N-butanol Extract Research Articles

Extracts of Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim Ameliorate Acute Alcoholic Liver Disease via Regulating Transcription Factors in Mice.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) caused by excessive drinking is a health and economic concern worldwide. Given the high morbidity, mortality, and the progressive nature of ALD, finding effective interventions is essential. Previous studies have confirmed that edible food plants and their bioactive compounds exert a protective effect against ALD. Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim (DTM) is one of the important traditional Tibetan medicines in China with the effect of clearing away liver heat, used for the treatment of hepatitis. In this study, the DTM chloroform extract (DtM-C), ethyl acetate extract (DtM-E), and n-butanol extract (DtM-B) were obtained by ethanol extraction combined with fractional extraction. Acute ALD was induced in mice given intragastric ethanol. Serum and liver biochemical markers were detected by ELISA. Liver histological observation, Oil Red O, and Masson’s trichrome staining were performed. Liver injury cells were induced by ethanol. The cell vitality was detected by using MTT colorimetry. The expressions of Nrf2, NF-κB, STAT3, AP-1, CREB, HIF-1α, HO-1, NQO-1, GSTA1, IKB2, and Keap1 were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to elucidate the mechanism of hepatoprotective effect, and the results were verified by using Western blot. The results of serum liver function indicators (ALT, AST, and ADH), serum hepatic lipid indicators (TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C), and lipid peroxidation indicators (ADH, MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) in liver tissue and liver histological observation showed that DtM-E could improve liver function, alleviate fatty degeneration, edema, cell necrosis, and liver fibrosis caused by alcohol. DtM-E also increased the vitality of EtOH-induced liver injury cells, upregulated the mRNA expression of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, and GSTA1, while downregulated the expression of Keap-1, p65, and NF-κB. Western blot results were consistent with PCR. The results suggest that DtM-E has a protective effect against ALD in vitro and in vivo, and its mechanism of action may be related to the activation of Nrf2/Keap-1 and inhibition of the P65/NF-κB signaling pathways.

Lipid profiles, hematological parameters and histopathological analysis of CCl4-intoxicated wistar albino rats treated with n-butanol extract of Ficus glumosa leaves

Abstract. Abu MS, Yakubu OE, Onuche JI, Okpe O. 2022. Lipid profiles, hematological parameters and histopathological analysis of CCl4-intoxicated wistar albino rats treated with n-butanol extract of Ficus glumosa leaves. Cell Biol Dev 6: 6-12. This research critically assessed the effect of the n-butanol fraction of methanol extract of Ficus glumosa Delile leaves on serum lipid profile, hematological parameters, and some organ architecture of experimental albino rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. The crude methanol extract was re-dissolved in 300 mL of distilled water and repeatedly partitioned in a separating funnel with 400 mL of n-hexane with vigorous shaking. This process was repeated using other solvents (ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and distilled water), and the n-butanol was selected based on antioxidant potency. A total of 35 albino rats were used. The rats were divided into 7 groups of 5 animals each. Lipid profile, hematological indices, and histopathological analysis were carried out. With the administration of the extract, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol levels in the Carbon tetrachloride-induced but treated rats were significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared to the normal levels, 1.84±0.27 mmol/L, and 0.54±0.11 mmol/L, respectively. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein was relatively increased compared to the normal level, 1.44±0.43 mg/dL. Similarly, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and white blood cell levels were significantly (P<0.05) reversed to near normal in the extract-treated rats. On the other hand, the histopathological examinations of a liver section of the normal control group showed normal hepatocellular architecture with distinct hepatic cells with a well-conserved central vein. Carbo tetrachloride-induced control group liver showed intense hepatic necrosis with vascular congestion, kupffer cells hyperplasia, vacuolation, and degeneration of normal hepatic cells (hepatic necrosis). However, the induced but treated groups almost normalized the hepatic cells (moderate hepatic necrosis). The findings showed that the n-butanol fraction of F. glumosa could reverse the deleterious effects of CCl4 on lipid profile and hematological parameters with the restoration of the architectural integrities of the liver and kidney of the treated rats.

In Silico Investigation of Some Compounds from the N-Butanol Extract of Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. & Reut.

