Nano Molybdenum Research Articles

Nano molybdenum trioxide-mediated enhancement of soybean yield through improvement of rhizosphere soil molybdenum bioavailability for nitrogen-fixing microbial recruitment

Molybdenum (Mo) plays a pivotal role in the growth and nitrogen-fixing process of plants mediated by rhizobia. However, the influence of nano‑molybdenum trioxide (MoO3NPs) on soybean growth, rhizosphere bioavailable Mo, and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms remains underexplored. Here, we report that compared with that of ionic Mo and bulk MoO3, the utilization of MoO3NPs (specifically NPs0.05 and NPs0.15) significantly boosted the available Mo content in the rhizosphere soil throughout the seedling (by 21.64 %–101.38 %), podding (by 54.44 %–68.89 %), and mature stage (by 34.41 %–to 45.71 %) of soybean growth. Furthermore, both NPs0.05 and NPs0.15 treatments maintained consistently higher levels of acid-extractable Mo, reducible Mo, and oxidizable Mo across these stages, which facilitated stable conversion and supply of bioavailable Mo. Within the rhizosphere soil, NPs0.05 and NPs0.15 treatments resulted in the highest relative abundance of Rhizobiales and Bradyrhizobium genera, and significantly promoted the colonization of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, thereby increasing the content of nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) by 8.69 % and 7.72 % and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) by 44.75 % and 17.55 %, respectively. Ultimately, these effects together contributed to 107.17 % and 84.00 % increment in soybean yield by NPs0.05 and NPs0.15 treatments, respectively. In summary, our findings underscore the potential of employing MoO3NPs to promote plant growth and maintain soil nitrogen cycling, indicating distinct advantages of MoO3NPs over ionic Mo and bulk MoO3.

Lignin carbon-initiated Ni/K/Mo2C catalyst for efficient synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas

Bamboo lignin, the principal constituent of non-wood pulping black liquor, is ecologically and environmentally harmful due to its complex molecular structure and stability. Additionally, the syngas-based synthesis of higher alcohols is a desired industrial application, alleviating the dependency on petroleum resources. However, developing highly efficient catalysts with high space–time yield and selectivity towards higher alcohols remains challenging. Herein, for the first time, taking into account the permeable structure of bamboo lignin in paper-making black liquid resulting from cellulose and hemicellulose extraction, porous nano molybdenum carbide was manufactured by designed pretreatment and activation processes of the lignin, which was further doped by the K and Ni additive to create a highly efficient catalyst (Ni/K/Mo2C@LC) for the high alcohols synthesis reaction, yielding a surprising space–time yield of 0.455 g/gcat/h) to alcohol products under the optimal reaction conditions. Control experiments and characterizations were conducted over relevant catalysts, revealing that Ni and K could be integrated to regulate the adsorption property, acidity/basicity, and carbon chain growth ability of the catalysts. Also, the open mesoporous lignin carbon provided larger metal particles, enhancing the hydrogenation ability and better balancing the non-dissociative and dissociative active sites for the high alcohol synthesis reaction. These results provide insights into the structure design of carbide catalysts toward efficiently utilizing industrial lignin and other biomass-derived feedstocks, and the development of an efficient Mo-based catalyst for syngas conversion.

Influence of singular and dual MQL nozzles on sustainable milling of Al6061-T651 in different machining environments

