Municipal Waste Landfill Research Articles

Application of a geographic information system and the method of analysis of hierarchies to assess construction sites for landfills for municipal waste in the Khabarovsk Territory

An integrated system for managing municipal solid waste at the regional level should be consistent with the goals of Russia's sustainable development. The key element of the system is the landfill. One of the most pressing issues in waste management is the choice of a suitable site for the construction of a landfill. This article presents the results of a study on the use of a geographic information system and the method of analyzing hierarchies to select a land plot for a municipal waste disposal site in the Komsomolsk cluster of the Khabarovsk Territory. Three land plots proposed by the municipal authorities for the construction of the landfill were studied using eleven evaluation factors. Evaluation factors were the population within a radius of 1.5 km, the presence of enterprises within a radius of 1.5 km, the population density in the service area, the distance to the boundaries of the settlement, the distance to the airport, the distance to water bodies, the current use of the land, the depth of the first aquifer, site slope, site area, distance to transport routes. As a result of the study, it was shown that the option of locating the MSW landfill in the Solnechny municipal district is the most preferable in terms of a set of evaluation factors. The worst option is the construction of a landfill in the vicinity of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The study showed that solving the problem of taking into account socio-economic and sanitary-environmental factors when choosing a land plot for the construction of a MSW landfill requires a practical methodology that can reduce the subjectivity of a management decision. Satisfying the need for a methodology to improve the validity of management decisions when choosing the best places for the construction of MSW landfills is possible through the use of GIS technologies and a multi-criteria decision support system.

Gases in the near-surface zone of the reclaimed Barycz municipal waste landfill – a case study from southern Poland

The formation of biogas at municipal landfills and the significant emission of greenhouse gases from these facilities into the environment were the main reasons for analyzing the molecular composition of soil gas in the near-surface zone at the reclaimed part of the Barycz municipal waste landfill. The relations between the studied components (methane, carbon dioxide, light hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon components) and impact of the magnitude of recorded concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide on their emission to the atmosphere were evaluated. Two profiles were determined, along which 41 soil and landfill gas samples were taken at 20-meter intervals. At the same time, emissions were measured at each sampling point using a static chamber with a portable fluxometer. Chromatographic analysis showed that the concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide fluctuated in the ranges: 2.1 ppm – 76 vol% and 0.04 ppm – 11 vol%, respectively. Relatively high concentrations of these gases were determined at many of the measurement points, and this was particularly evident at the A-A’ profile, indicating stronger biochemical processes in this part of the landfill, or lateral migration of methane from the neighbouring stage II of the landfill, where biogas extraction is currently taking place. In addition, significant correlations between methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen were demonstrated, indicating ongoing methane fermentation processes. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the southern part of the A-A’ profile is an optimal place to locate a degassing well from which biogas production could be used. However, the research is only preliminary and, it will be necessary to extend the soil gas tests before the final decision on the location of the well is made. Moreover, it has been shown that the concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide measured at points located outside the landfill were low. This means that generated biogas probably does not migrate beyond the boundaries of reclaimed waste landfill, but this will need to be confirmed by performing additional soil gas tests inside and outside the landfill area. The preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of the reclamation carried out was confirmed by the negligible values of the measured methane and carbon dioxide emissions on the surface.

Causes, Types and Consequences of Municipal Waste Landfill Fires—Literature Review

The amount of municipal waste produced worldwide has seen a significant increase in recent years. The need to store waste is a significant problem in the context of environmental threats and spatial development. Due to the fact that the easiest way to reduce the amount of waste is to incinerate it, and despite the fact that waste incineration plants have existed since the late 1800s, the amount of illegal waste burning and landfills has also increased. Subsurface landfill fires are particularly dangerous, as they can affect the structure of the landfill. Methane also plays an important role in fires as it is flammable and contributes to the spread of fire. In addition, the leachate from incinerated waste is much more dangerous than the leachate from waste in its natural state. The effluents from incinerated waste include heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, as well as sulphates, chlorides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Other pollutants also end up in the atmosphere. The aim of this article is to present the problem of landfill fires and their impact on air, soil, and water, based on a review of the selected documented fires as well as indicators of fires in the areas in which the authors of this article conducted their research. The article presents an overview of methods and tests, such as dynamic leaching tests, monitoring tests, and lysimetric tests, all of which can be implemented to prevent fires as well as for research purposes after a fire has occurred, so that this article can be utilitarian not only for researchers, but also for decision makers.