Bioinformatics as a newly emerging discipline is considered nowadays a reference to characterize the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the actual biocompounds contained in plants, which has helped the pharmaceutical industry a lot in the drug development process. In this study, a bioinformatics approach known as in silico was performed to predict, for the first time, the physicochemical properties, ADMET profile, pharmacological capacities, cytotoxicity, and nervous system macromolecular targets, as well as the gene expression profiles, of four compounds recently identified from Centaurea tougourensis via the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) approach. Thus, four compounds were tested from the n-butanol (n-BuOH) extract of this plant, named, respectively, Acridin-9-amine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5,7-dimethyl- (compound 1), 3-[2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl]-5-methoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (compound 2), 9,9-Dimethoxybicyclo[3.3.1]nona-2,4-dione (compound 3), and 3-[3-Bromophenyl]-7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-10-hydroxy-1,9(2H,10H)-acridinedione (compound 4). The insilico investigation revealed that the four tested compounds could be a good candidate to regulate the expression of key genes and may also exert significant cytotoxic effects against several tumor celllines. In addition, these compounds could also be effective in the treatment of some diseases related to diabetes, skin pathologies, cardiovascular, and central nervous system disorders. The bioactive compounds of plant remain the best alternative in the context of the drug discovery and development process.

Nanoencapsulation of n-butanol extract of Symphytum kurdicum and Symphytum asperrimum: Focus on phytochemical analysis, anti-oxidant and antibacterial activity.

Objective(s):The current study’s objectives were to obtain different extracts and essential oils of Symphytum kurdicum and Symphytum asperrimum and to determine the chemical composition, as well as to evaluate free radical scavenging activity (IC50) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the effect of liposomal formulation on antimicrobial properties.Materials and Methods:Air-dried powdered aerial parts of S. kurdicum and S. asperrimum were used. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties, essential oil compositions, total phenol, and flavonoid contents of different fractions were determined by DPPH test, disk diffusion assay, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Folin-ciocalteu reagent, and colorimetric assay method, respectively. The film hydration method was used to fabricate nanoparticles.Results: GC-MS analysis indicated that hexafarnesyl acetone was a major essential oil component. n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of S. kurdicum had the highest anti-oxidant activity. Extracts of both plants showed antimicrobial activity. The extracts’ maximum inhibition zones against Staphylococcus epidermidis were established. A particle size analyzer detected the formulation size of 140 nm. The optimum formulation of liposomes contains the ratio of 75 mg lecithin, 25 mg cholesterol, and 50 mg herbal extract. Despite the nanoparticles’ appropriate particle size, the liposomal extract’s antimicrobial effect was lower than that of the free form.Conclusion:Our findings demonstrated that extracts have significant antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities, attributed to their bioactive constituents.

Wound Healing Capacity of the n-Butanolic Extract ofCentaurea tougourensisBoiss. & Reut.

Plants are considered an inestimable source of therapy, and one of the oldest. The structural elucidation of phytocompounds allowed the scientific community to elaborate on new effective drugs, which has considerably enriched the international pharmacopoeia and allowed society to overcome several epidemic and pandemic situations.Centaureaspecies demonstrated over the years a remarkable capacity to treat several illnesses related to inflammation, oxidative stress and even cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing capacity of the n-butanol (n-BuOH) extract ofCentaurea tougourensisusing a formulation approach, during a period of 18 days. Male Swiss Albino mice were used for this purpose and the wound area was calculated using Image J software. In addition, macroscopic and histopathological analyses were performed. The study revealed a considerable healing process for the two tested concentrations (200 and 400 mg/kg) of the plant extract, reaching at the end of treatment a percentage reduction in wound area of (91.82%) and (99.80%) respectively, noting that no sign of inflammation was detected in the group of mice treated by plant extract. This study demonstrated once again the pharmacological properties of this species.

