N-butanol Extract Research Articles

Novel Sesquiterpene and Diterpene Aminoglycosides from the Deep-Sea-Sediment Fungus Trichoderma sp. SCSIOW21.

Six new sesquiterpene aminoglycosides, trichaspside F (2) and cyclonerosides A-E (5-9), two new diterpene aminoglycosides, harzianosides A and B (10, 11), and three known sesquiterpenes, trichodermoside (1), cycloneran-3,7,10,11-tetraol (3), and cyclonerodiol (4), have been isolated from the n-butanol extract of Trichoderma sp. SCSIOW21 (Hypocreaceae), a deep-sea-sediment-derived fungus. The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were determined using spectroscopic techniques and comparisons with those reported in the literature. The absolute configurations of the aglycone part of cyclonerosides A-E (5-9) were tentatively proposed based on optical rotation and biogenic considerations. Cyclonerosides A-E (5-9) represent the first glycosides of cyclonelane-type sesquiterpenes generated from Trichoderma. The NO-production-inhibitory activities were evaluated using macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Among the isolated compounds, trichaspside F (2) and cyclonerosides B-E (6-9) exhibited the strongest NO-production-inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 54.8, 50.7, 57.1, 42.0, and 48.0 µM, respectively, compared to the IC50 value of 30.8 µM for the positive control (quercetin). When tested for anti-fungal activities against several pathogenic fungi, none of the compounds exhibited significant activities at a concentration of 100 µM.

Effects of n-butanol extract of Pulsatilla decoction on the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages infected with Candida albicans

Ethnopharmacological relevancePulsatilla decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine from Shang Han Lun that has been reported to have therapeutic efficacy in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), and is a growth inhibitor of Candida albicans (C. albicans) in vitro, the causative agent of VVC.Aim of the study: In previous studies, Pulsatilla decoction has shown therapeutic benefits for VVC. With further chemical extraction of the decoction, the n-butanol extract (of Pulsatilla decoction; BEPD) was most effective against C. albicans and therapeutic for VVC. The mechanism, however, has not been elucidated. The regulation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has recently been demonstrated as a critical component of the inflammasome complex that initiates the vaginal inflammatory response. Therefore, the effect of BEPD on NLRP3 associated with VVC was investigated. Materials and methodsUltra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used for detecting the principal compounds of BEPD (Anemoside B4, Esculin, esculetin, Epiberberine, Berberine, Jatrorrhizine and Phellodendrine). BEPD-containing serum is prepared by intragastric administration of BEPD (4.6875 g/kg for seven days) in rats. PMA-induced THP-1 cells were challenged with C. albicans. The expression of CD68 to identify macrophages was examined by flow cytometry, the viability of THP-1 cells were assessed by CCK8 assay, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was detected by LDH kit, and the secretion levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were evaluated through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the levels of NLRP3 were quantified by immunofluorescence, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by ROS kit, and the expression of Dectin-1, Syk, TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, NLRP3, Caspase-1, and ASC proteins were detected by Western blot. ResultsAfter administration of BEPD-containing serum, the levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and LDH released from macrophages were reduced in the BEPD-containing serum group compared to the model group. In addition, BEPD-containing serum inhibited the expression of ROS in macrophages, suppressed the expression of NLRP3 and inhibited the expression of TLRs/MyD88 and Dectin-1/Syk signaling pathway-related proteins. ConclusionsBEPD suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome and related signaling pathways in macrophages infected with C. albicans in vitro, thereby providing insight into the mechanism of BEPD action on VVC.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity and Characterization of Phytochemical Compounds from Selected Mangrove Plants

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of n-butanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and chloroform extracts of the sponges and leaves of different mangrove species (Bruguiera cylindrica, Suaeda maritima, Ceriops decandra, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora apiculata, Suaeda monoica, Avicennia marina, and Rhizohora mucronata) against Proteus mirabilis ATCC 7002. Methods and Results: Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of selected mangrove extracts. The active compounds from mangrove sponges and leaves with various solvents were examined under Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The ethyl acetate extracts, methanol extracts, chloroform extracts, n-butanol extracts, and petroleum ether extracts of selected mangrove leaves (B. cylindrical, S. maritime, A. officinalis, S. monoica, A. marina, R. mucronata) showed good antibacterial activity against P. mirabilis ATCC 7002. FTIR analysis of crude methanol extract of S. monoica showed the presence of amide and alkane groups in phytochemicals. For crude methanol extract of R. mucronata, the presence of phenol, nitro, amide, and alkane groups was revealed. Conclusion: the results obtained revealed industrially important mangrove extracts and the functional groups of plant compounds responsible for great antibacterial activity.

In vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activities of Ribwort Plantain (Plantago Lanceolata L.) Root Fractions and Phytochemical Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), which belongs to the Plantaginaceae family, has been widely used as a herbal plant in traditional medicine across the globe. The present study aimed to investigate the biologically active substances of P. lanceolata root fractions, as well as the cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of extracts. The cytotoxic activity of ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-butanol extracts of P. lanceolata root was evaluated by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The P.lanceolata root extracts were also evaluated on gram-positive and negative bacteria by disc diffusion and microtiter broth dilution methods. The phytochemical content was also examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The P.lanceolata root extracts were cytotoxic; IC50 values against HCT-116 at 72 h were 168.553 μg/mL, 167.458 μg/mL, and 205.004 μg/mL for ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-butanol root extracts, respectively. The dichloromethane extract of P. lanceolata root had the highest inhibitory effect against S. paratyphi (14.00±1.0 mm) at the concentration of 100 mg/mL. The minimum MIC and MBC (5 and 15 mg/mL) were observed for dichloromethane extract of P. lanceolata root against S. paratyphi. The main composition of ethyl acetate extract was 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid and mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (60.93%). The major compositions in dichloromethane and n-butanol extracts were 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (60.64%) and 2-Methyl-1-butanol (.+/-.)- (17.85%). As evidenced by the results of the present research, P. lanceolata extracts are a significant source of bioactive metabolites. Therefore, they can play a prominent role in the production of pharmaceutical materials.

In vivo assessment of pharmacological potentials of different fractions of Fagonia olivieri DC

Introduction: Hemostasis mechanism involves blood coagulation as one of the step which is responsible for blood clot formation that restricts blood flow at site of injury. By inhibiting coagulation cascade and reducing thrombus formation, several cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis can be prevented. Traditionally, Fagonia olivieri (zygophyllaceae) is reported in the treatment of diabetes, coughs, blood purifier, cooling agent, blood vascular diseases, digestive system disorders and cancer in initial stages. Objectives: Different fractions of F. olivieri methanolic extract were evaluated in this study for their anticoagulatory, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant potentials. Methodology: Anticoagulatory, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant potentials of ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous extracts of F. olivieri were assessed using capillary tube experiment, carrageenan induced paw edema test and forced swim test respectively. Results: The results of this investigation have revealed that ethyl acetate and butanol fractions possess significant anticoagulatory potentials as compared to control (P=0.0002). Butanol extract showed highest anti-inflammatory activity. Maximum anti-depressant activity was shown by ethyl acetate followed by n-butanol and aqueous extracts. Conclusion: Hence, it can be concluded that F. olivieri exhibits anticoagulatory, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant potentials which justifies its use for the treatment of various disorders particularly blood vascular diseases.

Identifikasi Komponen Kimia Saponin Greges Otot (Equisetum debile Roxb) Yang Berasal Dari Pallangga Kabupaten Gowa

Has done research on the identification of the chemical components of saponin Greges muscle (Equisetum debile Roxb) derived from Pallangga Gowa. Greges muscle is a plant that is used by people who believed Pallangga empirically nutritious treat fever and diarrhea. This study aims to determine the chemical content of saponin extract from muscle Greges preliminary test to the use of Uv-Vis spectrophotometry. The process of isolation of chemical compounds including reflux extraction with methanol, n-butanol fractionation, isolation by Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography and purity testing.
 Isolation fraction of n-butanol extract of muscle Greges using eluent chloroform-methanol-water (8: 2: 1) yielded isolates 5 isolates were named A, B, C, D, and E. Isolates D and E followed by the separation process using Layer Chromatography thin and Two-dimensional thin Layer Chromatography. The results of a preparative Thin Layer Chromatography isolates D and E give the appearance of a single stain on the purity test that can be said is pure stain. The results of UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis of Fraction D isolates obtained λ max with a peak wavelength of 536 nm and 550 nm which is characteristic of saponin compounds.

MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDY OF COMPOUND ISOLATED FROM COCCINIA GRANDIS (L.) VOIGT

Compound (9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9, 12-dienoic acid (CGHY 02) was isolated from Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt n-butanol extract by column chromatography. A molecular docking study against human pancreatic alpha-amylase enzyme (PDB: 3OLE) yielded a good docking score of -112.37 Kcal mol-1, indicating a high affinity of the compound to the receptor via hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interactions. The hydrogen bond was observed between the hydroxyl group of the compound and glutamine 8, whereas the carbonyl group and C5-C9 chain of the compound revealed steric interactions with glutamine 8 and aspartate 402, respectively. In vitro alpha-amylase inhibition of (CGHY 02) demonstrated remarkable inhibition (68.47 %) at low concentration (100 µL mL-1) compared to standard acarbose. Moreover, in silico ADME analysis of the compound exhibited 92.282 % gastrointestinal absorption, skin permeability, activity as a substrate for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes resulting in better metabolism and 1.936 (logn ml min-1 kg-1) of total clearance of the compound. In silico toxicity predicted carcinogenicity, mutagenicity via PreADMET online server and hepatotoxicity and skin irritations via pkCSM online platforms. Antidiabetic potential of (CGHY 02) is attributed through inhibition of human pancreatic alpha amylase enzyme.

By-Product of the Red Ginseng Manufacturing Process as Potential Material for Use as Cosmetics: Chemical Profiling and in Vitro Antioxidant and Whitening Activities

Red ginseng (RG), which is obtained from heated Panax ginseng and is produced by steaming followed by drying, is a valuable herb in Asian countries. Steamed ginseng dew (SGD) is a by-product produced in processing red ginseng. In the present study, phytochemical profiling of extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. Additionally, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ·OH, and ABTS scavenging ability) and whitening activities (tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activity) were analyzed. Phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of 66 and 28 compounds that were non-saponin components in chloroform extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew (RG-CE and SGD-CE), respectively. Meanwhile, there were 20 ginsenosides identified in n-butanol extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew (RG-NBE and SGD-NBE). By comparing the different polar extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew, it was found that the ethyl acetate extract of red ginseng (RG-EAE) had the best antioxidant capacity and whitening effect, the water extract of steamed ginseng dew (SGD-WE) had stronger antioxidant capacity, and the SGD-NBE and SGD-CE had a better whitening effect. This study shows that RG and SGD have tremendous potential to be used in the cosmetic industries.

In vivo anti-aging properties on fat diet-induced high fat Drosophila melanogaster of n-butanol extract from Paecilomyces hepiali

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of the development and application of Paecilomyces hepiali, a fungus with edible and medicinal value, as a foodborne antioxidant and anti-aging agent. Its n-butanol extract (PHE) from rice cultures was selected for anti-aging experiment because of significant free radical scavenging activity in vitro. In vivo, PHE could significantly prolong the mean lifespan, 50 % survival days, and the maximum lifespan of Drosophila on a high-fat diet. It is amazing that the mean lifespan increased from 19.1 days to 32.9 days, 50 % survival days increased from 15.7 days to 34.3 days, and the maximum lifespan extended from 44.7 days to 52.7 days, when the high-fat female Drosophila model was fed with 10 μg/mL PHE. Further research showed that PHE reduced the accumulation of peroxide products and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Then, through antioxidant activity tracking, dimerumic acid (compound 1, the IC50 value of 3.4 μg/mL on DPPH free radicals scavenging activity), 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxypentanoic acid (compound 2, new compound), and thymidine (compound 3) were isolated from PHE. It is worth mentioning that dimerumic acid, the major antioxidant compound of PHE (content up to 3 %), was discovered in P. hepiali for the first time. It was concluded that PHE showed excellent anti-aging activity at a very low concentration on fat diet-induced high fat Drosophila melanogaster, and dimerumic acid may be its main material basis. These results indicated that PHE had the potential to be developed as antioxidant and anti-aging agent in the healthcare industry.

Fermentation of Agaricus bisporus for antioxidant activity: response surface optimization, chemical components, and mechanism

Agaricus bisporus is one of the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. The chemical components of A. bisporus have a wide range of biological activities. In order to deeply understand the antioxidant properties of A. bisporus, this study conducted an investigation on the components of A. bisporus fermentation. Through the single factor experiment and response surface optimization, it was found that when the C/N ratio was 45:1, the inoculum concentration was 10%, and the fermentation time was 7 d, the n-butanol extract of the fermentation product had the strongest scavenging capacity for free radical generated through 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS·+). The concentration for 50% of the maximal effect (EC50) was 0.33 ± 0.01 mg/mL. Moreover, in order to identify the two main components, the elution–extrusion counter-current chromatography (EECCC) was employed for separation, where 5,5'-oxy-dimethyl-bis(2-furfuraldehyde) and 5-(butoxymethyl) furfural were obtained. The antioxidant activity of 5,5'-oxy-dimethyl-bis(2-furfuraldehyde) (EC50 = 0.26 ± 0.01 mg/mL) was superior to that of 5-butylmethyl furfural (EC50 = 1.52 ± 0.02 mg/mL), indicating that 5,5'-oxy-dimethyl-bis(2-furfuraldehyde) was the main antioxidant in the fermentation products. The thermodynamic parameters and frontier molecular orbitals of 5,5'-oxy-dimethyl-bis (2-furanaldehyde) was evaluated by density functional theory (DFT). The result indicated 5,5'-oxy-dimethyl-bis(2-furanaldehyde) scavenged free radicals in polar media through single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT).