Разработка технологической схемы выполнения работ по определению границ загрязнения земельных участков полигонами твердых коммунальных отходов

The article is devoted to the research of approaches for monitoring the condition of land plots both occupied by MSW landfills and the ones negatively influenced by the neighboring landfills. The con-cept of a landfill of solid municipal waste (MSW) is considered. The characteristics of the negative environmental impact of municipal solid waste landfills on the state of land resources are given. Geo-analysis and geomodeling methods have been applied to plan the placement of municipal solid waste landfills, as well as to predict their negative impact. Examples of the placement of municipal solid waste landfills near settlements, as well as examples of the choice of land plots for the construction of landfills are considered. The list of optimality criteria that are used when choosing a land plot for the placement of a landfill is shown. A technological scheme of work has been compiled to determine the level and area of contamination of land plots by landfills of solid municipal waste. The stages of work are closely considered, which include: cadastral and geodetic works, as well as environmental monitoring of the state of land resources. The values of the mean square error of determining (predicting) the coordinates of the boundaries of contaminated land plots are proposed, depending on the category of land, the location of the landfill, as well as the speed of pollution propagation. The characteristics of different rates of pollution propagation, which is formed as a result of leachate ingress beyond the boundary of protective engineering structures, are given. The periodicity with which it is necessary to carry out monitoring measurements of the land pollution level is justified. The methods of coordinating the boundaries of pollution, as well as various measurement tools, are considered. The discussion touched the questions connected with waste recycling technologies and positive impact of refusal of storing SMW both on ecological state of resources and their investment and market appeal. In conclusion, it is stated that the modern concept of sustainable development of territories should be based on environmentally safe land use, the principles of which criticize the creation and operation of landfills of solid municipal waste. Existing municipal solid waste landfills should be operated using land information modeling technology, which should be based on a geoinformation model of the prospective development of the territory. This model includes the dynamics of changes in the number of residents within the boundaries of territorial entities served by a landfill of municipal solid waste.

Environmental and geological studies of anthropogenic-modified geological bodies

The paper is devoted to the results of the ecological and geochemical study of soil and ground conditions in the area of solid municipal waste (SMW) landfills in the central regions of the Republic of Crimea on the territory of the first mountain belt. In the work used as a model two sites with virtually identical composition of SMW, in similar natural and climatic conditions, but with different age of formation, which also allows to evaluate the long-term prospects of the ecological and geological state of the adjacent areas of such objects in the arid conditions of the Crimean mountains. In the work assessed the vertical and lateral migration of pollutants, the degree of influence on the adjacent territory, calculated the complex indicators of the state of individual components of the environment, carried out eluate phytotesting with cress (Lepidium sativum) and radish (Raphanus sativus), and determined the toxicity of soil and soil samples. Recommendations on the territory reclamation and applied technologies of disturbed land restoration are given.

Use of Open, Spatial and Satellite Data for the Purpose of Researching Landfills for Municipal

The present work traces the development of an illegal landfill near the town of Svoge in Bulgaria. After 2016, a waste management plan is prepared on the territory of the municipality and a decision is made to dispose of it by depositing it in a regional landfill for municipal waste in the town of Kostinbrod. The aim of the study is to trace the development of biochemical processes that took place on the territory of the former landfill and whether their impact continues to this day. Data from the Open Data Portal (https://data.egov.bg/), the National Spatial Data Portal INSPIRE (https://inspire.egov.bg/bg), satellite data and GIS, several spectral profiles and indices such as Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Tasseled Cap Transformation (TCT) were used. Composite images from the multispectral instrument (MSI) of the Sentinel 2 platform and radar (SAR) from the Sentinel 1 platform of the Copernicus program of the European Space Agency were used. The surface temperature of the landfill was calculated using the heat channels from the Landsat 5-7 (ETM) and Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 (OLI / TIRS) sensors. A combination of radar and optical data was made. Data from different seasons and years were used in order to monitor the dynamics of thermal pollution in the study area. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the territory on which the landfill is located has been made. Last but not least, the role of high-value open data in environmental monitoring has been demonstrated, which will reduce the administrative burden of making responsible decisions for each smaller municipality and will be successfully implemented in future methodologies for improving Digital twins through technical work in Destination Earth (DestinE) and information about any point, area or globally significant territories.