The Therapeutic Potential of Iraqi Cressa Cretica Species on Metabolic Features and Estrous Cycle in PCOS Rat-model

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the common syndromes in women which is caused by endocrine and metabolic disorder. PCOS is associated with various spectrum consequences in the many aspects, including reproductive dysfunction, endocrine, and metabolic. Aim: assessment of n-butanol fraction of Cressa cretica plant effect on metabolic features like body weight and fasting blood glucose and estrous cycle of rat PCOS-model. Materials and methods: 18 female rats with 21 days old were divided into three group and 6 animals with each group. Control group was treated with propylene glycol S.C while PCOS-model and n-butanol fraction groups were treated with testosterone propionate 10mg/kg/ day for 30 days. Then, 35 days of second treatment with propylene glycol for control and PCOS-model group while n-butanol group was given Cressa cretica n-butanol extract 100mg/kg/day with preliminary screening of n-butanol fraction. Results: body weight and fasting blood glucose were significantly reduced (P*<0.05) and restoring the estrous cycle of rats in compared to PCOS-model. Conclusion: Cressa cretica extract content like flavonoids compounds might have a therapeutic effect on sex hormones and ovary morphology.

Evidence of anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of aerial parts of Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. and Reut.

Purpose: To determine the anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of the aerial parts of Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. & Reut.
 Methods: The effects of n-butanol (n-BuOH) extract of the aerial part of Centaurea tougourensis on carrageenan-induced paw edema and ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage were determined at 2 doses (200 and 400 mg/kg, po) in a mouse model. For each test, the animals were randomly divided into negative and positive control groups, as well as extract-treated groups. The mice were observed for any sign of inflammation for a period of 24h.
 Results: Reduction of paw edema by C. tougourensis extract was highly significant (p < 0.001) at a dose of 400 mg/kg 24 h after carrageenan injection, with 55.26 % inhibition, followed very closely by 53.15 % inhibition at the dose of 200 mg/kg; indomethacin group showed an inhibition of 60 %. Histological examination supported the inhibition results. A significant reduction in inflammation by the extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg was also observed. No sign of ulcer was observed with C. tougourensis at the two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). The total polyphenol content of the n-BuOH extract was 85.44 цg gallic acid equivalent/mg of extract. Tannins were the most abundant fraction (51.87 цg tannic acid equivalent/mg of extract), followed by flavonoids (25.55 цg quercetin equivalent/mg of extract).
 Conclusion: The results indicate that C. tougourensis may have potential beneficial effects in the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation and pain, besides its protective effect on the gastrointestinal tract.

Promotion of HepG2 cell apoptosis by Sedum emarginatum Migo and the mechanism of action

BackgroundSedum emarginatum Migo(S. emarginatum) has anti-tumor and anti-oxidant effects. This study aimed to screen the extractions of S. emarginatum against liver cancer in vitro and explore its anti-liver cancer mechanism.MethodsThe CCK-8(Cell Counting Kit-8) method was used to detect the inhibitory effect of different extracts of S. emarginatum on the proliferation of liver cancer HepG2 cells. The morphological changes of the cells after administration were observed with microscopy, cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 mRNA in the cells were detected by RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) to explore the mechanism of action.ResultsCCK-8 method test results showed that among the different extracts of S. emarginatum, the ethyl acetate extract(1000 μg/ml, 2000 μg/ml, 2500 μg/ml, 3000 μg/ml) and n-butanol extract(1000 μg/ml, 2000 μg/ml, 2500 μg/ml, 3000 μg/ml) have the strongest inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 cells. In these 4 concentrations, the inhibitory effect increased as the concentration increased. The IC50 of the ethyl acetate extract on HepG2 cells was less than that of the n-butanol extract, so the ethyl acetate extract has a better proliferation inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells than the n-butanol extract, followed by the 70% ethanol extract(3000 μg/ml) and the water extract(3000 μg/ml), petroleum ether extract was the weakest. The results of microscopy showed that ethyl acetate extract caused hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell morphology changed, cell density decreased, and suspension cells increased. Moreover, the results of flow cytometry showed that the ethyl acetate extract of S. emarginatum could induce HepG2 cell apoptosis at the concentrations of 2500μg/ml and 3000μg/ml. RT-PCR results showed that the expression of Bax mRNA was up-regulate by the middle(2500 μg/ml) and high(3000 μg/ml) dose groups of ethyl acetate extract. The expression of Caspase-3 mRNA was up-regulated by the low(2000 μg/ml), medium(2500 μg/ml) and high(3000 μg/ml) dose groups of ethyl acetate extract. The expression of Bcl-2 mRNA was down-regulated by the high(3000 μg/ml) dose group of ethyl acetate extract.ConclusionThe ethyl acetate extract of S. emarginatum has the best effect on human liver cancer HepG2 cells. Its anti-hepatocellular mechanism may be related to affect the expression of apoptosis genes (Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3mRNA) and promote the apoptosis of liver cancer cells. It provided a reference for the research and development of drugs for the treatment of liver cancer.

