Native Speakers Of Language Research Articles

Meteorological metaphors of “atmospheric electrical and sound phenomena” in the English and Kazakh languages

Relevance of research stems from the lack of knowledge of pecularities of the meteorological metaphor in the English and Kazakh languages as well as from the present-day trends of the linguistics development on the basis of the modern achievements of philological science and philological research approaches, general tendency of the modern scientific paradigm and its interest in language issues, culture and cognition. It’s common knowledge that metaphorization is one of the essential ways of understanding, comprehension and categorization of reality and its further representation in the language and in the minds of native speakers of a particular language. In the context of globalization striving to standardize and make cultures vanish, this objective solves an issue of preserving the national identity that is in full embodied in linguistic metaphors, metaphoricity of language – “historical memory, spirit of the nation”. In the research work we classify various metaphoric images being part of terms, figurative meanings, idioms, the so-called meteo-phraseological units or lexico-phraseological metaphoric units relating to the meteorological thematic group of words as a meteorological metaphor in a very broad sense. The following methods of research were used with a view to accomplishing the thesis objectives: structuralsemantic analysis, continuous sampling method, word definitions analysis method with the use of the component analysis elements, descriptive method and interpretation method, comparative method. Meteorological metaphor in two languages has phraseo-forming characteristics: meteorological metaphors in the form of prepositional structures prevail in the English corpora while meteorological metaphors in the Kazakh language have a word-forming nature. Verbal, substantival and adjectival metaphorical structures in the English and Kazakh languages showed both similar and different metaphorical values, which confirms the universal nature of perception of the meteorological phenomena having no equivalents or insufficiently meeting the English language requirements. Such meteorological phenomena have specific metaphorical values unified with positive, negative and neutral connotative contents. Key words: metaphor, meteorology, national identity, structure, semantics

НЕСКРОМНОЕ ОБАЯНИЕ АНГЛИЦИЗМОВ: МАГНЕТИЗМ ТЕМНЫХ СЛОВ

Statement of the problem. Problems related to lexical borrowings invariably arouse the interest of linguists. Probably, both the possible reasons for borrowing and their socio-cultural consequences are particularly attractive for studying. Therefore, it is urgent to study the factors contributing to the readiness of the language community to unconditionally accept borrowings from the Anglo-American and their active use. The purpose of the article is a socio-cultural analysis of borrowings, their semantic and pragmatic status in the Russian language. To achieve the goal, discursive, linguoculturological and semantic methods of analysis were used. Research results. One of the catalysts of the above-mentioned turbulent process is the impenetrability of the internal form of a foreign word for most native speakers of the Russian language. Such lexemes often become the germs of new myths channeled through the media and used to manipulate public consciousness. Conclusions. Today’s features of the borrowing process speak of their proximity to traditional verbal magic. Public speech of representatives of the Russian ruling stratum act as a serious impulse encouraging the use of Anglicisms instead of semantically adequate Russian words.

Mapoyo language revitalisation at risk: when variation leads to uncertainty

ABSTRACT Mapoyo, a Carib language of Venezuela with only one native language speaker, is very close to becoming dormant. Recent interest in the revitalisation of the language has led to classes being imparted in the elementary school and to teachers trying to learn the language and to reinforce it in the school. However, in 2013 when there were 3 speakers left, variation within and among them has led to uncertainty among the language learners which in turn has led to diminishing use. I argue, based on observations in the community and interviews with the teachers, that a ‘standard language ideology’ is putting Mapoyo language revitalisation at risk and that therefore any revitalisation project needs to address ideological domains as well as pragmatic concerns.

