National Security State Research Articles

A system model of the organization that ensures information and information-psychological security

The article considers information as a critically important resource that significantly affects the state of national security of our country and requires the development of both theoretical foundations and practical methods of state information security policy. This policy is implemented by relevant state organizations and institutions, based on the results of systematic research. The solution to this problem should be based on the general principles of system analysis: the development and use of means of formation and analysis of the organization's goals and functions to ensure information and information-psychological security should be based on a multi-echelon model of the structure of a counter-propaganda organization. Emphasizes that a problem arises when developing a structural model of a counter-propaganda organization: it is necessary to find a compromise between the simplicity of the description of its structure and the detailed description of the propaganda process as a form of communication. The model is distinguished by the variety of types of elements and types of relations between them. The systemic approach considers the structure of a counter-propaganda organization as a set of relatively independent, interacting subsystems; while some (or all) subsystems have the right to make decisions, and their hierarchical location is determined by the fact that some of the subsystems are influenced or controlled by higher ones. This model of the structure of the disinformation countermeasures organization provides for the following functions: approving tasks and checking their coherence, as well as execution and co-execution of these tasks. These functions are aimed at an adequate reaction and preservation of the integrity of the organization to the constant changes occurring in the security environment.

Theoretical-Methodological aspects of intelligence activity and lobbying

Intelligence activities have deep historical roots, just like the development of the human race.  It has a security function since the first state relations, when the social group of category A intended to have power over the social group of category B and control it. In the ancient civilizations, we find the first relations between states, which carried signs of intelligence activity. It was manifested in the period of war or peace by obtaining quick and complete information about the capabilities and intentions of the enemy. In the process of making decisions, the use of information obtained as a result of intelligence activities has become a prerequisite for self-preservation, and later dominance, in the international arena. Over the centuries, under the cover of intelligence activities, have been improved the methods of information warfare. In order to gain hegemony, this condition allowed the states to use such methods of struggle against each other as disinformation, propaganda and, most importantly, lobbying. Although the term "lobbyism" was first used in the 20th century, we can still find its signs in the ancient period. Which allows us to say that lobbying from ancient times to the present day has been the subject of exploitation from foreign intelligence.         The analysis of current events in modern international relations shows, that the synthesis of intelligence and lobbying activities (intelligence lobbying) has opened the doors of new opportunities for the states. States which have developed intelligence lobbying at a scientific level are able to achieve their desired goals and dominate the international arena with less expenses. Developments of similar events have made intelligence lobbying a vital challenge for the national security of states in transition. Balancing the resulting negative effects is possible by the successful work of intelligence and counterintelligence services.

MECHANISM OF COMPETITIVENESS MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC HEALTHCARE: A PRACTICAL ASPECT

Healthcare is a key element of the state's national security. The effectiveness of the healthcare industry functioning is a relevant object of research today, especially after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which this sector globally demonstrated its potential and problems. It necessitates a comprehensive assessment of the competitiveness of the healthcare industry and institutions as an important component of their effective management. The objects of the research are public healthcare and institutions as service organizations. The purpose is to develop a scientific-methodical approach to managing the competitiveness in the country’s healthcare industry. That is, the research is aimed at developing a market-oriented competitiveness management mechanism for public healthcare institutions. The construction of the mechanism is based on the analysis of statistical data on Ukrainian healthcare institutions according to indicators based on the "7P" marketing concept. Clustering methods, an integral indicator of competitiveness, and multidimensional methods of taxonomic analysis were also used for assessing the level of competitiveness of healthcare institutions and the comparative effectiveness of alternative measures to increase it.

The Washington Command Post of Intelligence: The Bureaucratic Rivalries That Influenced the National Security Act of 1947

Historians often frame President Truman’s decisions to disband the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and to form the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as the consequence of strategies developed to counter foreign enemies, including fascists and communists, or involving concerns over civil liberties. Relatively few scholars, by contrast, have examined the institutional development of intelligence organizations and the roles that bureaucratic rivalries and governmental factors played in influencing Truman and the development of the postwar national security state. This paper examines interagency conflicts, policymakers’ personalities, departmental jurisdictions, and prior and institutional experiences. The primary rationale behind the creation of the OSS was to remedy the uncoordinated nature of departmental intelligence. The creation of the OSS in 1942, however, considerably worsened rivalries, and led to its termination almost immediately following the war. After months of hesitancy, Truman concluded that formalized central intelligence was the only way to address these rivalries and thus ordered the various intelligence agencies to formulate a plan for a modern, postwar intelligence structure. Making use of declassified government documents and policymakers’ correspondence and memoirs, this paper addresses the degree to which these bureaucratic rivalries and intragovernmental factors helped construct the national security state. By doing so, this paper sheds light on contemporary issues of intelligence failures, government reorganization plans, and the expanding national security apparatus.