Groundwater and Human Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of a Municipal Waste Landfill in Tychy, Poland

Groundwater quality and human health assessment in the vicinity of landfills can be performed with the use of numerous index methods. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) and Health Risk Assessment (HRA) in the vicinity of a municipal landfill complex for monitoring data from 1995, 2003, 2010, and 2021 and in the context of average statistical data about Poles. The calculations take into account an extended range of parameters, including sulphates, chlorides, and ammonium ions. The calculation results for the Horizontal ratio indicate that it should not be used for all parameters. This was mainly reflected in the low sulfate content of the water monitored by a piezometer directly below the old landfill. Other indicators, reaching as high as around 2000 (the Nemerow Pollution Index) or approx. 18,000 (the enrichment factor), confirm the negative impact of the landfill. The Hazard Index values reached almost 700, which would indicate a high risk to human health when consuming water with similar parameters. Overall, the results illustrate that using the selected indices to assess groundwater risk can be a valuable method for supporting long-term observations of groundwater quality, which can be used to make predictions using artificial intelligence methods.

Spatial Distribution of Salmonella in Soil near Municipal Waste Landfill Site

Due to the heterogeneous origin of municipal waste, different substrates support the growth of many microorganisms, including those hazardous to humans. In consequence, landfills collecting these refuses are regarded as serious sources of infectious material contaminating the environment. In this study, we aimed to assess how waste may be related to the presence of Salmonella spp. in soil within a landfill and its surroundings. The numbers of these pathogens were estimated in soil samples collected at 17 different stands established in the municipal waste landfill of Barycz (near Kraków, Poland) and the surrounding area. The analysis showed that in all soil samples, Salmonella spp. did not exceed 270 cfu g−1 in dry soil (i.e., the active landfill sector). Salmonella spp. was found in 57% of the tested soil samples in spring, 88% in summer, 45% in autumn, and was not detected in winter. A spatial distribution visualized by graphical maps allowed determination of the influence of the active sector on the surrounding areas. The graphical maps showed the impact of seasons on the spread of Salmonella spp. in the soil near the landfill. Detection and estimation of Salmonella spp. distribution in soil within the landfill area distinctly confirms the hazardous impact of collected wastes on hygienic characteristics of the soil.

Black kites wintering in Europe: estimated number, subspecies status, and behaviour of a bird wintering on Crete and Turkey

Black kites of the nominal subspecies Milvus migrans migrans breed in Europe and winter regularly in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. As a new phenomenon, black kites with morphological characteristics of the subspecies Milvus migrans lineatus are observed in Europe. Based on observations of black kites in winter 2020/2021 summarized in this paper, based on other recent reports about wintering black kites in Europe and based on juvenile black kite tagged on Crete and tracked for two years, we conclude that hundreds to thousands of black kites are now regularly wintering in south of Europe, and in smaller numbers in other parts of Europe as well as in northern Africa. The growing number of wintering black kites in Europe is apparently caused by members of the population from a hybrid zone between M. m. migrans and M. m. lineatus breeding east of the Urals, i.e. from the area of the European part of Russia. This is consistent with the hypothesis of the spreading of M. m. lineatus and a subsequent hybridization zone between M. m. migrans and M. m. lineatus in a westerly direction from Siberia across continental Europe. Moreover, two black kites found dead on Crete were attributed to M. m. lineatus and M. m. migrans by cytochrome B gene sequence analyses. The juvenile black kite with lineatus features tagged on Crete and telemetrically tracked during the next two years moved to the south-western part of Russia during the next two summers, but did not breed. It spent the following two winters at the same landfill in south-western Turkey. It seems that an adaptation to food sources provided by municipal waste landfills is important for black kites wintering in Europe, the Middle East and Morocco. Highlights • Hundreds to thousands of black kites are now regularly wintering in Europe. • The growing number of wintering black kites is caused by birds from a hybrid zone between Milvus migrans migrans and M. m. lineatus in eastern Europe. • Municipal waste landfills are important as food sources for black kites wintering in Europe.

