Mung Bean Seedlings Research Articles

Transcriptome profiling provides new insights into ABA-mediated genes and pathways in leaves, stems, and roots of mung bean seedlings

Transcriptome profiling provides new insights into ABA-mediated genes and pathways in leaves, stems, and roots of mung bean seedlings

Hormesis and other non-monotonic growth responses in mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings treated with seaweed liquid extracts

Hormesis and other non-monotonic growth responses in mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings treated with seaweed liquid extracts

Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) Treated with Magnesium Nanoparticles and Its Impact on Soilborne Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum in Clay Soil.

The nanotechnology revolution is developing daily all over the world. Soil-borne fungi cause a significant yield loss in mung beans. Our study was performed to identify the impact of different concentrations of MgO nanoparticles (MgONPs) and to assess the prevalence of Fusarium solani (F. solani) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) in mung bean plants under in vivo conditions and, subsequently, the remaining impacts on soil health. In vitro studies revealed that MgONPs could inhibit fungal growth. Mung bean plants treated with MgONPs showed a promotion in growth. The obtained MgONPs were applied to the roots of 14-day-old mung bean plants at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The application of MgONPs at a concentration of 100 µg/mL caused an increase in mung bean seedlings. Compared to the control treated with water, plants exposed to MgONPs at 100 µg/mL showed improvements (p < 0.05) in shoot fresh weight (28.62%), shoot dry weight (85.18%), shoot length (45.83%), root fresh weight (38.88%), root dry weight (33.33%), root length (98.46%), and root nodule (70.75%). In the greenhouse, the severity of disease caused by F. solani decreased from approximately 44% to 25% and that by F. oxysporum from 39% to 11.4%, respectively. The results of this study confirm that the temporal growth of the soil microbial biomass was partially reduced or boosted following the nanoparticle drenching addition and/or plant infections at higher concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL while there was no significant decrease at the lowest concentration (25 µg/mL). The current research helps us to better understand how nanoparticles might be used to prevent a variety of fungal diseases in agricultural fields while avoiding the creation of environmental hazards to soil health.

Efficacy of a multi-dentate Schiff base and its vanadyl complex on various morphological and biochemical parameters of Vigna radiata L.

A N2O2 donor Schiff base polydentate ligand was synthesized by the condensation of benzidine and benzil in ethanolic medium. The formed ligand was condensed further with VOSO4.xH2O to get the corresponding vanadyl complex. Both the ligand and the complex were characterized by spectroscopic and elemental analyses. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) was selected as a plant material. Various morphological and biochemical parameters, e.g. leaf senescence assay, chlorophyll content, and different reactive oxygen species (ROS) were estimated and were compared to those with ammonium vanadate. Outcomes of the experiments revealed that the Schiff base complex has less toxic effects than ammonium vanadate on mung bean seedlings and provide better tolerance to vanadium toxicity. Though different stress marker and ROS accumulation were less and minimum pigment damage was noticed in the Schiff base complex-treated seedlings but the optimum positive impact largely depends on the dose. Beyond certain concentration, the complex may show inhibitory effects on the plants. Therefore, the present study revealed that heavy metal Schiff base complexes can be used as potential supplement to meet up micronutrient deficiency and at the same time such complexes can minimize the toxicity generated by application of different heavy metals.

Plant Growth Promoting Activity of Paenibacillus alvei WW001 and its antagonistic effects against Phytopathogenic Bacteria

A bacterium strain with nebular growth pattern was isolated from a rice field and was identified as Paenibacillus alvei WW001. The isolate exhibited several plant-growth promoting activities including solubilization of tri-calcium phosphate at 1,152.9 μg/ml after 6 days of cultivation and production of indole acetic acid (IAA) which reached the maximum concentration of 5.1 μg/ml after 4 days of cultivation in nitrogen free medium supplemented with L-tryptophan. In addition, high production of ammonia and siderophore was detected on day 7 of cultivation (1.7 μmol/ml and 60% siderophore units respectively). Gibberellic acid production from a dayold culture in LB broth was quantified to be 79.6 μg/ml. Strain WW001 also displayed an ACC deaminase activity, albeit at a low level. Its cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) showed antimicrobial activity against bacterial phytopathogen; Pectobacterium carotovorum DoA 263, Xanthomonas campestris DoA 1869 and X. axonopodis at 40, 1280 and 1280 Arbitrary Unit (AU)/ml respectively. Tricine SDSPAGE analysis revealed a 3-kDa peptide associated with the observed inhibitory effect. Treating mung bean seedlings (n=30) with strain WW001 only or mixture of strain WW001 and X. campestris resulted in longer roots and higher total dry weights. Collectively, both in vitro and in vivo results attested that P. alvei WW001 is an efficient plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) with a potent activity against bacterial phytopathogen.

