National Idea Research Articles

ВИВЧЕННЯ ІСТОРІЇ ЯК ФАКТОР ФОРМУВАННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ САМОІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ

The importance of the formation of national self-identification among servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine cannot be underestimated, since the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation requires from the defenders of Ukraine not only the performance of their professional work, namely the protection of Ukraine from external threats, but also the motivational component of continuing the fight against the aggressor, which contains identification and understanding of one's place in the world, especially in the Ukrainian nation. The article examines the formation, explanation and justification of the national narrative as a dominant component of the history of Ukraine. The importance of the national narrative in the formation of the personality and self-identification of military personnel is considered. The topic of nationalism is considered as the basis of the national idea and the formation of the nation in modern national states. The negative aspects of the lack of national identification and integration in the collective society and community were considered. This article is devoted to the consideration of the peculiarities of the formation of national identity and history, as the main tool in the formation of self-identification of military personnel of Ukraine, as conscious citizens and participants in the social friendship of Ukrainians. Changing orientations and civilizational challenges that continue in the 21st century require a stable identity for military personnel, but the very process of its formation requires not only theoretical justification, but also practical use during training in higher military educational institutions of Ukraine. The study of history can become one of the methods that can be used by scientific and pedagogical workers for the development of the personality of cadets, therefore the purpose of this article is to scientifically substantiate the study of history as such a method.

Somalia’s Foreign Relations in the Context of the Latest Offensive Against Al Shabaab

The political and military weight of clans, foreign interventions, the relations between the local, provincial and federal levels, the strength of the national idea and attachment to political islam have historically been determining factors behind either success or failure of state policy in Somalia. 2021 was an annus horribilis in Somalia's annals, marked by an electoral crisis, mutiny, tensions between the president and prime minister, a conflict between the federal state and Puntland, the departure of the last American soldiers, intensifying crisis with Kenya and Djibouti and attacks of the capital by al Shabaab, which are on the offensive since 2019. 2022 however saw the stars aligning for the strengthening of the state and the recovering of Somalian sovereignty: election of president Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, nomination of PM Hamza Amdi Barre, appeasement of the wars in Tigray and Yemen, setting of ATMIS to give the former AMISOM a clear mandate to support the Somali Transition Plan. Despite the new president's willingness to address the Shabaab menace not only militarily but ideologically, calls for dialogue and the appointing of a Shabaab co-founder as religion minister, 2022 also saw the deadliest engagements ever recorded by NGO ACLED in the country during an offensive that seemed to gain momentum in the second half of the year with the support of ATMIS and other foreign partners. This paper therefore aims to explore the new paradigms behind Somalia's foreign relations under her new leadership, to evaluate how much they help or hinder Somalia's war effort against al Shabaab and state consolidation and to explore possible scenarii in the near future.

Basic Criteria for Building the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan

On the occasion of the 29th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev emphasized that the goal of our development should be the Third Renaissance. This strategic idea, in its grandeur, shows the need to aim for a common goal in all aspects of national development. In practice, the head of state expressed the new and clarified content of the national idea of Uzbekistan at the current stage of development. This article analyzes the important role of literature, theater and art in establishing the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan.

“Great Atlant”: Emperor Ferdinand III (1637—1657) as a German National Hero

The article deals with the appearance of the image of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III as a national hero in German journalism. There are still not many works devoted to Ferdinand III in historiography. The discussion surrounding his reign continues to highlight the weakness of imperial power during the Congress of Westphalia. The traditions of glorification of rulers were acquired in German printed publications of the middle of the 17th century pronounced national connotation. The Peace of Westphalia gave a new impetus to the development of the German national idea. Despite the emperor’s loss of some important prerogatives during the Congress of Westphalia, Ferdinand III turned on the pages of printed matter into a “German hero” who ended the Thirty Years’ War (1618—1648), who recreated the unity of the Empire and became its full head. The emperor is presented in the writings of the era as the defender of the German nation, thanks to whom the Empire was not only able to withstand thirty years of military chaos, but proved its viability and even reached a new peak. Constructing the image of a national hero, the authors addressed both the real political possibilities of the imperial power after the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia, and the moral arsenal of virtues, which the emperor had. The ideas of his inherent patriotism and his desire to care for the Fatherland constituted the main components of the image of the ideal ruler and national hero and firmly entered the national discourse. During his lifetime, publicists turned Ferdinand III into a symbol of the German nation and laid the foundation for similar writings in subsequent eras.