Environmental Impact Assessment EIA of Landfill of municipal waste in Urmia city using rapid assessment matrix method (RIAM)

سابقه و هدف: با افزایش بی­رویه جمعیت در شهر‌ها دفع ایمن پسماند یک مشکل اساسی برای این کلان­ شهرها محسوب ‌می‌شود. مسئله دفن و محل آن در انتهای مسئله دفع پسماند قرار دارد. دفن پسماند ‌معمول‌ترین روش برای دفع در جوامع شهری کشور ایران و سایر کشورهای جهان محسوب ‌می‌شود. برای همین ارزیابی اثرات زیست­ محیطی آن برای کاهش اثرات زیست­ محیطی منفی بسیار مهم است. از این رو در این مطالعه اثرات زیست­ محیطی ‌محل دفن زباله ارومیه با روش ریام مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت.مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه با استفاده از روش ریام به منظور ارزیابی اثرات زیست­ محیطی اطلاعاتی به صورت میدانی از محل دفن زباله شهرستان ارومیه جمع‌آوری شد. سپس با استفاده از روش ریام تاثیر فعالیت‌های مختلف موجود در پروژه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. همچنین عوامل مهم و تاثیرگذار توسط مجموعه‌ای از کارشناسان حوزه محیط­ زیستی در چهار بخش فیزیکی–شیمیایی، بیولوژیکی–اکولوژیکی، فرهنگی–اجتماعی و اقتصادی–عملیاتی طبقه‌بندی شده است. به هرکدام از عوامل براساس اهمیت وضعیت و ارزش زمانی امتیازدهی صورت گرفته است. طریقه امتیاز‌دهی به این صورت است که با ضرب زیر معیارهای مربوط به اهمیت وضعیت، مقدار کلی این معیار مشخص می‌شود. همچنین برای معیار ارزش موقت، زیرمعیارهای آن با هم جمع می‌شوند. پس از به دست آمدن این معیارها با ضرب این دو معیار با هم امتیاز محیط‌زیستی (ES) پروژه محاسبه می‌شود.نتایج و بحث: براساس مطالعه‌‌ای که انجام شد مشاهده شد بیشترین امتیاز منفی در صورت ادامه دفع به این روش برای اجزای بیولوژیکی-اکولوژیکی برابر 402- بوده است. همچنین کمترین امتیاز منفی از بین سایر اجزا موجود برای اجزای اقتصادی–عملیاتی برابر با 109- به ­دست ­آمده است. تنها امتیاز مثبت مربوط به اجزای اجتماعی–فرهنگی و جز امرار معاش ‌می‌باشد. همچنین امتیاز حاصل برای اجزای فیزیکی–شیمیایی 351- و برای اجزای اجتماعی–فرهنگی 114- به ­دست ­آمد. که دلایل این امتیازات منفی عدم توجه درست به حجم زباله تولید شده توسط مردم، نبود سیستم تصفیه شیرابه، عدم وجود پوشش گیاهی منطقه دفن زباله شهری، دفن غیراصولی و غیربهداشتی، فاصله حمل و ... می‌باشد. عملیات دفع با روش فعلی علاوه بر ایجاد آلودگی زیست ­محیطی، بسیار هزینه‌بر نیزمی­ باشد. بیشترین مقدار هزینه در این روش صرف حمل و نقل، نیروی انسانی و عملیات خاک‌برداری و خاک‌ریزی می‌شود. علاوه بر این هزینه‌های مالی، متاسفانه در سال‌های اخیر از بین رفتن خاک‌های کشاورزی اطراف محل دفن زباله شهری باعث مهاجرت مردم از روستاهای اطراف این محل نیز شده است. این عمل باعث ایجاد آلودگی زیادی شده و مانع تبدیل و بازیافت پسماند می‌شود.نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد اگر عملیات دفع زباله به همین صورت ادامه پیدا کند آسیب‌های محیط‌زیستی جبران ناپذیری به زیست‌بوم منطقه وارد خواهد شد. برای جلوگیری از این خسارات لازم است راهکارهای عملی ارائه شده و در بخش مدیریت تجدید نظری نسبت به ادامه این روش صورت گیرد. همچنین با توجه به نزدیکی اتمام ظرفیت محل دفن پسماند در این منطقه به دلیل پرشدن آن، پیشنهاد می‌شود در صورت اقدام به ایجاد یک محل جدید برای دفن پسماند حتما مطالعاتی از قبیل زمین‌شناسی، گیاه‌شناسی، ژئوتکنیکی و ... صورت پذیرد. همچنین به ­نظر می‌رسد ایجاد یک کارخانه بازیافت زباله در کاهش حجم زباله بسیار تاثیر­گذار خواهد بود.