The Importance of National Interests in the Transport Sphere for Russia's National Security

The article attempts to analyze the legal provision of the state of national security in the sphere of transport in the Russian Federation from the point of view of covering national interests, challenges and threats. The authors show that the transport and logistics interests of the Russian Federation internationally have not always been reflected in full and in accordance with national interests in sectoral strategic planning documents. The importance of the new Maritime Doctrine adopted in July 2022, which sets priorities for the development of maritime activities over the next few years, including in the transport direction, is highlighted. Using statistical data on the state of Russia's transport sector, the authors examine what changes have taken place due to the COVID-19 restrictions and the latest geopolitical challenges. It is emphasized, that the implementation of the objectives of the Transport Strategy-2021 in the short term will proceed with negative dynamics.

The Concept of Synergy Building Awareness of State Defense in the Digital Era

State defense has a broad spectrum in various scopes such as politics, social, economic and cultural fields. State defense and national security It is an attitude that every citizen must have. Every citizen especially the younger generation is the next generation of sustainability in the nation and state. The spirit of nationalism, patriotism, and defending the country can fade partly due to the low awareness of defending the country, not yet optimal synergy in fostering awareness of defending the country in the digital era. Seeing the current era of technology increasingly advanced, from this, the awareness of citizens, especially the younger generation in the digital era in terms of defending the country still needs to be improved, where with progress technology makes it easy for everyone to access, create or share information that is not necessarily clear. Keywords (10pt, bold): defending the country, the digital era, national resilience.

The Sputnik V moment: biotech, biowarfare and COVID-19 vaccine development in Russia and in former Soviet satellite states

ABSTRACT Why have Russia and Cuba developed and produced vaccines against COVID-19 while Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries that are members of the European Union have only played a marginal role in the global supply of such vaccines? We argue that the answer is to be found in the capacity of Russia’s national security state and entrepreneurs to mobilise historic Soviet advantages as part of a broader security motivated statecraft. CEE countries lacked this legacy and this drive. Similarly, they failed to massively invest – as for example, Cuba has – into potential synergies between public health systems and biotech firms.

The political economy of US maritime strategy in the Indo-Pacific

Political economy impacts and influences a state's military strategy. This article focuses on how the integration of the US political economy in the Indo-Pacific drives US Navy officers and the broader national security state to establish the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP). Investigating the strategic thought of senior Naval officers shows that they think far beyond military threats and engage with the United States and the Indo-Pacific political economy. Even as the US Navy competes with China's military, its FOIP strategy benefits corporate elites in both China and the US, whose cooperation creates a mutually supportive economic relationship. This argument leads to the finding that the US hegemony in the region is a strategy that avoids a bipolar 'New Cold War' of an entirely de-coupled US and China. The FOIP supported by the US Navy continues to integrate China into regional and global economies, even as it attempts to push back against China by gathering allies and partners. The emphasis on international political economy highlights how the region is a network of 'patchwork' relations, where states rely on one another for economic prosperity. Through investigating speeches and strategic papers from US Naval officials, this paper demonstrates how the US competes and cooperates with China in the context of relations in the region that are in constant flux.