An analysis of the narrowing space of secularism in India and its ramifications in the region

Indian society was diverse and complex in nature from its emergence and was marred with communal conflicts. Hence, it was inevitable for the founding fathers of the Indian state to adopt an inclusive political system based on democracy, secularism, and pluralism to achieve unity in diversity. Due to the self-centric mindset of succeeding politicians who began to drift away from these ideals, secularism has been declining for a long time. The appalling political behaviour of the ruling elite has been enlarging the gulf between the theory and practice of secularism since the rule of the Indian National Congress, starting from the demise of Nehru. It has been damaging the idea of composite cultural nationalism by narrowing its societal space. That practice has also created an ideological vacuum filled by religious nationalism over time and reached its culminating point when Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came into power in India. This article analytically explores the consequences of the narrowing space of secularism and the resultant rise of Hindutva. It also delineates the destabilization of the domestic environment and an alarming regional security situation affected by the emerging extremist ideology in place of secularism in India.

STATE IDEOLOGY IS AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF SUCCESSFUL POLICY AND CREATING STATE DEVELOPMENT

Introduction. The subject of the scientific analysis presented in the report is the concept, the main content characteristics, patterns and priority directions of the content transformation of ideology as a social phenomenon, the problems of the possibility, necessity and difficulties of forming a state ideology, the specifics of its implementation in the context of both new opportunities and a great variety of internal and external threats. It is emphasized that ideology, being in a state of dialectical development, appropriately rethinks the constants and contradictions of objective reality, while maintaining its "civilizational code" and its functional purpose. Methodology and methods. Dialectical-materialistic research model; methods of observation and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, mental modeling, ascent from the abstract to the concrete. The results of the study. Attention is focused on the dangers of the ideology of great-power chauvinism and geopolitical hegemonism, the fusion of liberalism with the ideology of racism, radical nationalism and fascism, the ideology of spiritual poverty and imbecility. In a comparative cross-country and intercivilizational way, the features of a great variety of ideological concepts are analyzed, the author's position on the prospects for the formation of state ideology in the conditions of pluralism and broad political freedoms of modern Russia is presented. The strategic expediency of maintaining the prohibition of state or mandatory ideology is questioned, the answer to the question of the possibility, necessity and practical significance of state ideology is presented. Justifies the justice of the fact that the state cannot exist without a scientifically based ideological platform in a long historical perspective, that the rejection of the state idea provokes serious failures in values. Discussion and conclusion. Attention is drawn to the ideological, scientific and legal difficulties of the formation of state ideology in the value space of a modern democratic state. As a final conclusion, itis proved that the dominant ideological system consolidating society and ensuring the sovereignty of the Russian statehood can be the ideas of patriotism, legal legality, social justice and humanism, categorical rejection of the ideology of liberal-globalist egocentrism, aggression and political hypocrisy. Which fully corresponds to the ideals and values of a true democratic, legal, social, secular state. The proposals concerning the complex and far from unambiguously interpreted problems of ideological construction and propaganda support of public administration are formulated.

National idea in the Republic of Kazakhstan: electronic media and information security

The article raises the question about the importance of interaction with the actualinterests of society in the development of the national policy of a sovereign state. In theconditions of the existence of a democratic media society, it is necessary to pay attention to therisks that may arise when implementing the concept of information security in the media spaceof the country. The media should use their own professional tools to implement this concept,being the main non-subjective intermediary between the government and society.