The preventive effects of Centaurea maroccana Ball. extract against oxidative stress induced by cisplatin in mice brains: in vitro and in vivo studies

Since antiquity, Centaurea species have been used in folk medicine to treat several diseases owing to their potential biological activities that distinguish this genus such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effect. The current study aimed to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of the n-butanol extract of Centaurea maroccana (BECM) against cisplatin (CP) induced neurotoxicity in mice. BECM’s potential neuroprotective properties were studied in vitro and in vivo models. Male Swiss albino mice were orally received BECM (200 mg/kg) for 10 days before a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (8 mg/kg). Vitamin E (100 mg/kg) was given daily by gavage as a positive control. In vitro results revealed that BECM inhibited lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In vivo findings showed that BECM pretreatment was able to regulate lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and to improve CP-induced cholinergic dysfunction by inhibiting AChE activity in mice brains. Moreover, BECM attenuated CP-provoked oxidative stress by suppressing LPO levels, increasing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) in both brain cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions. The histological analysis exhibited neurotoprotective effect of BECM by protecting the cerebral cortex and reducing the histomorphological alterations resulted by cisplatin. Interestingly, our extract achieved neuroprotection comparable to vitamin E in most evaluated parameters. It appears that protective potency of BECM against CP-induced neurotoxicity could be related to its richness in polyphenols confirmed by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS).

Evaluation of Phytochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Leaf Extracts and Oil of <i>Petroselinum sativum</i> Collected from Algeria

Indigenous medical professionals prescribe plant-based therapeutics for the handling of a range of maladies and use typical medical care at the preventive level. Oxidative stress, obesity, and multidrug resistance to pathogenic microorganisms are major challenges in the healthcare systems and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to screen phytoconstituents, estimate total phenol and flavonoid contents, and evaluate the antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Petroselinum sativum extracts and essential oil growing in Algeria. The antioxidant capacity of n-butanol, dichloromethane extracts and essential oil was determined by using DPPH radical scavenging method. All extracts were also evaluated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial species using the disk diffusion method. The leaves are pharmacologically active and related to the detected phytochemical components. In the proximate analysis, plant nutrients that are important for diverse pharmacological activities are found in the leaves. The ethyl acetate extract of P. sativum showed the highest phenol content while the n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts gave high flavonoid contents at 144.44 ± 0.07 and 100.97 ± 0.04 mg/g, respectively. The antioxidant results demonstrate powerful free radical scavenging activity for three extracts. The activity reduced in the following order as concentration increased n-BuOH > AE > DCM.

Effects of Semiliquidambar cathayensis Root on Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Rats and Analysis of Its n-Butanol Extract by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS

Effects of Semiliquidambar cathayensis Root on Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Rats and Analysis of Its n-Butanol Extract by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS

Characterization of the anti-AChE potential and alkaloids in Rhizoma Coptidis from different Coptis species combined with spectrum-effect relationship and molecular docking.

Coptis species are the main source of Rhizoma Coptidis (RC) drugs, which have always been used to treat Alzheimer's disease in the clinical experience of ancient China. However, many species of this genus have been largely underutilized until now. With this fact, this research has been designed to investigate for the first time the anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) property of different extracts for RC drugs from four Coptis species (C. chinensis, C. deltoidea, C. teeta and C. omeiensis) and to quantify the main alkaloids. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of RC drugs were sequentially collected using an accelerated solvent extraction technique. Spectrum-effect relationship and molecular docking were applied to analyse the relationships between alkaloids and AChE inhibitory activity. The N-butanol extract was proven to be the main active fraction, and C. teeta may be the best source of RC drugs for Alzheimer's disease treatment, with significantly lower IC 20, IC 50 and IC 80 values for AChE inhibition. The UPLC/QqQ-MS quantitative analysis showed that the accumulations of 10 alkaloids in RC drugs from different sources greatly varied. Three data processing methods (Random forest, Boruta and Pearson correlation) comprehensively analysed the spectrum-effect relationship and revealed that columbamine, berberine and palmatine were the most important AChE inhibitors that could be used as quality markers to select RC drugs for Alzheimer's disease treatment. In addition, the dominant compounds were successfully docked against AChE to verify the binding affinity and interactions with the active site. The present study can contribute to the reasonable development and utilization of RC drugs from different sources, especially to provide certain evidence for their application in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Effects of Asparagus officinalis on immune system mediated EAE model of multiple sclerosis.