Al6061-T651 alloy is widely used in the aerospace industry due to its superior properties and is a very difficult-to-cut material with high quality because of tool wear and thermal softening. This situation causes low surface quality, high cutting force, and limited tool life, as well as an increase in total consumed energy, total carbon dioxide emission, and total machining cost. Therefore, it is necessary to sustainably increase this aerospace alloy's machining performance. In the presented study, for the first time, milling performance and sustainability assessment of Al6061-T651 alloy under dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), nano molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) reinforced nanofluid-assisted MQL (N-MQL) cutting conditions were investigated using the single nozzle and dual nozzles, two different MQL flow rates, and three different cutting speeds. In this context, the results of surface roughness, cutting force, feed force, cutting tool flank wear, total consumed energy, total carbon emission, and total machining cost were obtained. As the cutting speed increased, the cutting force, feed force, total consumed energy, total machining cost, and total carbon emission decreased by 12.9 %, 18 %, 7.8 %, 6 %, and 0.1 %, while the surface roughness increased by 34.9 %. In the MQL and MoS2 N-MQL cutting conditions at the same flow rate, using dual nozzles instead of a single nozzle improved machining response and sustainability indicators. In addition, increasing the flow rate improved machining performance and sustainability indicators. Using the double nozzle MoS2 N-MQL method reduced the surface roughness, cutting force, feed force, flank wear, total consumed energy, total carbon emission, and overall machining cost by 74.2 %, 63.9 %, 68.4 %, 66 %, 27.9 %, 0.4 %, and 6.39 %, respectively.

Sustainability assessment and optimization for milling of compacted graphite iron using hybrid nanofluid assisted minimum quantity lubrication method

The climate change packages have strict regulations to reduce fuel consumption, costs, and carbon emissions in vehicles. Automobile manufacturers tend to utilize compacted graphite iron (CGI) in vehicle engine parts due to these regulations and rising engine performance needs. However, the difficulty of CGI machining and the sustainability problem during machining are barriers to its broad application in the automobile sector. In this study, nano molybdenum disulfide (nMoS2) reinforced nanofluid-assisted MQL (nMoS2-NMQL), multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced nanofluid-assisted MQL (MWCNT-NMQL) and nMoS2/MWCNT reinforced hybrid nanofluid-assisted MQL (HNMQL) cutting conditions were used for the first time in the milling of CGI material and machining performance was investigated in terms of cutting forces, cutting temperature and surface roughness. In addition, for the first time in the milling of CGI material, sustainability assessment and optimization in terms of carbon emissions and total machining cost have been carried out using non-dominant sequencing genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Using the MWCNT-NMQL cutting condition reduced the cutting temperature, resultant force, surface roughness, carbon emissions amount, and total machining cost by 38.2%, 54.5%, 57.6%, 7.6%, and 24%, respectively. The sustainability optimization conclusion was that MWCNT-NMQL cutting condition, cutting speed values between 90 and 93 m/min, and feed values between 0.11 and 0.117 mm/rev should be used in order to obtain the values closest to the optimum result for an improved and sustainable CGI milling process.

A fast and environment-friendly method for preparing nanopowders Mo through electro- desulfidation of MoS2 in LiCl melt

Fast–reaction rate production of Mo with energy-saving and environmental protection is important for industries. However, the present preparation of Mo by pyrometallurgical process in industry is challenging. Here we demonstrate a solution route through direct electro- desulfidation solid MoS2 at 973 K in LiCl melt with a fast and environment-friendly method. When the scan rate was 50 mV/s, the total reduction (0.5 mg MoS2 in the MCE.) time was less 16 s, and the peak current density was as high as 38 A/cm2 with reference to the geometric surface of the cavity (ca. 0.004 cm2)Nano molybdenum powder can be obtained on cathode and element sulfur on anode. The current efficiency was 95% and energy consumption was 1.02 kWh/kg- Mo. The details of the electro-desulfidation mechanism of solid MoS2 was also investigated by cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic and constant voltage electrolysis. Accordingly, the electro-desulfidation mechanism may be speculated as followings: the intercalation compound containing Li+ (LixMoS2) was first generated and then LixMoS2 was reduced to nanometer Mo powder.

Effect of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticle-mediated seed priming on the productivity of green gram (Vigna radiata L.)