Mortality and Morbidity Risk and residential exposure to municipal waste landfills in Italy: the ERAS-2 Lazio project

Background and Aim: Evidence of health effects associated with living nearby municipal waste (MW) landfills is still controversial. Nine MW landfills have been operating in the Lazio region (Central Italy) for several decades. We evaluated the potential health effects associated with contamination from MW landfills using hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentration as proxy of airborne contamination. Methods: A cohort of residents within 5 km of MW landfills was enrolled (residents on 1 January 1996 and those who subsequently moved into the areas until 2008) and followed up for mortality and hospitalizations until 31 December 2018. Assessment of exposure to the landfill (H2S as a tracer) was performed for each participant residential address at enrolment by using a Lagrangian dispersion model. The potential confounding effect of gender, age, socioeconomic position, outdoor PM10 concentration, and distance from busy roads and industries was considered. Cox regression analysis was performed [HRs, 95% CIs]. Results: The cohort included 242,409 individuals. H2S exposure was associated with mortality from non-accidental causes (HR=1.02, 95% CI 0.97-1.08), total cancer (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.98-1.07), and lung cancer (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.04-1.49) when comparing 75° percentile vs <25° percentile of H2S concentrations. We also found associations with all cause hospitalization (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.07), kidney cancer (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.18-2.39), and respiratory diseases (HR=1.06, 95% CI 1.00–1.11) when comparing 75° percentile vs <25° percentile of H2S concentrations. Conclusions: H2S Exposure was associated with non-accidental mortality and morbidity for respiratory diseases. The link with respiratory disease is plausible and coherent with previous studies, whereas the associations with cancers deserves confirmation through the study of cancer incidence.

Temporal and Spatial Variation in Odor Pollution and Membrane Barrier Effect in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill

In order to explore the source characteristics as well as the temporal and spatial variations in odor pollution in municipal waste landfills, gas samples were collected from a landfill in an eastern coastal area of China throughout winter and summer. The total concentration of malodorous substances reached 60000 μg·m-3. There were more types of odor pollutants detected in summer than in winter, the average concentration was 30-300 times higher than that in winter, and the concentration of sulfur compounds increased by 4.7-136.7 times in summer. Oxygenated compounds had the highest concentration, and the total concentration of sulfur compounds accounted for less than 10% of malodorous substances. However, sulfur compounds contributed more than 90% to the theoretical odor concentration. Sulfur compounds such as methyl mercaptan and propane mercaptan were the key odorants in the landfill. After the landfill unit was covered, the concentration of odorous substances and the theoretical odor concentration on the surface of the landfill showed an increasing trend with time, indicating that the covering had a certain odor barrier effect; however, the landfill unit still had a large odor release potential. The similarity analysis showed that the odorous gas accumulated in the unit with temporary cover and without an exhaust system could be released to the environment through the overlapping gap of the membrane and the location of membrane rupture, resulting in more serious odor pollution around the landfill at night than that during the day.

