Mung Bean Seedlings Research Articles

Comparison of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) accumulation and toxicity in mung bean

With the regulation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) has been used as a potential PFOS alternative in electroplating. In this study, the uptake, translocation and phytotoxicity of PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA in mung bean (Vigna radiata (Linn.) Wilczek.) were investigated. The uptake kinetics of PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA fit the Michaelis-Menten equation well, suggesting that the uptake is a carrier-mediated process. The root concentration factor (RCF) of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (34.55 mL g−1 dw) was 1.27 times that of PFOS (27.11 mL g−1 dw), and the translocation factor (TF) of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (0.177) was 1.07 times that of PFOS (0.165). Exposure to 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS both resulted in the inhibition of mung bean seedling development. Treatment with 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS led to the concentration-dependent elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl groups, and phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) levels in mung bean roots. The MDA and carbonyl group contents induced by 6:2 Cl-PFESA were 1.10–1.35 and 1.03–1.14 times, respectively, those of PFOS. The hydroxyl free radical (·OH) levels in mung bean roots after exposure to PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were elevated significantly, and the ·OH levels induced by 6:2 Cl-PFESA were higher than those induced by PFOS. Hydroxyl free radical levels were positively correlated with the MDA and carbonyl group contents in mung bean roots (p < 0.05). The dynamic changes in some antioxidative enzyme activities in mung bean seedlings were determined, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The results demonstrated the phytotoxicities of 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS to mung bean in the early developmental stage. 6:2 Cl-PFESA is more harmful to mung beans than PFOS. The production of hydroxyl radical is the mechanism that causes the toxicity of PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA toward plants.

Strigolactone analog (rac-GR24) enhances chilling tolerance in mung bean seedlings

Phytohormones, such as strigolactones, can ameliorate abiotic stress by regulating and augmenting physiological processes tailored towards stress tolerance. We investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] seedlings to treatments with different doses (0, 1, and 10 μM) of rac-GR24, a synthetic strigolactone analog, and subjected them to chilling stress. The results show that GR24 inhibited the chilling-induced decrease in photosystem II quantum efficiencies and yield while also limiting superoxide anion and H2O2 accumulation in the seedlings. Additionally, GR24 significantly lowered lipid peroxidation levels, although total antioxidant capacities were not significantly affected while radical scavenging activity and phenolic contents were diminished. Chilling-induced dehydration and disruption of water status were ameliorated by GR24 treatment via increased proline content, by 1 μM GR24 concentration, and soluble sugar accumulation. The activities of lipoxygenase and phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase) were significantly increased by 10 μM GR24 treatment in mung bean seedlings under chilling stress. Our findings provide direct evidence for strigolactone-mediated enhancement of chilling tolerance in mung bean seedlings.

Physiological insights into sulfate and selenium interaction to improve drought tolerance in mung bean

The present study involved two pot experiments to investigate the response of mung bean to the individual or combined SO42− and selenate application under drought stress. A marked increment in biomass and NPK accumulation was recorded in mung bean seedlings fertilized with various SO42− sources, except for CuSO4. Compared to other SO42− fertilizers, ZnSO4 application resulted in the highest increase in growth attributes and shoot nutrient content. Further, the combined S and Se application (S + Se) significantly enhanced relative water content (16%), SPAD value (72%), photosynthetic rate (80%) and activities of catalase (79%), guaiacol peroxidase (53%) and superoxide dismutase (58%) in the leaves of water-stressed mung bean plants. Consequently, the grain yield of mung bean was markedly increased by 105% under water stress conditions. Furthermore, S + Se application considerably increased the concentrations of P (47%), K (75%), S (80%), Zn (160%), and Fe (15%) in mung bean seeds under drought stress conditions. These findings indicate that S + Se application potentially increases the nutritional quality of grain legumes by stimulating photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidative machinery under water deficit conditions. Our results could provide the basis for further experiments on cross-talk between S and Se regulatory pathways to improve the nutritional quality of food crops.

Alleviative effects of nitric oxide on Vigna radiata seedlings under acidic rain stress.