THE CONTENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS FOR SECURITY IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM IN THE ASPECT OF ENSURING THE NATIONAL SECURITY OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to the study of the nature of the content of human rights to security, its features and components, as well as to clarify the role of such rights in the field of national security of Ukraine. The methodology of studying the nature of human rights as an important element in the mechanism of national security in general is based on the provisions of the general scientific dialectical method of scientific cognition. The position is substantiated, according to which in the modern realities of the implementation of the rule of law and the establishment of the principles of sustainable development of Ukraine, the key task is to guarantee the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Consequently, the content of human rights to security is the key that determines the start and functioning of the security mechanism of the state as a whole, and therefore requires a study of its nature and content. For a full and thorough revelation of the topic, the article also uses formal and legal and formal and logical scientific methods. It is argued that in modern conditions the main components of human rights on security are: 1) Natural human rights; 2) constitutional right and freedom of man and citizen; 3) Personal right to security in a broad and narrow meaning. The last part requires a separate scientific understanding in the context of forming a modern doctrine of natural security of Ukraine in order to increase the level of Ukrainian society credibility in the legislative, executive and judicial authorities in Ukraine, effective fight against corruption, increasing the level of political and legal culture in society, development virtuous and non-discriminately society, united by both respect for the defense forces and respect for the law, enshrined in current legislation. It is emphasized, that the main objects of national security of state are citizens - their constitutional rights and freedoms, as well as life and health. According to this, the main purpose of every legal and democratic state, which determines the person as highest social value is to ensure proper living conditions, preserve health, honor, dignity, right for self-recognition and of course private property. It is proved, that further prospects of Ukraine’s integration into European Union, first of all, depends on the states of national security within the country, namely on its components such as economic, environmental, food and information security. It is determined that the prospects for future scientific research in this area will be scientific developments to improve existing legislation that guarantees respect for human rights to security.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ: ПОВОЄННИЙ КОНТЕКСТ

Забезпечення продовольчої безпеки на національному і глобальному рівнях на засадах сталості є одним з пріоритетів аграрної політики України. У довоєнний період вітчизняний агарний сектор гарантував високий рівень продовольчої безпеки нашої держави і суттєво впливав на насиченість глобального продовольчого ринку. Однак триваюча в Україні війна спричинила руйнування у сфері виробництва і збуту агропродовольчої продукції, що негативно позначилося на стані продовольчого ринку. В період воєнних дій значущість проблеми забезпечення національної продовольчої безпеки зростає багаторазово, хоча Україна і має достатньо резервів продовольчої продукції. Війна в Україні суттєво скоротила масштаби сільгоспвиробництва і змінила його структуру, що в найближчому майбутньому позначиться на динаміці агровиробництва і стані національної продовольчої безпеки. Крім того, вона негативно впливає на доходи населення, тому частка витрат на продовольство в сукупних витратах, яка є одним з ключових індикаторів продовольчої безпеки, зростатиме. Це свідчить про необхідність вжиття заходів для підвищення цінової доступності продовольства і внутрішнього продовольчого попиту. Відновлення й подальше зростання в повоєнний період рівня продовольчого забезпечення населення України, як і розвиток агропродовольчого експорту, вимагатимуть переходу до реалізації довгострокових цілей забезпечення національної продовольчої безпеки шляхом нарощування обсягів і асортименту агропродовольчого виробництва як результату його інноваційної модернізації та структурної трансформації. В основу стратегічного напряму модернізації аграрного сектору необхідно покласти концепцію екологічного ресурсозберігаючого сільського господарства, що забезпечить: збереження і відтворення родючості сільськогосподарських угідь як вирішального чинника продовольчої безпеки в довгостроковій перспективі; покращення якості продуктів харчування для населення; розширення експортного потенціалу агропродовольчої продукції за рахунок високоякісних товарів з вищою доданою вартістю.

Directions for preserving the economic security of the regions using the cluster approach

In the economic space, the one who has managed to create key competencies and produce competitive processes and products wins. In turn, competitiveness in the modern economy is achieved due to the increase in the level of innovativeness of developments, which directly depends on the investment opportunities of the actors of economic relations and the conditions of macro- and microenvironment of management. In the new political and economic conditions, the most important thing is to maintain the achieved level of competitiveness of regional economies and the potential for its further development, which will make it possible not to lose economic security in the future as an element of the national security of state. One of the leading forms of associations in regional economies has been the creation and operation of economic clusters of various types, combining private initiative, state support, and scientific and educational component. The cluster approach has shown its effectiveness both on a global scale and at the regional level of the Russian Federation. In this regard, it is proposed to continue its use at the current stage of Russia's development and proposals are made that are designed to maintain positive trends in regional development and preserve the economic security of Russian regions based on the cluster approach.