A preliminary fMRI study of relative clause in comprehension among native and non-native Malay language speakers

This study investigates (a) whether there is a functional neural activation at the frontal and temporal brain regions during the comprehension of Malay relative clause (RC), and (b) the differences in the activated areas among native (L1) and non-native (L2) Malay language speakers. The subject relative clause (SRC), object relative clause (ORC), and subject-verb-object (SVO) were used as the study stimuli. Participants were asked to do a sentence-picture matching task during an fMRI measurement. The random-effect analysis (RFX) using two-way ANOVA was conducted for the fMRI data. The main effect of the group at the puncorrected < 0.001, cluster size > 20 voxels found that the comprehension of Malay relative clauses had activated frontal and temporal brain regions in L1 and L2. The multiple comparisons of L1>L2 showed a significant difference left-lateralised in the temporo-parietal region. While for L2>L1, the significant activations were indicated as distributed to the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital regions that lateralised to the right hemisphere. Conclusions: The findings suggested that the comprehension of Malay relative clauses had caused the activation at different brain regions amongst L1 and L2 groups. It was also found that both L1 and L2 groups showed their preference in SRC, the mean reaction time showed that they had a faster reaction time to comprehend SRC than ORC. The findings from this study can also be applied in clinical language intervention, and it is expected to benefit children and adults with speech and language disorders.

Allophonic familiarity differentiates word representations in the brain of native speakers of regional linguistic varieties

This study aims to shed light on the issue whether familiar allophonic variation is encoded in word representations. Both Italian speakers born in Trentino and speakers born in the Central-Southern regions of Italy took part in the experiment. We tested the MMN elicited by the same word encompassing two different allophones, one of which was more familiar to one group of participants than to the other, depending on their regional variety of Italian. The Trentino group showed an enhanced MMN for the word embedding the familiar variant while Central-Southern speakers showed no difference. The amplitude of the MMN for the unfamiliar word variant in Trentino speakers showed an inverse correlation with the passive exposure to the Trentino dialect. We conclude that words embedding familiar and unfamiliar allophones are differently represented in the brain of native speakers of regional language and the degree of differentiation is modulated by individual experience.

Содержание концепта РОДНОЙ ЯЗЫК у студентов-носителей удмуртского языка (на материале ассоциативного эксперимента)

The aim of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of verbalization of the concept NATIVE LANGUAGE among students who are native speakers of the Udmurt language. It has been substantiated that to identify the meanings that represent the content of the concept, it seems effective to use the method of associative experiment. This method makes it possible to identify the core, near and far periphery of the concept. The scientific originality lies in the fact that for the first time the concept NATIVE LANGUAGE in the representations of native speakers of the Udmurt language has become a subject of study. As a result of the reactions analysis, the nominative field of the concept NATIVE LANGUAGE has been reconstructed, where the most important components were “National culture”, “Native Udmurtia”, “Family”.

Study of Phonology, Grammar and Semantic Changes within Historical Linguistics

This paper examines the study of phonology in historical linguistics, the ways through which it evolves. In a specific language, words and their meaning changes over time. There exist various reasons for such changes such as one generation’s meaning of a particular word varies from another reason. This research analyses the history of historical linguistics and what it is all about. The findings of the research article reveal that the study of phonology is important to know the development of the sound structure. This article discusses various doctrines related to the study of phonology such as dependency phonology, metrical phonology, lexicon phonology, and the unit of phonological sound speech known as phonemes. The article further discusses the importance of Neo-grammarians and their academic views on linguistics. The paper inquiries the function of grammatical devices while expressing meaning and the ways these meanings change over time. This article shows the role of native speakers of different languages while adopting English words in their vocabulary to cause semantic changes in a language. The finding of the research also shows that children through their grammatical errors or by forming grammatical structure from limited data cause changes in a given language. The research discusses that word and their meaning varies and forsakes the existing meanings when semantic changes occur in a language.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF LINGUISTIC SOCIO-CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN SPEAKING IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGES LEARNING PROCESS

The article aims to examine the actual problem of modern methods of teaching foreign languages, reveals the relationship between the culture and the language of the people, the foundations of the formation of linguistic socio-cultural competence of students. A communicative approach guides the modern method of teaching foreign languages. Teaching foreign languages is to achieve by students a foreign language communicative competence: the ability and actual readiness of students to carry out foreign language communication and gain mutual understanding with native speakers of a foreign language.