Although nitric oxide (NO) is a key regulatory molecule in plants, its function in plants under conditions of simulated acid rain (SAR) has not been fully established yet. In this study, exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at three different concentrations were applied to mung bean seedlings. Malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), antioxidant enzyme activities, and nitrate reductases (NR) were measured. Real time PCR was used to measure the NR expression. Compared to the control, the NR activity and NO content under the pH 2 SAR decreased by 79% and 85.6% respectively. Meanwhile, the SAR treatment reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), while increased MDA content. Application of SNP could potentially reverse the adverse impact of SAR, depending on its concentration. For plants under the pH 2 SAR and 0.25mM SNP condition, the activities of SOD, POD, APX increased by 123%, 291%, and 135.7% respectively, meanwhile, MDA concentration decreased by 43%, NR activities increased by 269%, and NO concentration increased by 123.6% compared with plants undergoing only pH 2 SAR. The relative expression of the NR1 gene was 2.69 times higher than that of pH 2 SAR alone. Overall, the application of 0.25mM SNP eliminated reactive oxygen species (ROS) by stimulating antioxidant enzyme activities, reducing oxidative stress and mitigating the toxic effects of SAR on mung bean seedlings. This research provides a foundation for further research on the mechanism of NO on plants under SAR conditions.

Aspergillus awamori ameliorates the physicochemical characteristics and mineral profile of mung bean under salt stress

BackgroundIn the list of abiotic stresses, salt stress is a main growth retarding factor which affects 7% of rain-fed while 30% worldwide irrigated agriculture. However, various strategies are assumed to manage this problem, but the use of endophytes is cheap and eco-friendly. The goal of this study was to evaluate the behavior of endophytic Aspergillus awamori (EWF) in creating salt tolerance in mung bean in terms of its seedling growth, biochemical indices, antioxidant enzymes, endogenous IAA, and ionic status of the plant.ResultsThe results revealed that the 150 mM of NaCl reduced seedling growth (seedlings’ weight and length; leaves number), chlorophyll contents, and IAA. On the other hand, proline, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannin, lipid peroxidation, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were increased. Inoculation of EWF had promoted the mung bean growth under all tested conditions. EWF enhanced the biomass and IAA contents of the mung bean plants under salt stress. Moreover, EWF-associated mung bean seedlings exhibited low accumulation of stress markers, and Cl, Na, Na/K, and Ca/K ratio, whereas higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, N, and P in mung bean seedlings.ConclusionThe results provided a sustainable approach in using endophytic EWF under salt stress, thus concluded that this fungus can be very handy in mung bean as well as other important crop production in saline areas.

Iron (Fe3+)-mediated redox responses and amelioration of oxidative stress in cadmium (Cd2+) stressed mung bean seedlings: a biochemical and computational analysis

Iron (Fe3+)-mediated redox responses and amelioration of oxidative stress in cadmium (Cd2+) stressed mung bean seedlings: a biochemical and computational analysis

Seaweed liquid extracts induce hormetic growth responses in mung bean plants

Hormesis is a dose–response phenomenon that is characterized by stimulation at low doses and inhibition at high doses. Extensive evidence has accumulated showing the occurrence of hormesis in numerous plant species independent of physicochemical agents, and this phenomenon has become a target for achieving greater crop productivity. Biostimulants (i.e., elicitors) are agents that activate adaptive responses, moderately stimulate biological performance and aid plants in tolerating stress when applied at low doses that fall within the stimulatory zone of a dose–response curve. Biostimulants based on seaweed liquid extracts (SLEs) are widely known to exert great benefits in plants at very low doses. However, the consequences to plants when SLEs are applied at high doses remain underexplored. A dose–response study was performed on mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings by applying a wide range of SLE doses to evaluate growth stimulation patterns. While the application of SLEs at high concentrations mostly caused a decrease in various morphological parameters, the application of SLEs at low concentrations stimulated some of these. Nevertheless, common features of SLE stimulation were present. Mung bean shoot length, root length, and dry weight responded to the SLE concentrations in a hormetic manner. A biphasic dose–response confirmed the relationships between SLE dose and mung bean plant growth parameters, which were due to the properties of the constituents of the SLE of each seaweed species. The SLE growth stimulation pattern found in this study will contribute to the establishment of safe application doses. This paper provides a strong foundation for enhancing the research protocols of studies on the effects of SLEs on plant growth and supports incorporating hormesis into risk assessment practices in agriculture.