Hasan el-Bennâ Düşünceleri Çerçevesinde İslam Siyasi Düşünce Alanında Evrenselcilik ve Milliyetçilik

The modern theoretical ideas of nationalism and universalism came into being as a result of movement that emerged in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. They started to have consequences on the Muslim world, notably in the Middle East, following events such as Arab nationalism, which occurred during and after World War I. Subsequently, this issue is significant as regards the comprehension of modern Islamic thought and nationalism, and the relationship between Islam and the West. However, scholars of the Muslim community were initially opposed to the notion of nationalism, due to its western origin, believing that it would have a negative effect on the ummah in the Islamic world. The supporting the ideology of universalism against the nationalistic movement, intended to prevent the disruption of the state and to prevent the religious perception of Islam being dominated only by Arabs. Hasan al-Banna and other scholars have sought to interpret universalism and nationalism within the framework of Islamic thought. The aim of this article is to discuss the concepts of nationalism and universalism within the framework of political Islamic thought established by Hasan al- Banna’s views. Consequently, nationalism, described by Hasan al-Banna as qawmiyya, has been evaluated to be equivalent to patriotism, which strengthens social relations. Furthermore, Hasan al-Banna’s idea of universalism within the framework of Islamic thought, is based on brotherhood, Al- Bana stated that we are all brothers, racial nationalism is detrimental, and that no one is superior over others.

The Peasant Revolution in Naddniprianshchyna (1917–1920) on the pages of «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle»

The purpose of the article is to explore and evaluate the attitude towards the events of the peasant revolution in Naddniprianshchyna among the eyewitnesses – soldiers of the Galician units, participants of the national liberation movement of 1914–1921 in «Greater Ukraine». Research methods: historical-chronological, comparative, and descriptive. The main results: the article reveals the specifics of the military-historical memoirs published on the pages of the journal «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle», as a source of the history of the Peasant revolution in Naddniprianshchyna. Four categories of authors writing for «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle» on peasant issues were identified: participants of the Ukrainian national movement in Naddniprianshchyna (M. Mykhailyk, F. Meleshko, Ya. Vodianyi); prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian army and the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (S. Stechyshyn, V. Struk); senior officers of the «Kyiv» Sich Riflemen (I. Andrukh and I. Vyslotskyi); foremen and riflemen of the UGA (Ukrainian Galician Army). The first two categories of authors were either local residents or lived among the peasantry for a long time and painted a coherent, albeit contradictory, picture of the development of events in the Ukrainian countryside in 1917 – early 1918: their main concern was the activation of national-democratic forces and the growth of social struggle in peasants against landlords, radicalization of military-political confrontation. The authors of the third category, who came from the ranks of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, pointed out the indifferent attitude of the peasants to the national idea, traced the evolution of the attitudes of the peasantry of Naddniprianshchyna under the conditions of the Hetmanate of P. Skoropadskyi and other political regimes. The fourth group of authors (the UGA soldiers) is the largest. Their articles are devoted to the turning points in the development of the Ukrainian revolution: the transition to Zbruch, the typhus epidemic, and the split of the UGA, alliances with the Volunteer Army of A. Denikin and the Bolsheviks. Against the background of these military and political events, the problem of relations between the military and the peasantry can be clearly traced throughout the entire path of the UGA. The UGA soldiers focused their attention on such negative phenomena among the peasants as desertion, reluctance to fight for Ukrainian statehood, theft of military property, and hostile attitude towards sick soldiers. At the same time, the UGA soldiers contributed to the growth of the national consciousness of the population of Naddniprianshchyna. The mosaic fragments of relations with the peasantry, which contain memories, diaries, and essays of the UGA soldiers, are a valuable source of the history of the Peasant revolution in Naddniprianshchyna in 1917–1920. Practical significance: the results of the research can be useful in conducting general studies on the peasantry, compiling textbooks, and training manuals, in the preparation of lectures and seminar courses in institutions of higher education, and in local history workshops. Scientific innovation: for the first time, a complex of military-historical memoirs published in the «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle» has been summarized and considered in the context of peasant research discourse and, in particular, the peasant revolution. Type of the article: research.