A field experiment was undertaken in the post-Rabi season of 2019-2020 to reveal the response of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) to seed dressing and seed priming with nano molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 10 different treatments i.e., M0 (no seed treatment with Mo); M1 (seed dressing with Sodium molybdate @ 400 ppm); M2, M3, M4, and M5 (seed dressing with nano Molybdenum trioxide-MoO3 @ 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm, respectively); and M6, M7, M8 and M9 (seed priming with nano MoO3 @ 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm, respectively). Inoculation of greengram seeds cv. Shreya (IPM 2-14) with Rhizobium sps. was undertaken in all treatments as per the recommended practice, except in M0 (control). The MoO3 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized from Ammonium molybdate through calcination at 600 0C for 5 hours indicated globular-shaped NPs of 68.55 nm in TEM and XRD. Nanopriming with MoO3 @ 200 ppm (M8) was most promising in recording significantly superior growth and yield attributing parameters and yield, whereas Mo (control) produced the least. Crop height, number of branches, root length, shoot dry matter, pods/plant and seeds/plant and root nodulation at harvest in M8 were 39.4% and 22.6%; 39% and 5.6%; 23% and 9.3%; 43.9%, and 16.3%; 28.2% and 5.3%; 28.1% and 0.8%, and 73.3% and 36.5% higher than M0 (control) and M1 (farmers’ practice), respectively. Superior growth and yield attributing characters in M8 treatment produced the highest grain and stover yield of 0.88 and 3.74 t/ ha that was 32.53% and 8.37%, and 35.5% and 14.7% higher than M0 (control) and M1 (farmers’ practice), respectively. Seed priming with nano MoO3 @ 400 ppm (M9) and seed dressing with nano MoO3 @ 400 ppm (M5) were of second and third order in recording grain and stover yield but M0 recorded the lowest among all the treatments.

Orthogonal turning of AISI 310S austenitic stainless steel under hybrid nanofluid-assisted MQL and a sustainability optimization using NSGA-II and TOPSIS

AISI 310S austenitic stainless steels are widely used in many industries, such as oil, gas, and petrochemical industries containing hot concentrated acids, due to their superior properties like corrosion resistance, high-temperature service, and creep resistance. However, a study on the machining of AISI 310 stainless steel has not been published in the scientific literature. It is known that the machinability of the austenitic stainless steel alloys, in which the AISI 310S alloy is included, is poor due to its low thermal conductivity, high work hardening, and built-up edge (BUE) formation. This situation causes sustainability problems by increasing the energy consumptions, the total machining cost and the amount of carbon emissions. The presented study investigated for the first time machining response and sustainability assessment in the orthogonal turning of AISI 310S stainless steel using three different cutting speeds and feed values, and five different cutting conditions such as dry, vegetable-based fluid minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), nano molybdenum disulfide (nMoS2) reinforced nanofluid MQL, nanographene (nGP) reinforced nanofluid MQL, and nMoS2/nGP reinforced hybrid nanofluid MQL, and a sustainability optimization was performed. Sustainability optimization was conducted to minimize the resultant force, surface roughness, carbon emission, and total machining cost using multi-objective optimization with NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) and multi-criteria decision-making with TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The resultant force, surface roughness, total carbon emission, and total machining cost were reduced by a significant, 56.8%, 86.8%, 30.4%, and 2.9%, respectively, under the nGP reinforced nanofluid MQL cutting condition compared to the dry cutting condition. As a result of sustainability optimization, the use of high cutting speed (220 m/min), low feed values (between 0.11 mm/rev and 0.14 mm/rev), and nGP reinforced nanofluid MQL method (N2-MQL) in the turning of AISI 310S stainless steel material provides the optimum surface roughness values, cutting forces, carbon emissions, and total machining costs.

Tribofilm formation mechanism and friction behavior of polycrystalline diamond compact after cobalt leaching added molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles in different base oils

To investigate the friction and wear properties of polycrystalline diamond compact after cobalt leaching(PDCACL)and the formation mechanism of lubricating oil film under different base oil lubrication conditions, AFM, SEM, EDS and XPS were used to analysis and discuss the friction behavior, microstructure and friction film formation process of PDCACL after adding nano molybdenum disulfide in different base oils. The results showed that there are differences in the speed and thickness of the friction protective film formed by PDCACL under different kinds of base oil lubrication environment. The physical and chemical properties of base oil are the key factors affecting the wear mechanism of PDCACL and the formation of friction film.