Acoustic Analysis of the Socio-phonetic Variation in the English Language Long Vowels

The present study investigates the variation in the long English vowels among native English speakers and non-native Pakistani speakers of the English language. The recordings have been collected through e-mail from different regional speakers of Pakistani languages, from U.K. and the U.S., using social-networking. The analysis of the recordings is done using PRAAT software. The long vowel /i:/ was delimited for the study. Durations quoted by the renowned phonetician Danial Jones (1976), were used as a reference for the native speakers of the English language. The initial hypotheses were built to analyze the data. The study reveals that native speakers tend to follow the pattern introduced by Danial Jones with just a slight idiolectal difference. The non-native Pakistani speakers differentiate themselves in the duration of long vowels from the native speakers. Female native speakers have shown significant variation when compared with male native speakers.

The Possibilities of Electronic Platforms for Teaching a Foreign Language at a Law School

This article is devoted to the research into the possibilities of using electronic platforms in teaching a foreign (English) language at a law school. The relevance of the topic is confirmed by the need to find the latest interactive forms of teaching University students at a state educational level due to the development of the world economic system, as well as the evolution of the system of education as a whole.The author determines the necessity of using online platforms in law student teaching, offers a number of available online resources, points out the advantages of using electronic platforms and their effectiveness. The emphasis is placed on the search for innovative forms of education to achieve a high level of proficiency in the professional competencies of legal education. The author notes that professional teaching of a foreign language is continuously combined with the general language level of proficiency, which is possible if there is a general language practice. Linguistic competencies are formed in the process of communication in the language of native speakers. To attract motivation and interest in the language, it is possible to organize communication with native speakers. The article talks about the use of on-line material, which makes it possible to fruitfully use the suggestology method in teaching a foreign language, motivating students to search for new information, immersing them in the created atmosphere

Psycholinguistic paradigm of biblical damnation in ancient Georgian Historical Documents

Any language as a psycholinguistic entity does not only accumulates in itself the emotional layers but also explores the relevant verbal ways for expressing these emotions. A speech act or a written form is a visible product of this emerging process. Therefore, language is generated as a concurrent processes result. Linguistics increases the psychology extent, describing language phenomenon facts occurring either in oral or written forms. Any of the national languages material has an inherent value reflecting its systematic organization, its expression extent, psychologically stable or paradigmatic patterns, or is subject to common psychological changes occurring in a group of a particular language native speakers. Both oral and written damnation forms should be considered as one of such oldest psycholinguistic proto-paradigms. Special focus will be given to the verbal model of Biblical (particularly, the Old Testament) curse formulae, attested in old Georgian historical documents (IX-XII cc.). Damnation as a psycho-verbal model is supposed to be originating from the mankind earliest existence period, when a human being gained a solid word power understanding, matching it against physical abilities to a certain extent. Damnation as a verbal material has been manifested in written monuments also and its psycho-emotional rationale intended, first and foremost, to instill fear (specifically, fear of God), and to have God-fearing readers. Damnation problem in the literature recent findings are both Biblical and Georgian historical materials (records), revealing the so-called damnation texts particularly meticulous choice: it is a fact that it intends to cause anxiety in readers.