Mykola Lysenko end Borys Poznansky : intellectual dialogues

The questions of the formation of national identity and the preservation of the historical subjectivity of the Ukrainian people became decisive in the evaluation of the activities of the Ukrainian intellectual elite of the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Prominent representatives of the Kyiv community – Mykola Lysenko and Borys Poznanskyi – belong to the ranks of intellectuals to whom Ukraine owes its historical and national legitimation. The topic of the study is determined by the polyethnic basis of the Ukrainian national movement of the second half of the 19th century, which integrated the intellectual practices of Ukrainian patriots regardless of their ethnic origin on the way to protecting national identity. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the interpersonal intellectual communications of M. Lysenko and B. Poznanskyi, to establish their place and role in the life and work of Ukrainian ascetic scientists. The source base of the intelligence consists of memories of contemporaries, epistolary materials, life notes of citizens and internal documents of the South-Western Department of the Russian Geographical Society – meeting journals and reports on the activities of the local branch for 1873–1875. Methods: historical-genetic, logical, historical-biographical methods, complex and personalistic approaches were used in the research. Main results. The network of interpersonal relationships of prominent representatives of the Ukrainian national movement of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries is analyzed. The duration and intensity of the flow of intellectual communications are determined. The peculiarities of the nature of the contacts, caused by an organic combination of ideological closeness and personal sympathies of intellectuals, are revealed. The main directions of their intellectual cooperation within the framework of the Kyiv community and the South-Western Department of the Russian Geographical Society are shown. The content of the written communications of Ukrainian intellectuals between 1885 and 1905 was revealed. Emphasis is placed on the cooperation of M. Lysenko and B. Poznanskyi with social and scientific organizations of Western Ukraine. Concise conclusions. The main content of the intellectual dialogues of M. Lysenko and B. Poznanskyi was not limited to purely scientific and public contacts, creating a significant layer of interpersonal contacts based on common interests, preferences and worldview orientations. They demonstrated the possibilities of creative cooperation in the service of the Ukrainian national idea, in the matter of building national identity. Practical significance: the material of the article may be of interest to scientists for an in-depth study of the figure of the Ukrainian composer. Originality: the network of intellectual communications of M. Lysenko and B. Poznanskyі is reproduced, the main thematic blocks of contacts are highlighted and characterized. Scientific novelty: an insufficiently researched segment of the intellectual connections of representatives of the Ukrainian movement of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries is presented. Type of article: scientific, analytical.

EDUCATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN INDEPENDENT UKRAINE (1990-yy.)

At the end of the article, a retrospective analysis of the educational and educational activities of public libraries of Ukraine in the 1990s of the 20th century was carried out against the background of problems and values, development and priorities of the society at that time. Changes in library legislation, types and types of libraries, content and structure of their activities, processes of creation of a number of national libraries, development in the last decade of the 20th century were studied. modern library system of Ukraine, initiation of active formation of electronic libraries and resources. As part of the contemporary reform of the country's socio-political life, the peculiarities of stimulating readers' interest in national culture and socio-political life, the initiation of publication of textbooks and study guides on librarianship, the integration of traditional library technologies with the creation of new information models of social development, the use of Internet technologies in librarianship. An analysis of the main directions of research into the history of librarianship and libraries in the context of the socio-cultural development of Ukraine in the 20th century was carried out, including the study of the history of public libraries of various cultural centers, societies, and educational institutions. Among the forms of organization of educational and educational activities of public libraries at the turn of the 2000y., the following are highlighted: art exhibitions, literary salons, book presentations, readers' conferences. The methods of educational and educational activities of public libraries in the 1990s include: library debates, use of library posters, reading aloud, literary quizzes, role-playing and intellectual games, trials with elements of theatralization of literary works, book discussions, family reading, etc. It is proved that in the development of educational and educational activities of public libraries of Ukraine at the end of the 20th century, the main characteristics were, on the one hand, a fundamental transformational restructuring of library work based on the revival of national ideas of enlightenment and education in independent Ukraine, and, on the other hand, stagnation of library work in this historical a period caused by the economic crisis in the country, rising prices and inflation.