Analysis on the Performance of Micro and Nano Molybdenum Di-Sulphide Powder Suspended Dielectric in the Electrical Discharge Machining Process-A Comparison.

The significance of suspending molybdenum di-sulphide powder particles of two distinct mean size viz. Φ40 μm and Φ90 nm into the dielectric of electrical discharge machining is analysed. Crater geometry, surface crack density, skewness, kurtosis and chemical alteration of machined surfaces are considered as outcome measures. A numerical model using finite element analysis is developed to forecast crater geometry. To validate the proposed model, experiments are conducted by varying input parameters such as discharge duration, peak current, and gap voltage. In comparison with the experimental results, the proposed model predicts diameter of crater with an error of 3.34%, 7.32% and 2.76% for discharge duration, peak current and gap voltage respectively for Φ40 μm powder; similarly, 0.19%, 3.65% and 2.78% for Φ90 nm powder. Scanning electron microscope images, 2D roughness profiles and X-ray diffraction profiles are used to assess the partial discharge phenomena, surface crack density, skewness, kurtosis and chemical alteration of the machined surface. For all parameter settings, the Φ90 nm produced surfaces with lessened micro-cracks compared to Φ40 μm. The Φ90 nm creates surfaces with negative skewness and kurtosis less than 3. The deposition of MoS2 powder particle on the machined surface is revealed through X-ray diffraction analysis.

Electrochemical Preparation of Nanocatalysts and Their Application in Electrocatalysis.

In order to solve the basic problem of high-temperature sintering of molybdenum carbide restricting the efficient construction of molybdenum carbide nanostructures and the full play of hydrogen evolution performance, this article studies the preparation of nano molybdenum carbide/boron nitrogen codoped two-dimensional carbon composite structure catalysts and the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction performance. Based on the self-assembly process of gelatin molecules on the surface of a two-dimensional layered boric acid crystal template, a new strategy for constructing a high-performance electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst based on molybdenum carbide/boron nitrogen codoped two-dimensional nanocarbon composite structure (η-MoC@ BN-CSs) was established. The experimental results show that the overpotential of hydrogen evolution reaction based on molybdenum carbide/boron nitrogen codoped two-dimensional nanocarbon composite structure catalyst is 159 mV, which is slightly higher than 67 mV of commercial Pt/C catalyst, but lower than the reported literature value in the list. The Tafel slope is 68 mV·dec−1, which is slightly higher than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst (40 mV·dec−1) and the reference value (58 mV·dec−1), but lower than those of other reported literature values in the list, indicating that the molybdenum carbide/boron nitrogen codoped two-dimensional carbon nanocomposites have excellent catalytic performance under alkaline conditions. Conclusion. This kind of two-dimensional nanocomposite structure shows platinum-like catalytic activity when used as an electrochemical hydrogen evolution catalyst in alkaline electrolyte. It has better reaction kinetics and better stability.

Tribological modification of hydrogenated nitrile rubber nanocomposites for water-lubricated bearing of ship stern shaft

A water-lubricated rubber bearing (WLRB) of ship stern shaft often operates under harsh conditions, which requires a higher tribological performance for bearing materials. Uniformly dispersed nano-fillers can significantly improve the various properties of rubber materials, but nano-fillers are prone to agglomerate in the process of operation, which affects the modification effect. In this paper, a solution blending masterbatch method was used to prepare hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) nanocomposites and the modification effects of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), nano graphite (NG) powder, nano molybdenum disulfide (NM) and graphite fluoride (GF) on HNBR basic formulation were studied. The results show that the tribological modification of HNBR by UHMWPE is better under low-speed conditions, while the tribological modification of HNBR by GF is better under high-speed conditions. Therefore, in practical engineering application, the reasonable nano fillers are selected for tribological modification according to the operating conditions of water lubricated rubber bearings. It should be pointed out that in order to cover all working conditions, multi nano filler synergistic tribological modification technology is an important technical way to obtain the best comprehensive performance results.