НАРОДНА МОЛИТВА ЯК СКЛАДОВА СТЕРЕОТИПНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ В ПЕРСЬКІЙ ЛІНГВОКУЛЬТУРІ

The speech genre of prayer as a component of stereotypical behavior of Persian linguistic culture bearers on the basis of Persian folk omens and superstitions is considered. The historiography of stereotypes, in particular communicative-behavioral stereotypes in modern linguistics, is briefly presented. The concept of speech genre is characterized. According to M. Bakhtin's definition, any human communication is based on certain speech genres, which are often stereotyped. Since the speech genre is the most important category of discourse, the classification of discourses by I. S. Shevchenko and O. I. Morozova is represented. Researchers distinguish the following subtypes of discourse within the socio-situational parameter: political, administrative, legal, military, religious, medical, business, advertising, pedagogical, sports, scientific, electronic (Internet discourse), and media varieties. Ritual type of discourse, which is relevant within the scope of the study, was also added to this typology. The speech genre of Persian folk prayer, verbalized by the words "do'ā" / "verd", is described, since it is folk, not traditional religious prayer in the context of Persian folk omens and superstitions to be a component of stereotypic behavior of Iranians and to perform primarily psychological, phatic and suggestive functions. It is determined that folk prayer in Persian linguistic culture functions not only as an act of saying a certain text to the God or the saints, but also as a talisman or amulet. Traditionally, such talismans are made in the form of texts or sayings from the Qur'an, written on a piece of paper, leather, cloth or metal. People attach these to clothing or simply carry with themselves. The central element of Persian folk prayer is a request. It has been found that there is a number of stereotypes in Persian linguo-mentality associated with images of prayer, which in turn affect the behavior of native speakers in different life circumstances. Analysis of Persian omens and superstitions on the basis of modern fiction has indicated that prayer is associated primarily with the need for protection, satisfaction of needs and hope in the minds of Iranians. It is noted that the appeal of native speakers of the Persian language and culture to folk prayer in certain situations is accompanied by a number of stereotypic ritual and semiotic actions, which demonstrates a combination of religious and magical aspects in their minds. It is stated that the specificity of the Persian speech genre of prayer is in the fact it simultaneously belongs to two types of discourse – religious and ritual.

Code Mixing Among Millennials of Banggai Ethnic

This research aims to identify code-mixing types employed among millennials of Banggai ethnic. This descriptive qualitative research uses conversation in 10 language use activities as the data source. The data are utterances containing code mixing. Data collection techniques involve field observation, by recording participant conversations in 10 activities. Participants are millennials in Banggai who are native speakers of Banggai language who use Banggai language in in their daily life. The researchers sort the utterances to separate data and non-data in recorded conversations. Data analysis code mixing identification and classification. The researchers interpret the results of the analysis based on the theory and present them in the form of description. The results of this study indicate that Banggai millennials employ all forms of code mixing in all conversational activities studied. The forms include insertion, alternation and congruent lexicalization. In other words, participants insert Indonesian words, phrases, clauses and dialects into their Banggai language utterances during conversation. The tendency to insert Indonesian in the utterances of Banggai millennials is an alarming signal for the continuity and the existence of the Banggai Language. Losing the local language will eliminate the Banggai culture at the same time. The results of observations in 10 conversational activity settings showing the mixing of Banggai language code with Indonesian reflect the signal. There are needs of serious efforts from the Banggai Laut Government and a traditional apparatus based in Banggai Laut, to make Banggai language into the language of instruction, which continue to live and sustainable in society, as it is related to the central position of Banggai Laut , as the center of the Banggai Kingdom.

ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ ПОСЛОВИЦ В ДИАЛОГЕ

The article is devoted to the pragmatic properties of proverbs in dialogue. Proverbs, or axiomatic folk assessments of people’s experience, are used in dialogues predominately as argumentative support to this or that speech act of a speaker. The proverbs meaning adjusts to temporal and agent characteristics of speech act to make it more convincing when using a proverb as an argument. Sometimes proverbs can be used as indirect speech acts, combining both functions of speech act and its argument. The analysis of typical usages of proverbs makes it possible to reveal their pragmatics and thereby supplement the interpretations of proverbs in order to enhance their use in speech both by foreigners studying the Russian language and by new generations of native speakers of the Russian language. The statements put forward in the article are illustrated with six proverbs actively used in the modern Russian language pragmatic description: za odnogo bitogo dvuh nebityh dayut, klin klinom vyshibayut, vyshe golovy ne prygnesh’, posle draki kulakami ne mashut, nazvalsya gruzdem, polezaj v kuzov, s volkami zhit’, po-volch’i vyt’.