Artistic Interpretation of National Idea in Professional Music Creation

The purpose of the paper is to research the realisation of national idea in professional music creation. The research aims are the following: to reveal the essence of artistic-esthetic phenomenon of national idea; to distinguish basic principles of its manifestation in cultural and artistic heritage; to make a compendious retrospective review of the existing approaches the creators use to the given topic; to systematise the ways of implementing the national paradigm by means of music. Research methodology lies in the use of a set of methods. The analytical and structural-logical methods have been used to describe the concept of the national idea in creative work. The historical method has enabled the creation of the chronology of addressing the given paradigm in the composer’s activity. The method of sources analysis has been applied to study the existing scientific papers on the adjacent issues. The systemic analysis has been used to study the national idea as a complex sociocultural phenomenon, while the method of theoretical generalisation has helped to draw conclusions. Scientific novelty of the research. The article is the first attempt in Ukrainian study of art to generalise the problems of manifesting the national idea in music. Conclusions. Composers manifest national features in their music first of all through their reinterpretation of folk sources that concentrate cultural, philosophical, historical, geopolitical, and psychological knowledge of a specific ethnic group. In a more abstract form the national creation paradigm may be manifested through its connection with the traditions of professional art of a certain country via the use of typical music genres, the specificity of musical language, particular style, and the mode of thinking. Followers of the national idea in music make a lot of effort to restore traditions, their artistic reconsideration, actualization, and renewal with the projection to the modern. Moreover, they try to create a cultural «matrix», an original concept of the nation’s musical creativity.
 Key words: national idea, artistic-esthetic paradigm, music creation.

Behavioral mechanism of consumers of hotel and restaurant services during martial law

Introduction. The hotel and restaurant busi­ness is in a state of crisis: since the beginning of the war, its second stage has begun, which over­lapped with the pandemic crisis. However, even during the pandemic, business professionals tried to manage consumer behavior, which is a priority factor in shaping a company's competitiveness. Problem. In the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, one of the global problems of hospi­tality business is the formation of close relation­ships with consumers. Determining the beha­vioral mechanism of consumers during the war is a defining stage in the formation of the stra­tegic vector of enterprise activity. The aіm of the article is to determine the mechanisms of behavior of consumers of hotel and restaurant services and to establish the main directions of hotel business development. Methods. The methods of systematization, analysis and synthesis, graphical, tabular, etc. are applied. Results. Changes in the preferences and priorities of choosing an object of the hotel and restaurant business have been established. It was determined that scientific works do not pay attention to the methods of researching consu­mer loyalty in crisis conditions. Currently, the hotel and restaurant businesses have more threats than opportunities and more weaknesses than strengths. Based on the results of the research, a package of additional hotel services was formed, which will become a supporting factor for the country in wartime conditions. Conclusions. The restoration of work is currently possible with the application of posi­tive patriotic ideas in the management of the hotel business. Ukrainian consumers are interested in flash mobs and creative ideas aimed at suppor­ting Ukrainian soldiers. Experts believe that after the end of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine, it is foreign tourists who will be inte­rested in services that are undoubtedly related to the ethnic characteristics and history of our country.

THE SYMBOLIC SPACE OF THE MARI NATIONAL IDEA. THE MYTH IN THE ACTUALIZATION OF MARI IDENTITY IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD

In the article the author, based on field materials (interviews and questionnaires), collected in places populated by the Mari people, analyzes the semiotic space of the Mari national movement of the late 20th - early 21st centuries. Special attention is paid to personified symbols of the Mari identity (Onar, Humo, Humyn Ydyr, Shyipy Pompalche), which are perceived by the respondents as “universal” and appear in the activities of ethno-cultural activists. Based on the theory of ethnosymbolism, the author scrutinizes the characters of myths and fairy tales as uniting a dispersed ethnic community into a group with the autonomy and a national idea. The article gradually examines the process of the “revival” of the Mari national movement in the post-Soviet period of national history, as well as the concept of national identity in relation to the regional ethno-cultural activism.

INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH IN MODELING SPATIAL POLICY OF UKRAINE

The article substantiates the requirements and principles of modeling, proposes a model and conceptual foundations of spatial reorganization and development of Ukraine. The research is based on the methods and provisions of institutional theory and logic — a socially recognized system of knowledge, rules, values, roles (functions and responsibilities), expectations, beliefs and assumptions that are implemented by society and social instituzions (public organizations, parties, social movements, family, various associations of citizens). This theory and logic become important for the spatial organization of society in conditions of dynamic changes and poor predictability, form connections and relationships. For modern conditions of Ukraine, processes and phenomena are so uncertain, and the tasks are not deterministic, that it is unrealistic to comprehend and formalize them to the requirements of simulation modeling.
 According to the authors, the spatial future of Ukraine is determined by an objective set of factors — political, natural-landscape, economic, social, religiousworldview, etc., and the requirements of safety, efficiency, comfort, environmental friendliness, aesthetics. Ukraine sees itself in the future in the union of European countries. Accordingly, systemic political, socio-economic changes and spatial transformations with an emphasis on innovative and institutional solutions are expected. A special role is assigned here to institutional systems and spatial reorganization of the national system.
 Separate provisions of the national idea, which are based on values, knowledge and common goods, as well as key provisions of the model of spatial development of the state — increasing the index of harmony, adaptive properties and systemic dynamics of the state's space — are substantiated. Proposed principles and macro characteristics of the future of Ukraine, its spatial reorganization and development. The institutional approach in the modeling of Ukraine's spatial policy reveals the potential of modeling for creative reconstruction, changes in the state's space, and increasing opportunities for its development.
 The conceptual provisions of the spatial development of Ukraine (ideas, principles and macro-characteristics) make it possible to propose specific practical proposals: reservation of territories for urban development needs; development of the transport network as a hierarchical system; restoration and development of engineering infrastructure and life support facilities; placement of new objects in the complex spatial structure of the state; preservation of the natural complex and historical environment, etc.

Chamber Choir "Moravski": History, Achievements, Present Day

The purpose of the research is to study the history of the chamber choir “Moravski” formation, creative, performing, and popularizing activities as a bright representative of modern Ukrainian amateur choral art. The research methodology is based on the use of empirical methods (chronological, descriptive, analytical), as well as methods of generalization and systematization, historical and cultural methods, which allowed to outline the history of the group's formation and creative and performing activities in the modern domestic choral art in chronology. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time in the cultural and musical scientific space, the stages of chamber choir “Moravski” formation are studied, and creative and performing achievements are outlined through the prism of modern choral performance in Ukraine. Conclusions. The activity of the chamber choir “Moravski” is, first of all, the need of the young Ukrainian society in the development of national culture, and secondly, the popularization of national culture and national ideas through choral singing for the mass audience both in Ukraine and abroad. The revival of the amateur choral movement in Ukraine testifies to the need of the society for highly intellectual activity, where the choir has ceased to be a transmitter of political ideology and has regained the diversity of artistic activity. Therefore, the emergence and development of amateur art lead to an increase in the level of cultural awareness of the nation and the strengthening of intercultural, interethnic ties.

Belarusian Narodniks on the historical mission of the national intelligentsia

The article explores the views of representatives of the Belarusian Narodniks of the second half of the nineteenth century on the problem of the historical mission of the national intelligentsia. The basic assumptions of the concept of national revival of the Belarusian people are revealed, as well as independent political and cultural existence of the Belarusian territory, its formation and development of a national idea.