Influence of molybdenum disulfide particles’ concentration on waste cooking oil nano fluid coolant in cutting force reduction on machining SAE 1144 steel

Utilization of waste cooking oil to develop a Nanofluid with Molybdenum disulfide Nanoparticles for a metal machining application is focused in this research. Based on the nature of lubricating, non-corrosive and biodegradable properties the waste cooking oil and nano Molybdenum disulfide combination is preferred in this research. Molybdenum disulfide Nano-particles enriched waste cooking oil in minimizing cutting forces. This investigation involved 2 group of samples the group-I is control group in which the samples machined (turning) in heavy duty lathe by green machining method. The sample of intervention group machined Nanofluids with variable concentration of Molybdenum disulfide between 0.1 and 0.25 wt%. The sample size estimated with G-Power 80% and was 12 per group but 16 samples group considered to conducting experiments and optimizing the process parameters by means of Taguchi analysis. The results of cutting forces encountered were measured under various combinations of similar input conditions for both green machining and Molybdenum disulfide Nano-particles enriched waste cooking oil based wet machining method for lathe machining of AE 1144 shaft. The statistical test reveals that Molybdenum disulfide Nano-particles enriched waste cooking oil based wet machining method averagely reduced the cutting force 27.53% than green machining method. The significant value is 0.001 (p < 0.05). It was ensured that the results did not violate the statistical assumption.

Application of nano molybdenum trioxide in thermal storage and photocatalysis

The thermal energy storage (TES) in phase change materials (PCMs) plays an important role in energy management systems. Paraffin has found wide range of applications as a PCM due to its unique thermal and physical properties. The present study reports about the synthesis of MoO3 nanomaterials using chemical method. MoO3 nanomaterial was diffused into paraffin wax in 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 weight percentages and thermal analysis was conducted. It was observed that 1.5 wt % doped PCM showed best enhancement in thermal performance with 20.28% and 35.71% improvement in heating and cooling cycles. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized nanocomposite was also evaluated by degradation of methylene dye under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation effectiveness of as synthesized nanocomposites has showed high photodegradation efficiency (93.83 %) of methylene blue under visible light radiation.

Regulating superoxide radicals and light absorption ability for enhancing photocatalytic performance of MoS2@Z by CeO2 rich in adsorbed oxygen

Nano molybdenum disulfide (Nano-MoS2) can be as a photocatalyst for antibiotic removal under visible light. However, the low energy of visible light and limited radicals restrict the applications of nano-MoS2. In this study, ceria dioxide (CeO2) rich in adsorbed oxygen was introduced into MoS2@Z (MoS2@Zeolite) to synthesize full-spectrum CeO2/MoS2@Z photocatalysts (CeO2/MoS2@Zs). The CeO2/MoS2@Z-3 (Ce: 1.5 mmol; Mo: 3.5 mmol) shows the best photocatalytic ability (98.32%) for tetracycline within 150 min, which is 18.20% improvement over MoS2@Z. The UV–vis diffuse reflection spectra of photocatalysts shows that the ultraviolet absorption ability of CeO2/MoS2@Z-3 improved when CeO2 was introduced. The active species trapping experiment and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) test prove h+ and superoxide radicals (•O2−) are the main active species, and CeO2 rich in adsorbed oxygen improves the amounts of •O2− in photocatalytic process. Moreover, singlet oxygen (1O2), producing by oxygen vacancies of CeO2, also plays an important role. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to full-spectrum (200 nm–800 nm) absorption performance, improved content of •O2−, and electron-hole (e−/h+) pairs separation. After five times recycle, the photodegradation efficiency of CeO2/MoS2@Z-3 only decreased by 2.59%. Meantime, the proposed three photocatalytic pathways show that tetracycline eventually degraded into small organics (like C5H8O3), H2O and CO2 by dehydration, demethylation, deamination, dihydroxylation, deamidation, ring-opening reaction and carbonylation. The results show that CeO2/MoS2@Z-3 may become a high efficiency, stable, and promising photocatalyst for tetracycline wastewater treatment.