Climate Change and the Great Power Rivalry in the Arctic

The world politics of the 2020s seems to consist of two realities: People are concerned about an ecological catastrophe, as pollution kills millions and climate change threatens societies. The focus of this article is to discuss climate change, and state politics in the Arctic in the context of the two realities. Behind this is the assumption that climate change mitigation is a challenge to state politics and national security. The commentary assumes that, although in world politics, there is a new (East-West) great power rivalry with its related conflicts, no armed conflicts appear in the Arctic, but environmental degradation and rapid climate change still threaten the people. The study firstly analyses how environmental issues came onto the political agenda of States, in particular, that of the Arctic states; secondly, it discusses huge investment packages and great power rivalry as substitutes for climate change mitigation, revealing the political inability of states; thirdly, it examines the Arctic from the point of view of functional cooperation on environmental protection, and that on science; and finally, it concludes what has possibly gone wrong in state politics related to the environment, and could be taken as the biggest challenge.

Theoretical and methodological aspects of state national security policy

Relevance and novelty. The relevance of the study of the topic is that the problem of national security is a problem that seriously worries public and state figures, scientists and ordinary citizens. This is due to traditional threats - war, political instability, natural disasters, as well as the emergence at the beginning of the XX-XXI century of a large number of qualitatively new threats to national security, directly related to the life of the country and the population. All this, in turn, necessitates the search for a new security paradigm in the interests of the survival of all mankind. The processes of globalization have increased the interdependence of nature and society, man and society, which means scientific understanding, comprehensive analysis and development of theoretical views that can adequately reflect in scientific categories the ideas about modern processes on which national security depends.
 The purpose of the study is to consider the theoretical and methodological aspects of the state policy of national security.
 Research objectives: to conduct a theoretical and conceptual analysis of the security phenomenon; explore the conceptual and categorical apparatus of national security.
 Methodology. The study is based on the principles of dialectics, objectivity, historicism, which made it possible to carefully comprehend the object of study, take into account the multidimensionality of problems in the field of security policy, avoid tendentiousness and bias, reveal the evolution of security policy as a complex and controversial political process. The system method was used in the interpretation of security policy as an integral element of the policy of the state and citizen. The historical method made it possible to track the evolution of scientific approaches to understanding the relationship between security and the concept of a welfare state. The dialectical method made it possible to reveal contradictions between the interests of the state in relation to national security and the interests of individuals in ensuring security.
 The scientific novelty of the results obtained is based on the substantiation of a new approach to understanding security policy and the conceptualization of its features and role in the modern world.
 The value of the study is based on the study of the features of state policy in the field of national security.
 Outcomes and conclusions. Having carried out a theoretical and conceptual analysis of the phenomenon of security, we note that security can be considered as the protection of such areas of the individual, family, nation and humanity: objectively spiritual being - spiritual life in their sociality: spiritual values, faith, morality, identity, culture, mentality; material-subject being - the material conditions of existence, provided through the activity of creating the necessary objects, primarily in the labor, economic, household spheres of being; socio-historical being - these are real social and international relations in historical time and in a certain geopolitical space, the preservation, development and transformation of existing states, countries, civilizations; subjective-personal being - and the diversity that occurs only with them, and which thereby differ from the general course of life.
 What swings national security is the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, the ability of the state to maintain its sovereignty and territorial integrity and act as a subject of international law.
 Key words: national security, politics, government, hybrid warfare, geopolitics

Introduction

The recent intensification of gendered surveillance in the United States underscores how surveillance technologies continue to abet criminalization domestically while enabling the US to renew orientalist narratives of rescue with respect to its military interventions abroad. Building on the 2015 Feminist Surveillance Studies volume edited by Rachel E. Dubrofsky and Shoshana Amielle Magnet, this issue seeks to make a number of new interventions in the study of surveillance and gender. First, it calls for the incorporation of scholarship that approaches the US-led war on terrorism through the lens of gender and sexuality to develop a more refined understanding of how surveillance practices and contemporary imperial imaginaries overlap and inform one another. Second, it reconsiders the frame of carceral feminism by unpacking some of the assumptions around “carcerality” and “feminism.” Finally, it builds on the premise that existing black feminist scholarship has for some time theorized surveillance’s relation to gendered oppression. To do so, it considers how critical framings of hypervisibility and invisibility help us make sense of the racialized, gendered forms of surveillance deployed across the decades: from the mid-twentieth-century national security state to the contemporary neoliberal postfeminist regimes of the twenty-first century.