Effect of cadmium stress on seed germination, plant growth and hydrolyzing enzymes activities in mungbean seedlings

Abstract: Both protein and starch hydrolysis contribute to the effective mobilization of seed reserves to trigger seed germination. We studied the activities of hydrolytic enzymes in germinating seeds of mung bean (Vigna radiata) exposed to cadmium stress at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg.L-1. Exposure to Cd stress decreased the seed germination rate and early seedling growth traits, including root and shoot length and plant fresh and dry biomass compared to control. The adverse effects of Cd were more prominent in terms of shoot length than root length. Seedling α-amylase and protease activities exhibited significant reductions with increasing Cd dose. We also recorded Cd-induced reduction in total soluble proteins and sugars while the concentration of free amino acids exhibited an increase. Above all, a decrease in the hydrolysis process of reserve carbohydrates, proteins and impaired reserve translocation contributed to the inhibition of seedlings’ germination and early growth traits.

Abscisic acid modulates differential physiological and biochemical responses of roots, stems, and leaves in mung bean seedlings to cadmium stress.

Experiments were conducted to determine how exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) mediates the tolerance of plants to cadmium (Cd) exposure. Cd stress strongly reduced all the growth parameters of mung bean seedlings. Cd significantly increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities in roots and stems, and peroxidase (POD) activities in roots, stems, and leaves of mung bean seedlings. Cd caused remarkable increases in the levels of leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid, root polyphenols, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline in the three organs. However, Cd greatly decreased leaf CAT activity, root and leaf ascorbic acid (AsA) levels, and stem and leaf polyphenol levels. Foliar application of ABA partially alleviated Cd toxicity on the seedlings. ABA could restore most of the changed biochemical parameters caused by Cd, suggesting that ABA played roles in the protection of membrane lipid peroxidation and the modulation of antioxidative defense systems in response to Cd stress. Our results also implied the differential physiological and biochemical responsive patterns of roots, stems, and leaves to Cd and ABA in mung bean seedlings. The great changes in many biochemical parameters in roots suggested that roots were the first to be affected by Cd and play pivotal roles in response to Cd, especially in chelating Cd and reducing Cd absorption.

Genotoxicity of Heavy Metals on Mung Bean (&lt;i&gt;Vigna radiata&lt;/i&gt;) Seedlings and Its Alleviation by Priming with Their Lower Concentrations

Genotoxicity of Heavy Metals on Mung Bean (&lt;i&gt;Vigna radiata&lt;/i&gt;) Seedlings and Its Alleviation by Priming with Their Lower Concentrations

Transcriptome analysis provides molecular evidences for growth and adaptation of plant roots in cadimium-contaminated environments

Cadmium (Cd) is a detrimental element that can be toxic to plants. The physiological and biochemical responses of plants to Cd stress have been extensively studied, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The present study showed that Cd severely inhibited the growth of roots and shoots and reduced plant biomass of mung bean seedlings. To further investigate the gene profiles and molecular processes in response Cd stress, transcriptome analyses of mung bean roots exposed to 100 μM Cd for 1, 5, and 9 days were performed. Cd treatment significantly decreased global gene expression levels at 5 and 9 d compared with the control. A total of 6737, 10279, and 9672 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the 1-, 5-, and 9-day Cd-treated root tissues compared with the controls, respectively. Based on the analysis of DEG function annotation and enrichment, a pattern of mung bean roots response to Cd stress was proposed. The processes detoxification and antioxidative defense were involved in the early response of mung bean roots to Cd. Cd stress downregulated the expressions of a series of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, cell division, DNA replication and repair, and photosynthesis, while genes involved in signal transduction and regulation, transporters, secondary metabolisms, defense systems, and mitochondrial processes were upregulated in response to Cd, which might be contributed to the improvement of plant tolerance. Our results provide some novel insights into the molecular processes for growth and adaption of mung bean roots in response to Cd and many candidate genes for further biotechnological manipulations to improve plant tolerance to heavy metals.