IDENTIFIKASI SERTA UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SENYAWA FLAVONOID EKSTRAK DAUN SRIKAYA (Annona squamosa Linn)

One of the plants containing flavonoid compounds, commonly used as traditional medicine in Indonesia, is srikaya (Annona squamosa Linn). Isolation, identification and antibacterial activity test of flavonoid compounds from srikaya leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by using diffusion well method have been done in this research. Srikaya leaf powder with 8% moisture content was macerated with methanol then evaporated until concentrated extract of 113.85 grams was obtained. The extract was partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol solvents and produced 3.43 grams of n-hexane extract, 2.30 grams of ethyl acetate extract and 3.85 grams of n-butanol extract. The phytochemical test showed that the ethyl acetate extract positively contained flavonoids with the highest total flavonoid levels of 26,117.4 mg QE/100 grams. Isolate F5, as the result of separation and purification of ethyl acetate extract, was positive containing flavonoids and resulting relatively pure isolate, analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Identification of isolate F5 using spectrophotometer UV-Visible and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) showed two absorption bands at ? max of 376.40 nm (band I) and 256.40 nm (band II) as well as contained functional groups of flavonoid which was OH, C=C aromatic, C-H aliphatic, C-H aromatic, C-O ether and C-O alcohol. These isolates were able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at the concentration of 15% (w/v) with inhibitory diameter of 7.75 and 7.25 mm, respectively. These results indicated that flavonoids isolated from srikaya leaf extract were suspected 5,3’,4’-trihydroxyflavonol and had antibacterial activity with moderate inhibitory ability.
 Keywords: antibacterial, flavonoid isolation, srikaya leaf (Annona squamosa Linn),5,3’,4'-trihydroxyflavonol.

GPR30 Activation Promotes the Progression of Gastric Cancer and Plays a Significant Role in the Anti-GC Effect of Huaier.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of cancer. The n-butanol extract of Huaier (NEH) is the alcohol-soluble part extracted by the systematic solvent method, which is effective against gastric cancer (GC). However, the mechanism of action of NEH remains unclear. In this study, we aim to evaluate the clinical relevance of GPR30 expression in GC patients and the role of the GPR30/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in the anti-GC effect of NEH. The expression of GPR30 was examined using immunohistochemistry. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay, wound healing, and transwell experiments were used to investigate the viability, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of GPR30 and its downstream signalling molecules of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Gastric cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDX) mouse model was used to evaluate the antitumor effect of NEH in vivo. In addition, the graded doses and the maximum tolerated dose of NEH were administered intraperitoneally into the mice for acute toxicity test. We demonstrate that GPR30 expression in GC tissues was significantly higher than that in corresponding adjacent noncancerous tissues and the expression of GPR30 was correlated with a poor prognosis in GC patients. Moreover, GPR30 expression was involved in the migration and invasion of GC cells in vitro. Additionally, we found that NEH can suppress the growth of GC in patient-derived xenograft tumors in vivo. Furthermore, NEH inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion in GC cells in a concentration-dependent manner through inhibiting the GPR30-mediated PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in vitro. Acute toxicity test showed that NEH caused no toxic reaction or death and the maximum tolerated dose of NEH in mice was greater than 1600 mg/kg. Our results demonstrate that the high expression of GPR30 is an independent factor of poor prognosis in patients with GC and NEH could be a new agent for the treatment of gastric cancer.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK DAUN SUKUN (Artocarpus altilis) SEBAGAI PENYEMBUHAN LUKA BAKAR PADA KELINCI DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI CARBOPOL 940 SEBAGAI GELLING AGENT