Evaluation of MQL performances using various nanofluids in turning of AISI 304 stainless steel

In recent years, the need for eco-friendly machining processes has increased dramatically in order to limit the excessive use of conventional cutting fluids, thereby reducing their negative effects on both the environment and the operator’s health. In this context, environmental alternatives such as dry cutting, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and nanofluid-assisted MQL have been demonstrated to be effective in overcoming this problem. In the present work, an attempt was made to improve the machining characteristics performance in turning of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel (ASS) under dry, MQL and nanofluids, and hybrid nanofluid-assisted MQL conditions, with respect to surface roughness (Ra), main cutting force (Fc), and cutting temperature (T). The main purpose of this experimental study is to evaluate and compare the effect of dispersed nano-additives into the vegetable cutting fluid on the responses under consideration. As nano-additives, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), nano molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and nano graphene particles have been used. Additionally, the effects of lubricating conditions on flank wear (VB) were investigated. In the end, statistical analysis, regression modeling, and multi-criteria optimization based on desirability function were performed. The results revealed that the Ra, Fc, and T as well as VB were found to be lower with the use of nano graphene-reinforced nanofluid-assisted MQL followed by nano graphene/MoS2-reinforced hybrid nanofluid-assisted MQL, MWCNT/MoS2-reinforced hybrid nanofluid-assisted MQL, MWCNT-reinforced nanofluid-assisted MQL, nano MoS2-reinforced nanofluid-assisted MQL, and MQL, respectively, as compared to dry condition. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the nano graphene has the capability to perform as a lubricant/coolant, thus contributing positively to the turning process.

Thermal decomposition derived nano molybdenum nitride for robust counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells

The unique category of transition metal nitrides has an immense scope as an electron-driven catalyst in redox reactions. However, synthesizing metal nitrides without contamination is very challenging. The residues present in the catalyst might affect catalytic activity. This work reports a simple synthesis of contamination-free nanoscale molybdenum nitride (Mo2N) powder by integrated wet chemical and thermal decomposition techniques at 800 ̊°C. Systematic structural and morphological studies were done, which shows the spherical shape of γ -Mo2N nanoparticles. Electrochemical and photovoltaic characteristics were studied using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Tafel polarization and J–V characteristics. As a result of high electrolyte diffusivity, less charge transfer resistance, high electrochemical stability and catalytic activity, the nano Mo2N based DSSCs exhibits 5.3 % efficiency, which is comparable to Pt-based device (6.4 %) fabricated under the similar condition that is 83.7 % of the performance offered by an expensive counter electrode. This simple synthesis method could enable low-cost mass production of Mo2N nanoparticles as counter electrodes in DSSC. The developed counter electrodes may be a suitable alternative for stable, efficient and low-cost DSSCs.

Influence of different preparation methods on the activity of Ce and Mo co-doped ZSM-5 catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3.

The Ce-doped different MoO3 [conventional molybdenum oxide (con-MoO3) or nano molybdenum oxide (nano-MoO3) and synthetic molybdenum oxide (syn-MoO3)] modification of ZSM-5 catalyst synthesized by different preparation methods (the combination of grinding and ion-exchange method and the combination of impregnation and ion-exchange method) was studied on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. The results demonstrated that the SCR performance of the prepared Ce-doped syn-MoO3 modification of ZSM-5 catalyst [Ce(0.9%)-syn-MoO3(6%)/ZSM-5] by the combination of impregnation and ion-exchange method was better than Ce-doped con-MoO3 modification of ZSM-5 [Ce(0.9%)-con-MoO3(6%)/ZSM-5] and Ce-doped nano-MoO3 modification of ZSM-5 [Ce(0.9%)-nano-MoO3(6%)/ZSM-5] via the combination of grinding and ion-exchange method, especially when the temperature window is 200-350°C. That is because it is easy to form Mo-O-Al by the smaller sized MoO3 more easily interacting well with Brønsted acid under calcining temperature, which results in the decrease of Brønsted acid sites in the catalyst. Combing with the binding energy of Mo for all the catalysts, the combination of Mo and Al (Mo-O-Al) altered the chemical environment around the Mo species. Furthermore, Ce(0.9%)-syn-MoO3(6%)/ZSM-5 exhibited excellent sulfur resistance.