Teaching foreign languages in terms of distance learning

Over the last few decades, the use of technology and multimedia for distance learning of foreign languages has expanded rapidly. Distance learning was an attempt to solve the temporal and spatial limitations of traditional personal learning. Learning online has been the result of the full adoption of technology as part of our lives. This article is devoted to an analytical review of the current state of electronic means of distance learning of a foreign language. The terminology of the concept of “distance education” is considered. It is determined that the distance learning process is carried out using a combination of synchronous and asynchronous tools. To conduct the analysis, a number of the most popular modern distance learning platforms (Moodle, Zoom, Google Classroom) are identified. A careful analysis of the main functions and features of these distance learning platforms revealed that each of them is suitable for learning a foreign language, as they have all the functions necessary to ensure the effective development of reading and speaking, speaking, listening , writing skills. The choice of one of them will depend entirely on the personal preferences of each individual teacher. The teacher must manage and regulate the learning activities of students. To learn a foreign language using multimedia technology, students must be independent and use new strategies. Because language learning in the traditional way usually takes place in live communication, and distance learning through online communication. It is established that distance learning makes new demands on teachers, including improving professionalism, increasing the level of professional competence, mastery of modern technologies, the ability to use them in the educational process. As well as distance learning provides an opportunity to communicate with native speakers of foreign languages from different countries.

Translation and validation of the Korean version of acute cystitis symptom score.

PurposeAcute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) is a simple self-reporting questionnaire initially developed in Uzbek language to help diagnose acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC). The purpose of this study was to translate the ACSS to Korean and validate the Korean version of ACSS using Korean-speaking women.Materials and MethodsThe original version of ACSS in Uzbek was translated into the target (Korean) version according to internationally accepted guidelines for the translation and cultural adaptation. Cognitive interviews were then conducted for five women with symptoms of AUC and five women without AUC who were native speakers of the Korean language to investigate the clarity, understandability, and acceptability of the translation. The final Korean version of the ACSS was tested in 50 women (31 AUC patients and 19 controls) for clinical validation.ResultsReliability test for 9 questions (6 questions about typical symptoms of AUC, and 3 questions on quality of life) showed high values (Cronbach’s alpha=0.853). The sum score of typical symptoms showed the highest balance for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (area under the ROC curve=0.935). Sensitivity and specificity to predict AUC were 90.3% and 89.5% at cut-off score 6 of the typical domain.ConclusionsThe Korean version of the ACSS showed high levels of reliability and validity, similar to other validated versions in different languages. It will play an important role in practice and/or clinical research for diagnosis and treatment efficacy monitoring of Korean-speaking women suffering from AUC.

Русские пословицы в лингвоаксиологической и лексикографической интерпретации: традиции и инновации

The aim of the research presented in this article is to develop the concept of a linguo-axiological dictionary representation of proverbs and proverbial concepts in their current state, taking into account various structural and semantic transformations and new axiological components of their meaning. The sources of the material of the study were the paroemiological collections of I. M. Snegirev, I. I. Illustrov, V. I. Dahl, and modern authors; Internet sites; and recordings of live speech of modern native speakers of the Russian language. The development of the lexicographic aspect of the topic was preceded by a comprehensive linguistic analysis of paroemias. The methods of historical-etymological, component, contextual, linguo-axiological analysis reveal their modern semantics and cultural-historical background. The mechanisms of transformations are studied by the method of structural and semantic modeling. The authors’ method of axiologically oriented lexicographic parameterization of the material, developed to solve the research problems, is based on the domestic experience of the dictionary description of paroemias and the authors’ developments in this field. The developed model of the linguo-axiological dictionary representation of paroemias is presented on the material of the proverbial concept “House”, one of the basic concepts of Russian linguaculture. The representation of the paroemiological material in the alphabetical headword dictionary implies the explication of the evaluativeness not only of the original paroemia, but also of its transformations through emotive-evaluative labels, axiologically oriented definitions, and functional-pragmatic commentaries. The transformations of the original proverb are grouped according to structural and semantic models of transformation, which allows us to systematically reflect the transformational potential of the paroemia, to show the dynamics of its formal and conceptual sides, the displacement of its axiological vector. In the thematic dictionary of a new type, the evaluative component of the proverbial concept is reflected by the headings of dictionary macro-entries that convey the general axiological meaning of the group of paroemias. The dictionary macroentries with such axiological headings are grouped within thematic sections in the order from traditional value orientations of linguaculture to new evaluative attitudes represented by new paroemias and proverbial transformations. The emotive and evaluative characteristics of the proverbial material reflecting the new axiologemes allow us to conclude that the neo-paroemias and transformations of traditional proverbs convey the jokingly ironic attitude of nominators to the denial of traditional values rather than their real denial and ridicule. The proposed concept makes a theoretical contribution to the development of problems of linguo-axiological interpretation of paroemias and will find practical implementation in the creating of modern dictionaries of proverbs. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Глагол отдыхать в свете идиоматизации как динамического процесса русской речи, или как отдых стал частью состязаний