Some findings on the spatial and temporal distribution of methane emissions in landfills

The purpose of this article is to present some facts of interest for the quantification of gas emissions in active landfills obtained from a series of field campaigns in a case study landfill where spatial and temporal patterns of methane emissions were analyzed. Nine campaigns were carried out to measure diffuse surface methane emissions at an European municipal waste landfill in operation using the static flow chamber technique in different seasons over three years. Results obtained show a global annual diffuse flux of 733.26 t CH4/year for the year 2020. Certain points on the surface, where concentrations reached values above 1000 ppm, were observed during the campaigns. These points, called “hotspots”, represented only 10% of all the points measured but accounted for 73% of the total diffuse methane emissions (506 t CH4/year). Furthermore, localized emissions, such as those from landfill gas extraction wells, which were not connected to the general extraction network, were also analyzed. These localized emissions represent more than twice the total diffuse emissions measured on the surface (1500 t CH4/year). These results highlight the importance of identifying high emission points to design effective mitigation measures. Moreover, the influence of certain meteorological conditions such as atmospheric pressure, temperature or rainfall was also studied. A new particular effect has been detected regarding precipitation, which favors or hinders methane emissions depending on the volume accumulated during the previous weeks. Pressure was found to be the factor that most affects methane emission variations in the case studied, presenting a clear inverse correlation with the field data that was collected. This suggests the need to consider the meteorological fluctuations over time to calculate the field emission estimates. Correcting the annual estimation in the case studied by considering the atmospheric pressure fluctuations over the year led to a 14% change in the estimate, obtaining a final result of 836.73 t CH4/year for the total diffuse emissions.

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM GREEN WASTE ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION AT LAB-SCALE: EVOLUTION AND COMPARISON WITH LANDFILL GAS

The chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in landfill gas from municipal waste (MW) landfills primarily depends on the type of degrading waste. To provide first insights into the relationship between VOC chemistry (in landfill gas) and specific waste components, a lab-scale experiment on anaerobic digestion (AD) of green waste (GW) was carried out. The composition of the released C4+ VOCs was semi-quantitatively determined and indirectly compared to that generally expected for the overall MW landfill gas. The generated biogas from degrading GW during AD time showed up to 29 different VOCs, mainly including terpenes, followed by alkanes, alkenes, cyclics, aromatics, and halogenated compounds. O- and S-substituted compounds were sporadically detected. Overall, speciation and total concentration of VOCs fluctuated over AD time, likely due to changes in microbial populations and metabolism, as well as substrate depletion, during the AD evolution. As expected, VOC speciation in the GW biogas was lower than that of the typical MW landfill gas, since the latter is generated by a large variety of organic and synthetic waste components following different sequential degradation processes. These results highlighted that, when disposed of at MW landfill sites, the specific GW component may (i) potentially concur to the overall odour charge and toxic effects of MW landfill gas and (ii) detrimentally impact the energy exploitation of MW landfill gas by releasing terpenes, aromatics, and halogenated compounds.

ЭКОЛОГО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ВНЕДРЕНИЯ СТАНЦИИ ОЧИСТКИ СТОКОВ НА ПРОЕКТИРУЕМОМ ПОЛИГОНЕ ТВЕРДЫХ КОММУНАЛЬНЫХ ОТХОДОВ (Г. САЯНСК)

The composition of the filtrate from the solid municipal waste (MSW) landfill in Sayansk with its subsequent disposal at the Osmotics station is considered

Micro- and Macroelements Content of Plants Used for Landfill Leachate Treatment Based on Phragmites australis and Ceratophyllum demersum

One of the key problems associated with the functioning of landfills is the generation of leachate. In order to reduce their negative impact on the environment, various treatment technologies are applied. Among them, solutions based on the use of phytotechnology deserve special attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of landfill leachate on the content of micro- and macroelements in plant material. The research was carried out in four municipal waste landfills located in Poland. Emergent macrophytes (P. australis) and submergent macrophytes (C. demersum) were used in this research. The migration and distribution of pollutants reaching the roots and shoots of P. australis from water solutions were also studied. The concentrations of heavy metals in the studied plants were low in all analysed cases. Higher metal contents could often be observed in roots rather than in shoots, but these differences were insignificant. The chemical composition of the studied plant samples was primarily related to the source of origin of the treated leachate (landfill), as clearly demonstrated by cluster analysis. In the conducted studies, no important differences were noted in the accumulation of the studied components between submergent plants (C. demersum) and emergent macrophytes (P. australis).