Trichoderma virens-Tv4 enhances growth promoter and plant defense-related enzymes of mungbean (Vigna radiata) against soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani

Abstract. Inayati A, Sulistyowati L, Aini LQ, Yusnawan E. 2020. Trichoderma virens-Tv4 enhances growth promoter and plant defense-related enzymes of mungbean (Vigna radiata) against soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Biodiversitas 21: 2410-2419. Trichoderma virens has been studied for its ability to control various soil-borne pathogens as well as to induce plant resistance. The ability of T. virens control R. solani and its capability to induce resistance was evaluated in two different genotypes of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek). Plant growth-promoting capability and production of plant defense-related enzymes during plant-pathogen-Trichoderma interaction were investigated. Pathogen infection caused the morphological and biochemical changes as well as increased plant defense enzymes activity such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, PAL, phenolics, and flavonoid compared to control uninoculated plants. T. virens improved mungbean seedling growth in terms of increased total biomass, root weight, and root length as well as improved chlorophyll content and IAA-synthase from leaves and roots. T. virens treatment alone or in the presence of pathogen-induced mungbean defense-related enzymes indicated by the increasing of PO and PPO activity, and higher accumulation of total phenolic and flavonoid content. Although most of plant induced resistance parameters showed low and non-significant in direct single-factor comparison, Pearson’s correlation showed there was a positive correlation between plant growth promoter compounds (IAA and chlorophyll) with plant defense-related enzymes (total phenol, and flavonoid content). T. virens treatment can induce systemic defense response of mungbean seedling directly by increasing the activity of some defense-related enzymes, and indirectly by improving plant health, and promoting plant growth. In conclusion, T. virens-Tv4 has potential to be developed as bio-control agents to control R. solani as well as to induce mungbean resistance.

Phytotoxicity of Arsenite on Early Seedling Growth of Mung Bean: A Threat to Potential Pulse Cultivation

Arsenic toxicity has gained at present an alarming global importance. Pulse crop is very sensitive to arsenic contaminated groundwater. In order to determine the phytotoxicity, effects of Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) on seed germination and early development of Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek cv. B-105) seedlings were investigated. Sodium arsenite had a toxic effect and posed a stress over germination parameters and early growth of mungbean seedlings. Considerable reduction in seed germination percentage and seedling vigour index was recorded due to arsenite. Sodium arsenite inhibited growth at very small concentrations such as 0.5µM. With the increase in concentration of sodium arsenite (0.5µM, 1µM, 2µM), significant decrease in seedling length i.e., shoot length and root length was observed. Arsenite was found to be more toxic for root growth than for shoot growth. Decrease in primary leaf area was also observed with increase in concentration of sodium arsenite. Number of stomata decreased and hence, reduction in stomatal density and stomatal index was also observed. Fresh weight and dry weight also reduced appreciably in the arsenite stressed seedlings. Treatment with 2µM concentration proved to be the most sensitive concentration for arsenite application by giving least values for seedling length and seedling vigour index.

Structural and functional characterizations of mung bean mitochondrial nucleoids.

