype was 26.84–27.38). Varieties Italmas, 2.05/3 and A-683 were the most winter-hardy. Variety DaUR showed greater resistance to damping-off under the conditions of 2019, providing overwintering by 24 % and exceeding other varieties by 9–19 % (the least significant difference (95 %) of private differences is 7 %). Standard Moskovskaya 39 showed high resistance to lodging under provocative conditions, varieties Italmas and 2.05/3 were moderately resistant. Varieties Moskovskaya 39 and 3.05/21 formed the highest gluten content in grain (30.7 %), but its quality is satisfactory (Group II). Good gluten of the I quality group was obtained from varieties DaUR and 2.05/3. High-glassy grain in all years of study was noted in the Moskovskaya 39 standard.

Сортова специфіка потреб пшениці озимої в елементах живлення в умовах нестійкого зволоження

Goal. To identify the peculiarities of the accumulation of nutrients in the productive part of plants of new varieties of winter wheat in years with different hydrothermal conditions after the restoration of vegetation. Methods. On typical chornozems of varietal testing grounds after the restoration of spring vegetation in 2018 – 2020, the supply of NPK, Zn, Mn, and Cu to winter wheat plants of 4 varieties of national standards and 8 varieties of selection of EU countries was studied. Results. Among the varieties of foreign selection, the highest nitrogen content in grain for the entire period of research was in the variety Arktis (2.34%), among domestic varieties — Bunchuk (2.18%), the lowest — in the varieties Manditsa (1.62%) and Smuglianka (1.83%). The variety Rozkishna is relatively undemanding to phosphorus and potassium, the variety Bodichek — to potassium, regardless of growing conditions. A variable consumption response was also fixed. Under favorable moisture conditions, the plants of the variety Annitsa increased the accumulation of RK, the variety Arktis — of P. The variety Dariya has a constant high need for Zn and Mn, but a variable need for Cu, while the variety Matrix — a constant low need for Zn and Mn. Recommendations were developed for increasing or decreasing the rates of application of NPK, fertilizers, and microelements for each studied variety of foreign selection concerning the norms of fertilization of national standards. Conclusions. Varieties with signs of constant increased or decreased accumulation of nutrients, as well as varieties that change the concentration of NPK and trace elements in the final product in years with arid and favorable weather conditions of spring vegetation were identified. It is proposed to test the nutrition of new varieties of wheat during variety testing to further adjustment of the rates of fertilizer application.

Galatea is a new variety of winter wheat for the Central Region of the Russian Federation

The purpose of the research is to evaluate a new variety of winter soft wheat Galatea according to the economically valuable traits and properties. The Galatea variety is characterized by high winter hardiness (97 %), lodging resistance (4.5 points) and yield (7.3-9.8 t/ha). The main criterion of the advantage is the improvement of the quality characteristics of the grain ‒ the variation of the gluten content is 32-36 % (compared to the standard - 28-36 %), the protein content in the grain is 12-13 %, the overall assessment of flour quality is 0.7 points higher than the standard variety Angelina. Baking qualities are good, it belongs to valuable wheat varieties. When studied in the competitive variety testing (2015-2021), the minimum yield level was on average 9.9-55.5 % higher for the Galatea variety and the maximum yield level exceeded the indicators of the compared winter wheat varieties by 20.0-23.6 %. The genetic flexibility of the varieties under study has shown that the new Galatea variety with the coefficient of 6.78 is the most productive. The calculation of economic efficiency based on the market value of the product, production costs and yield has shown that when growing the new Galatea variety, the largest conditional net income of 58780 rubles/ha had been obtained, the level of profitability was 18.0 % higher compared to the Angeline standard variety and 34.0 % higher than the most popular variety in the region, Moskovskaya 39. As part of the import substitution program aimed at improving food security, the introduction of a new Galatea variety into production should significantly increase and stabilize the gross grain harvest in the Central Region of Russia. The new variety has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation since 2021. Recommended for use in the Central (3) Region.

Agrotechnological efficiency of cultivation of new varieties of winter wheat in the conditions of the Stavropol Territory