State of formation and implementation of state policy on ensuring the protection of intellectual property during weapons and military equipment development

Keywords: state policy, national security, intellectual property
 Legislative acts that form the state policy in the field of national security and defense of Ukraine regarding the protection of intellectual property are considered. The state of realization of the defined questions at development of armament and military equipment is investigated. It is determined that the effective implementation of the state national security policy is impossiblewithout a comprehensive analysis of the impact of intellectual property issues on the sphere of national security and defense of Ukraine. The importance of improving the system of intellectual property protection in the development of armaments and military equipment is noted.Ensuring Ukraine’s defense capability largely depends on equipping the Armed Forces of Ukraine with modern types and models of armaments and military equipment that is developed based on intellectual property rights.
 The required level of defense capability of the state is achieved through the formation and implementation of defense and industrial policy, the purpose of which is the development and production of weapons and military equipment and equipping the Armed Forces of Ukraine.It is the military-technical sphere where the objects of intellectual property rights belonging to the sphere of national security and defense are created, and the state is obliged to ensure their protection.Ukraine began to form a state policy on national security and defense from the first days of the independence.The legislation of Ukraine on national security and defense determines the need to use scientific and technical achievements and the introduction of new technologies to increase the state's defense capabilities. However, the provisions on intellectual property issues in all regulations are purely declarative by nature without defining specific tasks to eliminate possible threats and address issues.This is especially true of the use of intellectual property in the field of national security and defense.An important component of the mechanism for formulating state policy in the field of national security and defense should be the organization and comprehensive protection of intellectual property, especially in the development of armaments and military equipment.

The Political Economy of Systemic U.S. Militarism

The U.S. industrial-military-congressional complex is made up of the interdependent dynamics of military contractor corporations, military forces, intelligence agencies, and the civilian national security state, which take form as strategy, political-economy factors, and international affairs shift.

The Mobilizing Power of the President: South Korean Presidents Policy-making vis-à-vis North Korea

Policy-making vis-à-vis North Korea has been a major task for successive South Korean presidents. It is related not only to the president s domestic reputation as a leader, but also seriously affects the state of national and international security. The policymaking regarding the North, meanwhile, has changed according to the successive regimes in South Korea. Why does each president produce and conduct the policy in a different way? The present research sees that the president s individual leadership style, philosophy and vision for the policy strongly influence the outcome of his/her policy-making. More specifically, the way of organizing and exercising institutional tools and personnel greatly depends on the president s personal capability and will. The present research compares two cases of policy-making vis-à-vis North Korea, that of Kim Dae-Jung s administration and that of Roh Moo-hyun, to show the considerable power that a president has in his administration, especially when it applies to relations with North Korea, which are closely tied up with national security and internal social issues. The present research finds that, even though these two presidents conducted their policy of engagement within the same policy framework, each president showed a rather different leadership style in implementing it.

The evolution of historical scholarship and the rise of the visible and accountable national security state: tales from a life in Intelligence Studies

ABSTRACT This article examines the evolution of the discipline of Intelligence Studies by evaluating how academics have woven scholarship with activism targeting prevailing cultures of state secrecy. Christopher Andrew has been in the vanguard of these efforts, and it is argued here that he pursued these goals for three reasons. First, the old cultures of secrecy hampered historical scholarship. Second, these cultures represented an obstruction to public understanding of the mission of intelligence agencies. Third, obsessive secrecy inhibited the ability of the intelligence agencies to benefit from a very real engagement with the past. Andrew has been instrumental in melding the causes of democratic accountability with that of academic freedom, successfully arguing for reforming cultures of secrecy.

Nationalizing Nature: Iguazu Falls and National Parks at the Brazil-Argentina Border