About 5 to 10 percent of the population in developed countries are affected by autoimmune diseases. One of the most important autoimmune disease with high prevalence rate is Multiple sclerosis in which there is currently no definitive cure for it, and most medications such as interferons are used only to limit the disease. The present study aims to investigate the effect of using Asparagus Officinalis fractions in an immune system mediated model of multiple sclerosis. Fractionation was performed by maceration using n-hexane, chloroform, chloroform-methanol (9: 1), n-Butanol and methanol solvents from aerial parts of Asparagus Officinalis. Thin layer chromatography, NMR and phenolic component measurement were done and two fractions were selected for checking in MS induced in vivo model. It was observed that chloroform-methanolic and N-Butanol fractions had higher content of saponin in comparison of other extracts. Also, it was showed that the methanolic and n-Butanol extracts contains the highestportion of glycosylic steroid saponins in comparison to other fractions. Regarding experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) score, Butanolic and methanolic fractions with doses higher that 100mg/kg showed a potent supportive effects as long as locomotor activity protection even in lower dose in comparison to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group. Considering the proved different effects of saponin compounds on the immune system we observed that those fractions altered the circulatory peripheral blood cells and also remit the clinical signs after EAE induction along with enhanced myelin sheath content in the median region of corpus callusom. It could be inferred that this fractions are promising candidates for further investigation as dose-dependent immune system regulating compounds in multiple sclerosis patients.

New mechanistic insights on Justicia vahlii Roth: UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and GC–MS based metabolomics, in-vivo, in-silico toxicological, antioxidant based anti-inflammatory and enzyme inhibition evaluation

Justicia vahlii Roth. (acanthaceae) is an important medicinal food plant used in pain relief and topical inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate phytochemical composition, toxicity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition potential of n-butanol extract of J. vahlii (BEJv). The extract prepared through maceration was found rich in total phenolic contents (TPC) 196.08 ± 6.01 mg of Gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/g DE) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) 59.08 ± 1.32 mg of Rutin equivalent (mg RE/g DE). The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of BEJv showed tentative identification of 87 compounds and 19 compounds were detected in GC–MS analysis. The HPLC-PDA quantification showed the presence of 14 polyphenols amongst which kaempferol (3.45 ± 0.21 µg/ mL DE) and ferulic acid (2.31 ± 1.30 µg/ mL DE) were found in highest quantity. The acute oral toxicity study revealed the safety and biocompatibility of the extract up to 3000 mg/kg in mice. There was no effect of BEJv on human normal liver cells (HL 7702) and very low cytotoxic effect on liver cancer cells (HepG2) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7). In anti-inflammatory evaluation, the BEJv treated groups showed significant inhibition (p < 0.001) of late phase carrageenan induced paw edema at 400 mg/kg and increased the levels of oxidative stress markers; catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) while decreased the inflammatory markers; interleukin-1beta (IL-β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in paw tissue of mice. BEJv displayed highest results in Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay 97. 21 ± 2.34 mg TE (trolox equivalent)/g DE, and highest activity 3.32 ± 0.31 mmol ACAE (acarbose equivalent)/g D.E against α-glucosidase. Docking study showed good docking score by the tested compounds against the various clinically significant enzymes. Conclusively the current study unveiled J. vahlii as novel non-toxic source with good antioxidant-mediated anti-inflammatory potential which strongly back the traditional use of the species in pain and inflammation.