In 2 years of research, the most successful combination of high yields and good grain quality indicators was obtained when cultivating winter wheat according to the fallow precursor. Thus, the yield in this version was higher than on wheat after winter wheat by 2.7-3.1 times on the version without fertilizers and, accordingly, by 1.8-1.9 times on a fertilized background. For the entire period of research on both precursors, the application of fertilizers contributed to an increase in the yield of winter wheat grains by 0.8-1.2 t/ha for the precursor black steam and by 1.7-1.8 t/ha for wheat. The positive influence of fertilizers affected not only the yield, but also the content of gluten. On average, their application contributed to an increase in the crude gluten in grain by 1.7% (from 22.5 to 24.2%) in fallow and by 3.6% (from 14.5 to 18.1%) in semifallow land. The largest increase in gluten content in the experience options with fertilization for both predecessors was given by Victoria 11 variety - by 2.8 and 5.9%, the lowest Paritet - by 0.6 and 1.6%. The analysis of the economic efficiency of the cultivated varieties of winter wheat showed that the most cost-effective is the cultivation of winter wheat by the predecessor of pure steam, regardless of the background of nutrition. It was found out that the introduction of mineral fertilizers contributed to a reduction in the cost of a unit of production for steam by 48.5%, for the ear predecessor by 32.8%. Analyzing the obtained data on the economic efficiency of winter wheat, it can be noted that the high values of profitability on average for the predecessors and backgrounds of mineral nutrition were obtained by the varieties Sekletia and Tsaritsa, and the lowest – Partner and Paritet.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРИЕМОВ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И ВОДОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ НОВЫХ СОРТОВ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В РОСТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Purpose: to determine the optimal method of primary tillage, the mineral nutrition background when cultivating new varieties of winter wheat in Rostov region. Materials and methods. Place and time of the research is the experimental station of the Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Centre, 2019–2021. The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary calcareous, medium-thick, light loamy chernozem on loess-like loam with a bulk density of 1.26 g/cm³ in the 0–30 cm layer. New varieties of winter wheat Bylina Dona, Akapella and Oktava were used in the experiments. Factor A: methods of primary tillage: 1) plowing at 25–27 cm (control); 2) combined (surface at 14–16 cm + slotting at 40–45 cm); 3) chisel at 25–27 cm. Factor B: fertilizer backgrounds (control without fertilizer, moderate (N80P60K60), high (N120P80K80)). When conducting a field experiment, generally accepted methods were used (B. A. Dospekhov, 1985; A. N. Kostyakov, 1961; A. F. Vadyunina, 1986). Results. A higher grain yield of new varieties of winter wheat was provided against the background of plowing, where the grain yield changed regardless of the background of nutrition: for the variety Bylina Dona within 3.17–4.68 t/ha, Acapella – 3.64–5.19 t/ha, Oktava – 2.71–4.00 t/ha. The nutritional background of N80Р60K60 with different methods of primary tillage gave an increase in the yield of varieties: Bylina Dona – 31.6–32.5 %, Acapella – 27.4–27.7 %, Oktava – 31.2–32.8 %, compared to control. The high background of N120Р80K80 provided similar gains in varieties: Bylina Dona – 45.2–47.6 %, Acapella – 40.9–42.6 %, Oktava – 45.7–47.6 %. The best benefit from the fertilizer application and the lowest water consumption coefficient were obtained on the Acapella variety under conditions of plowing and N120P80K80 fertilizer background (respectively 5.54 kg/kg and 320 m³/t). Conclusions. The most productive variety was Acapella with a yield of 5.19 t/ha.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ФУНГИЦИДНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

In 2017-2019, studies were carried out in the Republic of Tatarstan to study the effect of fungicidal treatment on the yield and grain quality of new varieties of winter wheat. The experiment scheme provided for the study of the following options: variety (factor A) - Darina, Nadezhda, Universiade; fungicidal treatment with Titul Duo at a dose of 0.25 l / ha in the heading phase (factor B), years (factor C). The predecessor is pure steam. The soil in the experiment was gray forest, medium loamy. Content in the arable layer: humus (according to Tyurin) - 3.1-3.4%; pHsal. - 5.2-5.5; K2O (according to Kirsanov) - 122-145 mg / kg of soil, P2O5 (according to Kirsanov) - 262-271 mg / kg of soil. Plot area - 25 m2. The yield and quality of grain largely depend on the phytosanitary state of winter wheat crops, in particular, on the development of diseases. The prevalence and harmfulness of leaf-stem diseases in wheat largely depends on the temperature conditions during the growing season of the crop and on the moisture conditions. As a result of the development of diseases, there is a significant decrease not only in yield, but also a deterioration in the quality characteristics of wheat grain. The highest percentage of prevalence (85%) and intensity of development (45.7%) of powdery mildew was observed in the Universiade variety. Evaluation of plants showed a low lesion of the leaf surface by leaf rust: from 18.6% in the Nadezhda variety to 24.6% in the Universiade variety. The biological effectiveness of protective measures in winter wheat crops when treated with a fungicide has been calculated. On average for varieties for three years, the biological effectiveness of the use of the drug Title Duo was more than 90%. The fungicide treatment increased the yield on average for the studied varieties by 0.55 t / ha. The maximum increase in grain yield was obtained for the Universiade variety - 0.68 t / ha. Indicators of technological quality of grain with an average for varieties increased after treatment with fungicide sowing: weight of 1000 grains per 2.2 grams; grain nature by 5.4 g / l; glassiness by 2.6%; evenness by 1.4%; the wet gluten content is 1.6%. According to the results of analysis of variance, a significant influence of the conditions of the year on the indicators of the technological quality of grain was established: on the nature of the grain (56.8%), the total glassiness of the grain (51.43%), the mass of 1000 grains (51.4%) and the gluten deformation index (52.37%). To a lesser extent, environmental conditions influenced the evenness of the grain (22.0%) and the mass fraction of gluten in the grain (21.66%). At the same time, the contribution of the fungicide to the formation of indicators of the technological quality of grain varied from 7.69% (grain evenness) to 32.43% (gluten content). The grain nature by 14.99% was determined by the fungicidal treatment of crops and only by 10.61% depended on the genotype