Nano molybdenum carbides supported on porous zeolites for Kraft lignin decomposition to aromatic monomers in ethanol

In this study, Kraft lignin was efficiently converted into aromatic monomers of arenes, aromatic alcohols, and aromatic aldehydes over nano molybdenum carbides catalysts supported on porous ZSM-22, ZSM-5, USY, Beta, and IM-5 zeolites in ethanol. The results showed that ZSM-22 exhibited the highest performance with maximum aromatic yield of 0.609 g/g Kraft lignin at 280 °C for 3 h with 20% Mo loading, and the catalytic performance over ZSM-22 retained for 4 recycling runs without obvious aromatic yield loss. The high activity over ZSM-22 zeolite is attributed to the high dispersion of β-Mo2C particles with more exposed active sites and enhanced accessibility of lignin to β-Mo2C in large pores. Aggregation of β-Mo2C for higher Mo loading is unfavorable for Kraft lignin decomposition. The performances over differently pretreated ZSM-22 zeolites demonstrate that large pore size and external surface areas are key factors in determining the catalytic activity.

Versatile MoS2 hollow nanoroses for a quick-witted removal of Hg (II), Pb (II) and Ag (I) from water and the mechanism: Affinity or Electrochemistry?

In this paper, a nano Molybdenum disulphide with an open cavity at the centre (hollow) and a rose flower-shaped structure (MoS2HNR) has been synthesized using a novel, micelle assisted hydrothermal method and has been successfully demonstrated the ability of the nano MoS2 for the simultaneous removal of the toxic metal ions: Hg (II), Pb (II) and Ag (I) from water. A single treatment of contaminated real water samples with MoS2HNR can rapidly (in ∼5- 30 min) decrease the concentration of Hg (II), Pb (II) and Ag (I) simultaneously from 10,000 ppb to 0.49, 20.5, and 11.62 ppb respectively, the levels less than the safe limits suggested by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) with an efficiency of ≥ 99% at a V/m ratio of 10,000, in real water samples. The adsorption capacities for Hg (II), Ag (I) and Pb (II) are ∼1991, 1350 and 1267 mg/g, respectively at pH 7.0 and exhibited high distribution coefficients (Kd) values of ∼108 mL/g. The rose-like morphology and the open cavity of the material attributed to the excellent removal property as the structure offers a large number of active S2− sites for adsorption. A possible mechanism for the high-efficiency removal and the order of adsorption Hg (II) >Ag (I) >Pb (II) is explained based on the affinity between S2− and metal ions and the electrochemistry factor. The MoS2HNR retains its morphology even after six trails of reuse.

Optimization of Bio Degradable Nano Cutting Fluid Parameters during Machining of Titanium Alloy

Varieties of cutting fluids are available in market to facilitate good machining objectives for metal removing Industries. Eventually, majority of the cutting fluids are synthetic and semi synthetic in nature, despite they are helping to the industries but they are harmful to health of the operators and environment. Though they are having good properties needed for machining, nature of non-biodegradability and non-friendliness to the environment are the key barriers associated with these fluids. Various researches have been carried out to prepare a vegetable based bio degradable effective cutting fluid to nullify above said constraints. In this research work, a unique castor oil based cutting fluid infused with nano molybdenum di sulfide (MoS2) particles has been prepared and its performance during machining has been investigated. In this study, much attention has been applied to achieve the optimized parameters of the biodegradable nano cutting fluid. Taguchi's method equipped with gray relational analysis was utilized by considering the size of the nano particles, nano particle inclusion (npi) and flow rate as the chief fluid parameters. The surface roughness and tool wear were treated as responses. As per L9 orthogonal array, totally nine experiments were conducted. Additionally, the most significant parameter which affects the machining responses was identified with the help of grey grade, ANOVA and MRPI ranking. Confirmation test were carried out followed by prediction of grey grade so as to improve the degree of validation. It has been observed that there was significant improvement in gray grade for the optimal parameters.