Mitochondrial nucleoids isolated from mung bean seedlings exhibited a chromatin-like structure associated with a membrane component. A similar structure, which underwent discrete changes during cotyledon development, was identified in situ. Isolated nucleoids consisted of essentially the same phospholipids, including cardiolipin, as whole mitochondria and proteins of inner- and outer-mitochondrial-membrane origin. Actin was consistently found with mitochondrial nucleoids prepared with different detergent concentrations. Formaldehyde cross-linking of cytochalasin B- and proteinase K-treated mitochondria further revealed that actin was associated with DNA in nucleoids. Mitochondrial nucleoids were self-sufficient in directing DNA synthesis in vitro in a pattern mimicking mtDNA synthesis in isolated mitochondria. In pulse-field gel electrophoresis, newly synthesized mtDNA separated into two major components, well-bound and fast-moving forms. Nucleoids DNA synthesis was resistant to aphidicolin but sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, which indicates that a γ-type DNA polymerase was responsible for this activity. Mitochondrial nucleoids were capable of self-directed RNA transcription in a non-random fashion in vitro. Consistent with and complementary to results from fungi and human cells done mostly in situ, our present work helps to establish the important paradigm that mitochondrial nucleoids in eukaryotes are more than mere mtDNA compaction and segregation entities but are centers of mtDNA maintenance and expression.

Hydrogen-rich water promotes elongation of hypocotyls and roots in plants through mediating the level of endogenous gibberellin and auxin.

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of the hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on the vegetable growth, and explore the possibility of applying HRW for protected cultivation of vegetables. Results showed that compared with control, HRW treatment significantly promoted fresh weight, hypocotyl length and root length of mung bean seedlings. The strongest stimulation was observed for 480 μM H2 (60% of saturated HRW concentration) treatment. This concentration was used in the following experiments. The enhanced cell elongation was correlated with the changes in the level of endogenous phytohormones. In the dark-grown hypocotyls and roots of mung bean seedlings, HRW significantly increased the content of IAA and GA3. Addition of GA3 enhanced the hypocotyl elongation only. uniconazole, an inhibitor of GA3 biosynthesis, inhibited HRW-induced hypocotyl elongation, but did not affect root elongation. Exogenous application of IAA promoted HRW effects on elongation of both the hypocotyl and the root, while the IAA biosynthesis inhibitor TIBA negated the above affects. The general nature of HRW-induced growth-promoting effects was further confirmed in experiments involving cucumber and radish seedlings. Taken together, HRW treatment promoted growth of seedlings, by stimulating elongation of hypocotyl and root cells, via HRW-induced increase in GA and IAA content in the hypocotyl and the root respectively.

Phân lập và tuyển chọn vi khuẩn Pseudomonas có khả năng đối kháng in vitro với nấm Fusarium solani và Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

The results of isolation and purification showed that 56 rhizobacterial strains of Pseudomonas were collected. Among 56 purified strains of Pseudomonas, nine strains including VLND-0101, VLND-0301, VLND-0901, VLND-0501, VLND-1203, CTND-0301, CTND-0501, CTND-0104, CTND-0902 had high antagonistic efficacy to Fusarium, with the efficacy value at approximately 28.34-60.00%. Next, among nine Pseudomonas strains, four strains including VLND-1203, CTND-0301, CTND-0501, CTND-0902 highly antagonized against Colletotrichum, with efficacy at approximately 48.34-61.77%. Among four Pseudomonas strains, root length and shoot height of mungbean seedlings after treating CTND-0501 were highest, significantly different to other treatments. Besides, quantity of sideroots, fresh weight of root and shoot at 5 days after treating CTND-0501 statistically differed to others. Result of identification showed that the strain of CTND-0501 was Pseudomonas mosselii.

Improvisation of salinity stress response in mung bean through solid matrix priming with normal and nano-sized chitosan

Nano particles open up a new avenue in crop science because of their unique physicochemical properties. Chitosan is preferred as priming agent in nano-form due to its biodegradability and non toxicity. Prepared nano-chitosan was characterized by Dynamic light scattering study, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study and scanning electron microscopy. In present study the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses with an emphasis on several oxidative stress markers like proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents of mung bean seedlings to 0, 4 and 8 dS/m salt stress conditions after Solid Matrix Priming (SMP) using the elicitors like nano-chitosan, chitosan and water were studied. The activities of different antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase and oxidative stress markers like proline, H2O2 and MDA increased considerably over water control in accordance with salt stress gradient. However, SMP with nano-chitosan showed significant improvement showing reduction in H2O2 and MDA contents over control leading to the better growth, increased chlorophyll content and metabolism. Thus, our study shows that SMP with both normal and nano sized chitosan will be able to overcome the adverse effect of salt stress in mung bean seedlings allowing the activation of their defense mechanisms for better protection against salt stress.