Differentiation of yield and grain quality of winter wheat varieties depending on agrotechnological techniques in the conditions of the Smolensk region

The research was aimed at studying the formation of the yield level, as well as the quality indicators of winter wheat grain, depending on the studied agricultural practices (the seeding rate, the dose of mineral fertilizers), as well as the suitability of grain for its further processing. The objects of research in the experiment were new varieties of winter wheat of domestic selection: Solnechnaya and Danaya. The highest yield was in the winter wheat varieties Danaya (5 million pieces/ha) and Solnechnaya (5.5 million pieces/ha) with fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers according to the scheme N30+60+30P90K90 kg/ha a.i. It was 6.17 and 5.68 t/ha, respectively. In terms of yield, the Danaya variety is higher than the Solnechnaya variety by 0.49 t / ha. Physico-chemical and technological indicators were the highest with fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers (N30+60+20+10P90K90). Thus, in the winter wheat variety, the solar mass of 1000 grains increased by 4.60 g; nature-by 42 g/l; protein content-by 1.10%; vitreous-by 10%; gluten content - by 8.6%. The grain of the Danaya winter wheat variety was distinguished by physical and chemical parameters. The difference between the varieties was: 5.57 g; 71 g / l; 14%; 1.6%; 8.5%, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizers with their fractional application at a dose of 120 kg / ha d. v. for both varieties increases not only the yield, but also the quality of grain suitable for food, baking and technological purposes.

Influence of agricultural technology elements on nitrogen nutrition of winter wheat

The purpose of our research is to study the influence of the main elements of cultivation technology on the nitrogen nutrition of winter wheat plants of varieties selected by THE North Caucasus Federal RESEARCH center (Mikhailovsk, Stavropol territory), as well as to establish the possibility of assessing the nitrogen content based on remote sensing data. Methods. The field experiment was performed in accordance with the guidelines of B. A. Dospekhov. The nitrogen content was determined by the method of V. T. Kurkaev and co-authors. NDVI data was obtained using a Greenseeker hand-held scanner (Trimble). Found that the use of mineral fertilizers in technology of winter wheat cultivation increases the relative content of nitrogen in plants at the end of generative period by 30.7-61.3% as at the predecessor pairs and 12-52,5 % for the predecessor winter wheat. The highest nitrogen content in plants was observed at the seeding rate of 4 million/ha (the excess compared to 5 and 6 million/ha is 4.3-19 %). The influence of seeding dates and norms on the relative nitrogen content is not always unambiguous and depends on the conditions of a particular year. Among the varieties, Anisimovka shows high nitrogen content. During the earing phase, there is a direct correlation between the NDVI of winter wheat crops and the relative nitrogen content in plants, the correlation coefficient on average over the years of the study is 0.72. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time for the zone of unstable humidification of the Stavropol territory, the influence of elements of cultivation technology on the features of nitrogen nutrition of plants of new varieties of winter wheat was analyzed, and a correlation was established between the nitrogen content in the earing phase and the NDVI index.

Assessment of yield and adaptive properties of winter wheat varieties in the Udmurt Republic conditions