The problem of lexicographic description of the Russian vocabulary, includ-ing the constant "updating of the vocabulary space", always remains relevant for linguists of various fields, since language is a very mobile system. Numerous changes are constantly taking place in it, in particular, this concerns the field of lexicology. For a long time, the word-centric trend has dominated the language, so the focus has always been on the word and the features of its functioning, but now more and more attention is being paid to stable phrases, various construc-tions and the whole text. The present study examines the verb otdykhat', the figurative meaning of which is not fixed by academic explanatory dictionaries and the connotation of which, especially in the composition of stable construc-tions, can change significantly. The focus of the article is the evaluation con-struction <P - N1 otdykhaet>, which is actively used in newspaper and everyday speech. In the course of the study, in addition to working with dictionaries and corpus material, a survey was conducted among 149 native speakers of the Rus-sian language, which clearly illustrates the prevalence of the new meaning of the verb otdykhat': 'not be able to compete with another object on a number of fea-tures that were not strongly pronounced in the first object until the moment of comparison'. A detailed lexicographic description of the frequency verb otdyk-hat' can be important, among other things, in applied aspects, such as translation practice and teaching Russian as a foreign language.

Native Language Effects on Flight Training Performance

Several high-profile commercial aviation accidents in the past that were caused in part by inadequate English language proficiency confirmed the importance of clear and concise communication between air traffic controllers and pilots. Although the connection between English language proficiency and aviation safety has been well established, there has been very little research concerning the relationship between English language proficiency and flight training performance. Thousands of international students who are not native speakers of the English language come to the United States and Canada for ab initio flight training every year. While the ability to communicate with air traffic controllers is critical for the safety of flight, communication skills can also have a profound effect on flight training performance. International flight students not only must communicate with air traffic controllers, but they must also communicate with their flight instructors on the ground and in flight. In addition, they must also be able to read and understand textbooks, manuals, and check lists that are all written in the English language. This research is focused on the relationship between English language proficiency and performance in ab initio flight training programs.

Are postverbal subjects difficult to eliminate from the L2 English of L1 speakers of Romanian?

"The availability of post-verbal subjects in non-canonical sentences is one of the properties which distinguish between non null-subject languages, like English, and consistent null-subject languages, like Romanian. L2 learning studies provide conflicting results with respect to whether native speakers of a null-subject language can fully eliminate ungrammatical postverbal subjects from their L2 English. The aim of this paper is to investigate if postverbal subjects are difficult to eliminate from the L2 English of L1 speakers of Romanian. The main results show that postverbal subjects are no longer accepted by L1 Romanian advanced and proficient learners of L2 English. However, intermediate learners accept significantly more postverbal subjects with unaccusative verbs than the other two groups. These results are in line with the Interface Hypothesis and the Full Transfer/Full Access Model."