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation. The research animed to determine the effect of n-butanol extract of Leucaena leucocephala leaves and the effective dose as antirheumatoid arthritis. It used 15 male rats divided into 5 groups: group I (negative control) was given Na-CMC; group II (positive control) was given a suspension of Methylprednisolone; group III, IV dan V were give the extraxt with doses of 83,3 mg/kgBW, 166,6 mg/kgBW and 333,2 mg/kgBW. The treatment was started by inducing Complete Freund`s Adjuvant intraplantary of 0,1 mL and let it remain until day 16. The therapy was conduction for 14 days orally and the foot volume measurements and observation of the arthritis index were performed on day 17 and 31st. In conclusion, the n-butanol extract of Leucaena leucocephala leaves had the effect as antirheumatoid

Bio-chemical characterization and in silico computational experimental properties of Trianthema triquetra Rottler & Willd.: A desert medicinal plant for industrial products

This research work prospects the phytochemical and biological properties of different polarity solvent (methanol, ethyl-acetate, n-hexane, and n-butanol) extracts of Trianthema triquetra Rottler & Willd. The assessment of chemical profile was done by ascertaining total bioactive contents and UHPLC-MS analysis. Similarly, biological profile was analyzed via determination of antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum and metal chelation) and key enzyme inhibition (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase) potential. Principal component analysis (PCA) was also conducted to highlight the correlation amongst bioactive contents and tested bioassays. The highest proportion of total phenolic (59.85 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (19.85 mg RE/g extract) contents were exhibited by methanol extract which might be correlated with its higher antioxidant capacity. Similarly, UHPLC-MS phytochemical profiling of the methanol extract unveiled the identification of 26 secondary metabolites belonging to phenolic, flavonoids, glucoside, coumarin, alkaloid, and fatty acid derivatives. The ethyl-acetate fraction exhibited the highest inhibition against BChE, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while the n-butanol and n-hexane extracts were found to be the active against AChE and tyrosinase enzymes and the molecular docking studies explained the possible mechanism of enzyme inhibition. Results of antioxidant assays were further confirmed by PCA analysis, which shows highly effective association amid total bioactive contents and antioxidant assays.

Anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities of root bark extracts from Rhus tripartitum and cytotoxicity evaluation of isolated compounds

This study was undertaken to investigate anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities of three extracts from Rhus tripartitum root bark prepared by solvents with increasing polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol).Our result demonstrated that the n-butanol extract is endowed with the highest phenolic content 872.503 ± 0.788 mg (GAE)/g Extract, flavonoid content 325.19±0.294 mg(QE)/g Extract and tannin content 698.99± 0.605 mg(CE)/g Extract. In addition this extract was found to exhibit the highest anti-oxidant activity using DPPH radical-scavenging (IC50 = 0.008 mg/ml), ferric-reducing power (IC50=0.844 mg/ml), total antioxidant capacity concentration (756.758±0.940 mg (GAE)/g Extract) and nitric oxide radical scavenging (IC50 = 0.01 mg/ml) assays. Mean while, the ethyl acetate extract present the best anti-diabetic activity (30.11%) and anti-lipidemic activity (49.79%). Three compounds were isolated for the first time from the ethyl acetate extract of Rhus tripartitum and identified using extensive spectral techniques (MS, NMR 1D and 2D). The in vitro cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds on MCF-7 cells positive breast cancer cell line was investiguated. One of the isolated compounds present the interesting growth inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cell.

Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Siparuna glycycarpa n-Butanol Extract with Inhibitory Activity against Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC).