Туристична політика Європейського Союзу: сучасний стан та майбутні виклики

Abstract. Introduction. Tourism is the most intensive economic system that is developing. The rate of its growth is almost two times higher than the same of other branches of the world economy. Tourism contributes to the active local development of regions, the development of national ideas, and the employment of the local population. In addition, tourism ensures the inflow of funds to budgets, foreign currency, and the improvement of finances. The COVID-19 pandemic has made adjustments to the development of the tourism industry. Practically all countries experienced an outflow of tourists. It is negatively affected the socioeconomic condition of the region. For example, inflows of funds to local budgets have decreased, many people have lost their jobs, the number of unemployed has increased, and the income level of the local population has decreased. So, with this in mind, the European Union 2022 proposed new approaches to tourism development. The European Agenda for Tourism 2030 will be interesting for Ukraine. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the European experience regarding the formation of priority directions for the development of the tourism industry until 2030 to implement the best practices for the changes in the tourism sector in Ukraine. Results. Over the years, the tourism sector has proven its resilience and ability to «recover» from any economic crises. But also to contribute to economic and social recovery. The tourism industry in 2020 received perhaps the worse results from its activities in its entire history. The main goal of the «European Agenda for Tourism 2030» is the transformation and reboot of the tourism industry. In the future, tourism must be more sustainable, digital, global, social, and responsible. The goal of the strategy is green and digital technologies, processes of social and economic integration, social responsibility, training, and support, as well as the renewal of policy and management in the tourism industry. The hospitality industry and public catering create 18% of all food waste, so tourism, hotel, and restaurant establishments should recommend reducing the waste. Also, they need to implement food waste management strategies. Conclusions. Despite the negative impact, the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the transformation of the tourism industry. Thus, the world community has united to create a new narrative - sustainable tourism development. The full realization of the tourism sector's potential will provide positive change and opportunities for all people all over the world. The tourism industry of the European Union is already strengthening its status as a world leader due to the high demand for regional and domestic travel, as well as ecological and sustainable tourism. Reducing waste is a primary goal of sustainable development, which is relevant for the global hospitality industry. Hotels and accommodations are better prepared than others to address these challenges thanks to the growing trend of environmental management systems and certification across the industry. The presented experience of the European Union regarding the future vision of the tourism industry will be relevant for study and implementation in the tourism industry of Ukraine.

The Pedagogical Axiology of Mykhailo Halushchynsky (1878–1931)

The article reveals the values of education in the creative legacy of Ukrainian educator, scholar and public figure Mykhailo Halushchynsky (1878–1931). The problems of the purpose, content, means and institutions of education, the role of education in the formation of the national consciousness of children and youth are emphased. In this publication, an attempt is made to reveal Halushchynsky’s contribution to the development of adult education, to the study of educational activities in Ukraine and foreign countries, and to the solution of the “I or society” dilemma. His life and activities are an example of service to his native people, tireless struggle for the realization of the national idea. Pedagogical heritage is a valuable source of knowledge for teachers and parents, which covers a wide range of issues related to the education of Ukrainian youth and extracurricular education.

The phenomenon of nationalism in nation-state

Following dissolution of empires, nation-states appeared on the stage of history in the 19th century when they were established as a result of nationalism that came into prominence based on unity of common language and history. it would not be wrong to say that the nationalist movements that started in the 19th century and the transition period to the nation-state structure took place simultaneously. Nationalism has an important role in the process of losing the legitimacy of traditional structures and the emergence of modern states. The nationalist movement and its studies, which gained momentum especially after the world wars, were gen-erally evaluated together with modernism. Even if nationalism is not an ideology, it is undeniable that the na-tion form has existed in social life since ancient times. In addition to the economic, social and cultural reasons and changes that helped the emergence of the nation-state, there is also the concept of "nationalism", which was of interest to sociology at the end of the 19th cen-tury and at the beginning of the 20th century. The nation-state differs from previous state structures with its nationalist nature. Reasons such as changing economic functions, their organization and social change have found reality in the nation-state structure on the political axis and have also formed the cultural essence. It would be appropriate to emphasize that nationalism is undoubtedly the dominant element in the structuring of the nation-state, whether it is based on blood ties, language or cultural unity. The nation-states, which we accept as the modern period state structure, have formed today's modern nation-state structure by adopting nationalism as an ideology in order to integrate their people. This study seeks to answer certain questions such as whether the idea of nationalism influences the for-mation of nation-state and whether nation-states play an active role in the rise of nationalism. As a result of evaluations, it appears that the idea of nationalism, on one hand, has an active role in the formation of nation-state and nation-state, on the other hand, plays a role in the rise of nationalism as an ideology for keeping together the population living within its territory after its formation process.