In various soil and climatic conditions of the Udmurt Republic, according to yield data (2016-2018) of state variety testing plots (GSU), ecological plasticity, stress resistance, genetic flexibility of 10 zoned and new varieties of winter wheat (standard - Volzhskaya K) were evaluated. The soil of the state variety testing sites: soddy-telopodzol sandy loamy - Uvinsky state varietal test site; light-gray forest heavy loamy - Sarapulsky state varietal test site; sod-mid-podzolic medium loamy - Mozhginsky state varietal test site. The agrometeorological conditions of the growing seasons differed in terms of heat and moisture supply: 2016 - hot and dry (hydrothermic coefficient – 0.70), 2017 - excessively humid (hydrothermic coefficient – 2.14), 2018 - wet (hydrothermic coefficient – 1.21). A high yield of winter wheat varieties was revealed in the southern zone of the Udmurt Republic (Sarapulskiy GSU - 3.32 t/ha and Mozhginskiy GSU - 2.95 t/ha). Weather conditions of the year mostly influenced the formation of winter wheat yield - 64.8-98.5 %. The share of participation of the variety is 0.8-31.7 %. A relatively high (3.40-3.47 t/ha) "genetic flexibility" of varieties Darina, Mera and Kazanskaya 285 was revealed, 7-9 % higher than the Volzhskaya K standard. The highest level of environmental sustainability was established in the varieties Volzhskaya K and Mera ‒ d = 67.36-67.44 %. According to the indicators of plasticity, a strong response to changes in environmental conditions was revealed in Darina, Mera, Universiada varieties (bi = 1.05-1.09); weak reaction – in Biryuza and Ilot varieties (bi = 0.91-0.92); plastic varieties - Volzhskaya K, Bashkirskaya 10, Italmas, Kazanskaya 285 and Moskovskaya 39 (bi = 0.96-1.01). The smallest gap between the maximum and the minimum yield (stress resistance) was noted for the Ilot variety ‒ 2.91 t/ha.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СРОКОВ СЕВА И НОРМ ВЫСЕВА НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ СОРТОВ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

In 2018-2019 in the Republic of Tatarstan the studies were carried out to study the effect of sowing dates and seeding rates on productuvuty of new varieties of winter wheat to identify the optimal elements of cultivation technology. The experiment scheme provided for the study of the following options: variety (factor A) - Darina, Universiada, Sultan; sowing time (factor B) - September 1 ... 2 (first, optimal), September 15 ... 17 (second); seeding rate (factor C) - 5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5 million viable seeds per hectare. The predecessor is pure steam. Plot area 25 m2. The formation of the grain yield was mainly influenced by the sowing period (28.6%), the choice of the variety (21.2%) and the interaction of the three factors studied (15.8%). Universiada variety formed a yield of 4.91 t/ha during the first sowing period with a pure fallow and a seeding rate of 5.5 million pcs/ha. Sowing after September 15 resulted in a 33.78% decrease in the productivity of this variety. Darina variety formed the highest stand density among all the studied genotypes, both at the first (551.5 pieces/m2) and at the second (476.0 pieces/ m2) sowing dates. The highest grain yield of this variety was noted with the optimal (first) sowing period for pure fallow and the seeding rate of 6.0 million pcs/ha - 4.70 t/ha. A shift in sowing to a later date reduced its yield by 26.48%. Sultan variety formed the highest grain yield when sowing on September 1 ... 2 on a clean fallow with a seeding rate of 6.0 million pcs/ha. With a delay in sowing, like other varieties, the value of this indicator decreased by 24.65%. The analysis of correlations showed the dependence of the yield at the optimal sowing time in a medium degree on the grain size (r = 0.66), with a late one - on the number of productive stems for harvesting (r = 0.56).
 Key words: winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), variety, productivity, yield, grain weight, correlation

YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT GRAIN DEPENDING ON SOWING TIME AND CULTIVATION CONDITIONS

In solving the food problem, the leading role belongs to the main crop - winter wheat. At observance of the cultivation technology, modern varieties of wheat provide yields of 10–12 and more tons per 1ha. Climate warming, emerging in the second half of the twentieth century, necessitates the improvement of individual elements of the technology of cultivating new winter wheat varieties and, above all, the scientific substantiation of the choice of sowing date. Based on this, the study of the timing of sowing new varieties of winter wheat in the context of climate change is very important, and is an important condition for a steady increase in yield and improving the quality of grain. The studies were conducted in 2013–2015. in the three soil-climatic zones of Kabardino-Balkaria: steppe, foothill and mountain. The experiments were laid on varieties of winter common wheat of Yuzhanka and Cheget, joint breeding of the P. Lukyanenko National Grain Center and the Institute of Agriculture of the KBNC RAS. Sowing was carried out in four terms for each zone. Research results showed that the varieties responded differently to the terms and conditions of cultivation. As a result, optimum sowing dates were established for varieties and zones, which ensured a high yield of high-quality grain. At the same time, in the best options, the yield varied in varieties and zones from 5.00 to 5.85 tons / ha. High yields were obtained in the foothill and mountain zones, and better grain was formed in the steppe zone. So, in terms of the protein content and gluten in the studied varieties of Yuzhanka and Cheget, these indicators were respectively: 14.5 and 30.4% and 14.2 and 30.6%, which is higher than in other zones. This is due to the soil-climatic conditions of cultivation zones of varieties.