In their present form, the two national parks straddling the famous Iguazu waterfalls (spelled Iguaçu in Brazil and Iguazú in Argentina) represent the world's largest contiguous stretch of old-growth Atlantic Forest. At the start of European colonization, the Mata Atlântica biome occupied over 1,000,000 square kilometers, extending from the northeastern coastline of Brazil to the neighboring territories of Paraguay and Argentina. Today, less than 10 percent of the preconquest Atlantic Forest still stands, much of it in the two Iguazu parks. But as Frederico Freitas reveals in a magisterial new book, the history of the two parks is not a simple tale of conservation—the parks as a heroic refuge—nor is it a reductionist account of how society destroyed a once pristine environment. Informed by exhaustive archival and geospatial research, Freitas argues that “competition between Argentina and Brazil led the two countries to use the parks as instruments for border nationalization” (p. 8).Nationalizing Nature: Iguazu Falls and National Parks at the Brazil-Argentina Border traces the twentieth-century history of the two parks. Located in a forested borderland far from the capitals of Brazil and Argentina, the resplendent falls and their environs provide a fascinating case study for Freitas's spatial analysis of how nations demarcate and project meaning onto landscapes. For both Brazil and Argentina, an initial impetus of parks as development (to establish a national presence in a contested frontier zone) gave way to an ecologically oriented goal of parks as conservation (to showcase a globally aware, technocratic vision). This transformation was contingent not only on the changing whims of politicians and government planners but also on the transnational flow of ideas, what Freitas calls “national park paradigms” (p. 16). Freitas's book is an exemplary work of environmental history, and his innovative use of mapping is a call for all scholars to pay closer attention to the mutually constitutive histories of space and nation.Argentina was the first to create its national park, in 1934, and Brazil followed suit five years later. Initially, both governments saw their parks as a way to attract settlers and bring infrastructure, tourism, and the nation-state's tangible presence. That many of the early settlers were European descendants was an added bonus for governments eager to modernize a region long inhabited by Indigenous communities belonging to the Tupi-Guarani and Macro-Gê sublinguistic groups. In their early decades, the parks were opened not only to visitors wishing to see the waterfalls but to the settlers as well, and several thousand farmers and workers lived within the boundaries of the parks. But when planning priorities shifted in the middle decades of the twentieth century, the settler communities within the parks were either evicted or forced to live furtively within park boundaries. New conservation sensibilities further complicated the lives of those still living in the parks: many of the same groups that had been initially championed as patriotic settler-citizens were now punished for refusing to leave. As international environmental norms changed, farmers living within the parks were rebranded as squatters, hunters became poachers, and, aside from tourist conglomerates and park wardens, human life in the parks became a blight to be removed. As long as a limited human presence conformed to—and financed—an emerging conservation ethos, certain marks of development were allowed.The shift from development to conservation took place most decidedly during the period when Brazil and Argentina were each governed by repressive military regimes. Freitas deftly explores the implications of how violent dictatorships adopted new ecological policies as a way to shore up legitimacy both domestically and abroad. In Brazil, for example, the dictatorship's ability to evict farmers and appropriate public land was the result of its 1964 Land Statute—one of the first major pieces of legislation enacted after the coup d’état that brought the dictatorship to power. In the throes of the Cold War and a national security state, the control of territory became a powerful tool of countersubversion.A puzzle, perhaps, is why Freitas's excellent final chapter did not come earlier in the book. Not only does it include his impressive use of aerial photography and mapping, but it is also where he most closely examines the history of Indigenous people. Although early government planners claimed that there were no Indigenous communities living within the park borders, Freitas combines oral history interviews with aerial mapping to show the probable location of Indigenous settlements. Moving this section earlier would better signal its importance to readers and also help guarantee that it would not be misperceived as a discussion of Indigenous history tacked on at the end of the book.Questions of structure aside, Nationalizing Nature is an innovative and enjoyable read. It poses new questions—and answers them through new methods—relating to the environment, borders, and the territorial projects that shape nation-states.

Правові засади управління процесами надання медичних послуг із допоміжних репродуктивних технологій в Україні

Проаналізовано чинні нормативно-правові акти, які становлять законодавче підґрунтя надання медичних послуг із допоміжних репродуктивних технологій в Україні різної юридичної сили, виявлено прогалини регламентації, перспективні напрями для розвитку галузі. Визначено та досліджено міжнародний, національний і відомчий рівні регулювання надання медичних послуг у цій сфері. Встановлено, що державна політика у сфері охорони репродуктивного здоров’я населення виходить за межі компетенції винятково сфери охорони здоров’я і набуває ознак першочергових завдань національної політики. Завдяки аналізу п’яти законопроектів, які мають регулювати надання медичних послуг у цій сфері, визначено основні тенденції розвитку державної політики, такі як лібералізація законодавства, розширення спектру послуг, розширення джерел фінансування тощо.