Siparuna glycycarpa occurs in the Amazon region, and some species of this genus are used in Brazilian folk medicine. A recent study showed the inhibitory effect of this species against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, and in order to acquire active fractions, a polar solvent system n-butanol-methanol-water (9:1:10, v/v) was selected and used for bioassay-guided fractionation of n-butanol extract by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). The upper phase was used as stationary phase and the lower phase as mobile (descending mode). Among the collected fractions, the ones coded SGA, SGC, SGD, and SGO showed the highest antiviral inhibition levels (above 74%) at 100 µg·mL−1 after 24 h of infection. The bioactive fractions chemical profiles were investigated by LC-HRMS/MS data in positive and negative ionization modes exploring the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform to build a molecular network. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were annotated in the fractions coded SGA, SGC, and SGD collected during elution step. Aporphine alkaloids, O-glycosylated flavonoids, and dihydrochalcones in SGO were acquired with the change of mobile phase from lower aqueous to upper organic. Benzylisoquinolinic and aporphine alkaloids as well as glycosylated flavonoids were annotated in the most bioactive fractions suggesting this group of compounds as responsible for antiviral activity.

Detection of Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Clinical Samples and their Susceptibility to Conventional Antibiotics and Medicinal Plant Extracts

Carbapenamases are enzymes that renders inactive, the carbapenems antibiotics which are often considered as the last treatment option for all serious infections. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) has already been identified all over the world. In Kano and other part of Northern Nigeria, there are several reports that CPE is in circulation at a rate researchers have never imagined and is rapidly spreading to far rural communities. This study aims to detect Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae from clinical sample and determine their susceptibility to conventional antibiotics and Ficus ovata and Guiera senegalensis plant extracts. Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were collected from Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, reconfirmed and screened for Carbapenemase production using the Modified Hodges Test. The highest occurrence of carbapenemase was observed in E. coli (14.3%), while the least was observed in K. pneumoniae 3(12%) and P. aeruginosa 2(6.7%). Ficus ovata and Guiera senegalensis Plants were extracted using ethanol, N-butanol and N-hexane as separate solvents. Of all the three plants extracts, highest yield was observed in N-Butanol extracts having 32.7% in Ficus ovata. Susceptibility test using antibiotics revealed a decreased sensitivity of the test isolates to some commonly used antibiotics; Cefotaxime (25μg), Cefixime (5μg), Levofloxacin (5μg), Amoxicillin (30μg) and Cefuroxime (30μg). Agar well diffusion test was employed at a concentration of 20, 10 and 5mg/ml. All the six extracts were observed to have the highest activity against P. aeruginosa with Guiera senegalensis having more inhibitory activity. This demonstrates the extracts potentials for extraction of chemotherapeutic agents

Phenolic Composition, In Vitro Alpha-Amylase and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Effects, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Ephedra altissima

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, alpha-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the crude extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) obtained from the aerial parts of Ephedra altissima. The characterization of the phenolic compounds in crude extracts was performed by high performance liquid chromatographyphotodiode array detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and the in vitro alpha-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities were evaluated using starch and p-nitrophenyl butyrate as substrates, respectively. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by bovine serum albumin denaturation method and the antioxidant capacity was assessed using five different assays. Flavonol and ï¬avone glycoside derivatives and phenolic acids, especially isovitexin-2-O-rhamnoside and vicenin II were the major compounds in the n-butanol extract. Otherwise, the ethyl acetate extract presented kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and protocatechuic acid as its main compounds. The n-butanol extract revealed the highest content of total phenolic compounds. The results for antioxidant activity showed that ethyl acetate extract possesses the strongest activity in all the tested methods. Moreover, the ethyl acetate extract displayed the best anti-inflammatory, alpha-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 126.43, 9.02 and 289.11 μg/ml, respectively. These results give obvious support to the use of Ephedra altissima in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetic diseases. Also, the moderate alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of Ephedra altissima extracts make advantage of its therapeutic applications compared to the synthetic drugs, since their strong alphaamylase inhibitory effects are associated to many digestive adverse effects including the abnormal bacterial fermentation in the colon.

Spergularia marina: a potential source of a novel calcium channel blocker with antihypertensive and diuretic activities.

https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/Graphical-abstract.jpg.