Haemopoietic Actions of Justicia secunda Leaf Extracts in Mice

Objective: To evaluate the haemopoietic effects of Justicia secunda leaf ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol extracts in mice and compare these effects with the effects of standard antianaemic agents.Methods: Sixteen groups of mice, six in each group, were used for the study. Anemia was induced in Groups 1 to 12 using 20 mg/kg i.p. phenylhydrazine (PHZ) daily for 2 days, followed by either ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate or n-butanol extracts for 6 days. Groups 13 and 14 were induced for anemia and then received 200 mg/kg ferrous sulphate and vitamin B12 for 6 days. Group 15 (positive control) received 20 mg/kg PHZ i.p. only, while group 16 (negative control) was untreated. Blood was collected from the retro-orbital plexuses of the mice into EDTA-containing bottles on the 7th day and analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb) level, packed cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, and mean cell volume. Red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts were also measured.Results: The ethanol leaf extract of J. secunda significantly increased the hematological parameters of mice compared to the positive and negative controls (p &lt; 0.05). However, the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n- butanol extracts showed greater hemopoietic effects (p &lt; 0.001) than the ethanol extract and standard antianemic drugs. The extract of J. secunda leaf tended to stimulate erythropoiesis comparable to the standard antianemic drugs, especially the n-hexane.Conclusion: Justicia secunda leaf extracts exert hemopoietic actions in mice, while the n-hexane extract shows greater haemopoietic activities than ferrous sulphate and vitamin B12.

Nitrogen-containingheterocycliccompounds from the roots of Callerya speciosa

The four nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds uridine (1), 2-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-isoxazolin-5-one (2), adenosine (3), and hypaphorine (4) were isolated from the n-butanol extract of the roots of Callerya speciosa. Their structures were characterized on the basis of extensive nuclear magnetic resonane (NMR), mass spectroscopic analyses, and comparison with reported values. This is the first report on the isolation of compounds 1-4 from Callerya speciosa.

In Vitro Study of the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant, Immunostimulant, and Hemolytic Activities of Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) and Lepidium sativum Seeds.

The Moroccan flora abounds and is an important reserve of medicinal plants. Nigella sativa and Lepidium sativum are plants that are widely used in traditional medicine for their multiple therapeutic properties. The current study aims to highlight the biological activities that can justify and valorize the use of these plants. Flavonoids, total phenols, condensed tannins, and sugars were determined. The biological activities tested were antioxidant by determining the IC50 (defined as the concentration of an antioxidant required to decrease the initial concentration by 50%; inversely related to the antioxidant capacity), hemagglutination, and hemolytic activities. Phytochemical quantification of the seed extracts indicated that the total phenol content was largely similar for both plants and in the order of 10 mg GAE (Gallic acid equivalent)/g. On the other hand, L. sativum seeds registered a higher content of flavonoids (3.09 ± 0.04 mg QE (quercetin equivalent)/g) as compared to Nigella saliva (0.258 ± 0.058). Concerning condensed tannins, N. saliva seeds present a higher amount with a value of 7.2 ± 0.025 mg/g as compared to L. sativum (1.4 ± 0.22 mg/g). Concerning the total sugar content, L. sativum shows a higher content (67.86 ± 0.87 mg/g) as compared to N. sativa (58.17 ± 0.42 mg/g); it is also richer in mucilage with a content of 240 mg as compared to 8.2 mg for N. saliva. Examination of the antioxidant activity using a DPPH (2.2-diphenyl 1-pycrilhydrazyl) test revealed that the EButOH (n-butanol extract) and EAE (ethyl acetate extract) extracts were the most active, with IC50 values of 48.7 and 50.65 μg/mL for the N. sativa extracts and 15.7 and 52.64 μg/mL for the L. sativum extracts, respectively. The results of the hemagglutination activity of the different extracts of the two plants prepared in the PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) medium showed significant agglutination for the L. sativum extract (1/50) compared to the N. sativa extract (1/20). An evaluation of the hemolytic effect of the crude extract of the studied seeds on erythrocytes isolated from rat blood incubated in PBS buffer compared to the total hemolysis induced by distilled water showed a hemolysis rate of 54% for Nigella sativa and 34% for L. sativum. In conclusion, the two plants studied in the current work exhibited high antioxidant potential, which could explain their beneficial properties.

Two New Abietane Diterpenes From the Stems of Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb

Two new abietane diterpenoids (4 S, 5 S, 10 S)-12-( β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy-11-hydroxyabieta-8,11,13-triene-19-oic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)- β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1) and (3 S, 5 S, 10 S, 15 S)-3 β-[ β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)- β-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy-12-( β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxyabieta-8,11,13-triene-11,16-diol (2), along with 5 known terpene glycosides (3–7) were isolated from the n-butanol extract of the stems of Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb. The structures of the new compounds were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data, chemical correlations, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Besides, all compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against cultured K562, MCF-7, A549, and HepG2 cell lines. None of them showed good antitumor activities.