Comparison of Physical and Chemical Composition of Leachate from Three Municipal Waste Landfills: Sarajevo, Zenica and Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Case Study

In Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), waste management is still based on the preventive disposal of waste in landfills, of which most landfills are unregulated. According to World Bank reports, BiH must deal with the improvement of waste disposal to protect the environment. The aim of this study was to review the physical and chemical composition of leachate from municipal waste landfills. The following standard physicochemical methods were used: pH, total suspended solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chlorides, and sulphates. The leachate quality test was conducted over three years at landfills in Sarajevo, Zenica and Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Based on the processed data (from the processed tables), and in comparison with the expected values of pollutants in landfills over the period of 10 years, we can conclude the following: (1) Landfill “Smiljevići” Sarajevo, in the observed period of 3 years, has a higher average value than expected; (2) Landfill “Desetina” Tuzla, in the observed period of 3 years, has a higher average value than expected; (3) Landfill “Mošćanica” Zenica, in the observed period of 3 years, has a higher average value than expected.

Study of Biogas Composition on Operational and Non-Operational Landfill Sites from Poland

An assessment of the variability of biogas components captured in an active and closed municipal waste landfill sites differing of amount deposited waste, activity period with their passive degassing, was presented in the article. The results of research did not show significant differences between components of LFG from studied landfill sites. But was confirmed that the two landfill sites including used landfill site, became at the last phase degradation of waste and advantage the anaerobic processes at the low value below 0.02 of CH4/O2 indicator. It was demonstrated by the very low average methane content below 1%, and significant higher of oxygen above 19%. This confirm that only way of biogas utilization is to burn it in flare on the landfill sites.

Effects of thermal modification on the separation of clay-containing waste slurries

This paper summarizes the results of studies on the use of thermal modification in the separation of slurries of clay-containing ores. It is currently vital to minimize the environmental footprint of tailings storage facilities of mining and processing enterprises and municipal waste landfills handling liquid wastes and to ensure their respective sanitary and epidemiological safety. The main liquid waste management problems are due to high process water consumption, high energy costs for dewatering and drying of concentrates, caking and congelation of concentrates, complexity and environmental hazards of storing wet waste (tailings), unsuitable for use as mine backfill material, as well as the use of inefficient TSF liner systems with potential soil and effluent contamination risks. This article considers the properties of clay-containing slurries, coal tailings, and halitic potash flotation tailings. It is shown that heat treatment improves waste slurry separation. For dry kaolin separation tailings, heat treatment at 200–400 °C significantly reduces tailings plasticity and fluidity, weakening soil interparticle cohesion and facilitating larger internal friction angles of the particles. The resulting data is used to analyze the potential applications of clay-containing ore processing wastes as a replacement for cement and lime in soil stabilization, land improvement, and mine reclamation, or as components in liner systems of municipal solid waste landfills.This study was carried out under the grant issued by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 19-79-10114).

Comparative Study of Different Production Methods of Activated Carbon Cathodic Electrodes in Single Chamber MFC Treating Municipal Landfill Leachate

The treatment of real waste extracts with simultaneous energy production is currently under research. One method of addressing this dual task is using biochemical reactors named microbial fuel cells (MFCs). MFCs consist of a bioanode and a cathode where the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurs. Cathodes are currently under optimization regarding the nature of their support, their catalytic efficiency and their configurations. In this work, we present facile preparation methods for the production of activated carbon ceramic-supported cathodic electrodes produced with three different techniques (wash-coat, brush-coat, and ultrasound-assisted deposition/infiltration). The produced cathodic electrodes were tested in a single-chamber MFC, filled with the concentrated liquid residue, after the reverse osmosis (RO-CLR) treatment of leachate from a municipal waste landfill, in order to exploit their electrochemical potential for simultaneous waste treatment and energy production. The electrode produced utilizing 20 kHz ultrasounds proved to be more effective in terms of energy harvesting (10.7 mW/g·L of leachate) and wastewater treatment (COD removal 85%). Internal resistances of the ultrasound-produced electrodes are lower, as compared to the other two methods, opening new exploitation pathways in the use of ultrasound as a means in producing electrodes for microbial fuel cells.