Foaming Characteristics of Saponins of Leaves of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn (Red Variety)

The aim of this study was to determine the foaming characteristics (foam power and foam stability) of saponins of the leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. The preliminary screening for saponins and phytochemical screening were carried out to determine the probable presence of saponins and other secondary metabolites. The results showed the probable presence of saponins in the leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Cold maceration extraction method was conducted and yields were obtained from the extracts i.e. aqueous, methanol, and n-butanol. The methanol extract possessed the highest yield of 46.53 % compared to aqueous and n-butanol extracts with 8.15 % and 0.69 % respectively. The foam heights and foaming times of aqueous, methanol and n-butanol extract and that of synthetic detergents (Tween 80 and Triton X-100) when subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed significant decreases (at p<0.05) between the foam heights (H 0, H 1, and H 5 ) and foaming times (Tc) at varying concentrations. The foam power of n-butanol extract at 0.5 % was the highest with values of 40.47 % indicating that it was not stable when compared with the values of 87.28 % and 73.57 % for Triton X-100 and Tween 80 respectively. Therefore, saponins of the leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. may be of limited use in the detergent industries but relevant in related industries. It is recommended that the foaming properties of the crude saponins would be more enhanced when subjected to further purification processes to meet the standards of Triton X-100 and Tween 80.

In Vitro Antineoplastic and Antiviral Activity and In Vivo Toxicity of Geum urbanum L. Extracts

This study evaluated the in vitro antineoplastic and antiviral potential and in vivo toxicity of twelve extracts with different polarity obtained from the herbaceous perennial plant Geum urbanum L. (Rosaceae). In vitro cytotoxicity was determined by ISO 10993-5/2009 on bladder cancer, (T-24 and BC-3C), liver carcinoma (HEP-G2) and normal embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell lines. The antineoplastic activity was elucidated through assays of cell clonogenicity, apoptosis induction, nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NFκB p65) activation and total glutathione levels. Neutral red uptake study was applied for antiviral activity. The most promising G. urbanum extract was analyzed by UHPLC–HRMS. The acute in vivo toxicity analysis was carried out following OEDC 423. The ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts (EtOAc-AP) exhibited the strongest antineoplastic activity on bladder cancer cell lines (IC50 = 21.33–25.28 µg/mL) by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting NFκB p65 and cell clonogenicity. EtOAc and n-butanol extracts showed moderate antiviral activity against human adenovirus type 5 and human simplex virus type I. Seventy four secondary metabolites (gallic and ellagic acid derivatives, phenolic acids, flavonoids, etc.) were identified in EtOAc-AP by UHPLC–HRMS. This extract induced no signs of acute toxicity in liver and kidney specimens of H-albino mice in doses up to 210 mg/kg. In conclusion, our study contributes substantially to the detailed pharmacological characterization of G. urbanum, thus helping the development of health-promoting phytopreparations.

Schistosoma mansoni Adult Worm Protective and Diagnostic Proteins in n-Butanol Extracts Revealed by Proteomic Analysis.

The S. mansoni adult worm n-butanol extract (Sm-AWBE) has been previously shown to contain specific S. mansoni antigens that have been used for immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis in solid phase alkaline phosphatase immunoassay (APIA) and western blot (WB) analyses. Sm-AWBE was also used in immunoprotection studies against a fatal live-cercariae challenge in experimental mouse vaccination (~43% protection). The Sm-AWBE fraction was prepared by mixing adult worm membranous suspensions with aqueous-saturated n-butanol, centrifuging and recovering n-butanol-resistant proteins in the aqueous phase. Here we report a preliminary identification of Sm-AWBE protein components as revealed from a qualitative proteomic study after processing Sm-AWBE by 1D-gel electrophoresis, in-gel and in-solution tryptic digestions, and mass spectrometry analyses. We identified 33 proteins in Sm-AWBE, all previously known S. mansoni proteins and antigens; among them, immunomodulatory proteins and proteins mostly involved in host–parasite interactions. About 81.8% of the identified Sm-AWBE proteins are antigenic. STRING analysis showed a set of Sm-AWBE proteins configuring a small network of interactive proteins and a group of proteins without interactions. Functional groups of proteins included muscle contraction, antioxidant, GPI-anchored phosphoesterases, regulatory 14-3-3, various enzymes and stress proteins. The results widen the possibilities to design novel antigen combinations for better diagnostic and immunoprotective strategies for schistosomiasis control.