Selecting extraction conditions for the production of liquid biostimulants from the freshwater macroalga Oedogonium intermedium

Liquid biostimulants made from macroalgae have traditionally been based on the processing of brown seaweeds collected from the wild. In this study, liquid extracts were produced from the freshwater green macroalga Oedogonium intermedium, cultivated in a land-based system. The first part of the study was aimed at selecting extraction conditions to maximize the liquid yield and the recovery of soluble solids from Oedogonium biomass, which resulted in the selection of a biomass-to-solvent ratio of 5% (w/v), an extraction time of 4 h, and a temperature of 70 °C. These extraction conditions were used in the second part of the study to assess the effect of extraction solvent, across the whole pH range, on root growth of tomato and mung bean seedlings. Root growth of tomato seedlings was highest for the acid extract prepared with 0.05 M HCl, and the alkali extract prepared with 0.01 M KOH. Therefore, these two extracts were further tested in a mung bean assay to determine their auxin-like activity, and were also analyzed to determine their elemental and hormone profiles. The selected acid and alkali extracts, at concentrations of 10% and 2–10% (v/v), respectively, had an auxin-like activity equivalent to 5 × 10−5 M indole-3-butyric acid, with the alkali extract having the highest concentration of auxins (120 ng IAA g−1 dry weight). This study highlights the potential of O. intermedium for the production of liquid extracts with biostimulant activity.

Laser Irradiation of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) at Two Wavelengths for Enhanced Seedling Development

Two laser sources operating at wavelengths of 632.8 nm (He-Ne) and 488 nm (Ar+) are used in examining the effects of coherent, low-power, continuous wave exposure on the development of Vigna radiata L. Presowing laser irradiation of seeds leads to an improvement of mung bean seedling characteristics, with increased values of hypocotyl length (an increase of up to 22.5%), root length (an increase of up to 28.8%), and seedling mass (a maximum increase of 29.2%). Measured parameters between seedlings from laser-irradiated seeds and from control samples are statistically different at a level of significance equal to 0.05. For both laser wavelengths, an optimal exposure time of 2 minutes is determined for enhanced growth of mung bean seedlings.

Transcriptome Characterization of Gene Profiling During Early Stage of Nitric Oxide-Induced Adventitious Rooting in Mung Bean Seedlings

Nitric oxide (NO) functions as a signaling molecule modulating diverse developmental and physiological processes in plants. NO was recently shown to strongly induce the formation of adventitious roots in plants. A transcriptome analysis was performed using RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR technologies to obtain further insights into the gene expression profile underlying NO-induced adventitious rooting. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a widely used NO donor, significantly up-regulated the GO terms and pathways oxidoreductase activity, wounding response, water deprivation response, microtubule-based process, cell cycle, cell wall synthesis, photosynthesis, hydrolase activity at the root induction stage, response to stress, cell wall loosening and biogenesis, ethylene signaling at the root initiation stage. In total, 2582 and 2588 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, fold change ≥ 2) were selected in plants receiving the 6- and 24-h SNP treatments, respectively. The analysis of the most highly differentially expressed genes (RPKM ≥ 10 and fold change ≥ 2) shows that NO significantly regulated the expression of genes involved in nitrogen compound response, stress response, oxidative stress response, cell wall modification, signal transduction, protein processing, secondary metabolism, metabolic processes, and transcription factors (TFs), as well as plant hormone signaling. Notably, the expression of a large number of genes encoding peroxidase (POD) isoforms was significantly differentially regulated by SNP. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results indicated that NO significantly up-regulated the expression of several genes with known functions in pathways such as auxin signaling and stress response, as well as TF genes, at the root induction and initiation stages. The evidence obtained implies that NO up-regulated the expression of genes that are involved in the key cellular processes leading to the root formation.