Elicitation of isoflavonoids in Colombian edible legume plants with jasmonates and structurally related compounds

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), soybean (Glycine max L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA); then, dose-response and time-course experiments were carried out. Isoflavonoid composition was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. As a result of MeJA induction, all leguminous plants increase the amount of isoflavonoids, at levels that depend on the concentration of the elicitor and the time after induction. However, the application of MeJA in concentrations higher than 2.22 mM showed deleterious effects on seedlings and strong decreases in the concentration of isoflavonoids. In addition, a series of compounds structurally related to MeJA, such as jasmonic acid, cis-jasmone, coronatine, and indanoyl derivatives, were evaluated as elicitors. The results show that coronatine and the indanoyl-amino acids conjugates displayed a significant elicitor effect of isoflavonoids in common bean (cvs. Cargamanto Mocho and Corpoica LAS 106) and soybean (cv. Soyica P-34) seedlings, even higher than that found with the recognized elicitors, benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (acibenzolar S-methyl) and benzo-(1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid (acibenzolar acid). Leguminous plants can be treated with jasmonates and indanoyl derivatives to increase levels of bioactive isoflavonoids and consequently improve biological and functional properties and resistance against pests.

Performance analysis of Pseudomonas sp. strain SA3 in naphthalene degradation using phytotoxicity and microcosm studies.

The present study is aimed to develop a microbial system for efficient naphthalene bioremediation. A phytotoxicity study was carried out to check the naphthalene detoxification efficiency of Pseudomonas sp. strain SA3 in mung bean (Vigna radiata). For this, administration of the degraded product (supernatant) of 500 mg L-1 naphthalene by Pseudomonas sp. strain SA3 was studied on V. radiata till 168 h. The growth parameters of mung bean seedlings exposed to treated naphthalene solution were statistically similar to distilled water but a twofold decrease when exposed to untreated naphthalene solution. Further, through the soil microcosm study, the naphthalene degradation by pure colonies of Pseudomonas sp. strain SA3 was 6.8% higher as compared to when the natural microflora was mixed with Pseudomonas sp. strain SA3. Further naphthalene degradation by a microcosm model revealed that with an increased concentration of glucose, the carbon dioxide trap rate decreases.

Hybrid-Plasma, a Newly Formed Environment for Growing Plants without Soil or Water

Introduction: We have discovered a new form of Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) that is produced without added external energy. This Hybrid-Plasma (HP) is a mixture of water and gas whose formation is dependent on a purely passive process. Methods: In the present study we exposed developing Mung bean seedlings (n=10) to HP in an enclosed compartment without water or soil for 7 days. An equal number of age paired seedlings were grown hydroponically for comparison. Seedlings were then removed from the HP and grown hydroponically for another week. Results: Over the initial test period, the seedlings grown in the HP showed significantly diminished growth of stem length and leaves were under-developed compared to the hydroponically grown controls (p&lt;0.05). When the seedlings in HP were placed in the hydroponic environment for another week, leaf growth resumed but was markedly diminished compared to its age paired partner. Conclusion: Seedlings exposed to HP for a week exhibited growth, albeit diminished, compared to its age paired partner. These findings suggest hybrid plasma has anti-aging properties.

Cd stress alleviation in mung-bean seedlings with biogenic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as ecofriendly remediation agents

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized using an environmentally friendly method via A. niger fermentation broth, and the negative effects of Cd on mung bean seedlings were alleviated by them through ion exchange and chelation mechanisms.

Study of Major Isoflavones in Mungbean Seedlings with Special Emphasis on Its Enhanced Antioxidant Activity After Solid Matrix Priming with Selected Elicitors Including Nano-Chitosan Under Salinity Stress

Study of Major Isoflavones in Mungbean Seedlings with Special Emphasis on Its Enhanced Antioxidant Activity After Solid Matrix Priming with Selected Elicitors Including Nano-Chitosan Under Salinity Stress

EVALUATION OF THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF SEEDS AND SPROUTS OF MUNG BEAN AND CHICKPEA

Microbial contamination and enzymatic activity of beans and seedlings of mung bean (Vigna radiate) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as well as the derived proteinrich concentrates were estimated. Using germinated legume feedstock, test samples&#x0D; of dry concentrates for beverages were produced and stability of their microbiological parameters in the course of storage at diverse temperature regimes was demonstrated. The obtained data may find use in elaboration of technology for manufacturing&#x0D; concentrated proteinaceous products from leguminous substrates to be further incorporated into novel healthy foodstuff formulas.

Screening and optimization of indole-3-acetic acid production by bacterial strain isolated from rice rhizosphere and its effects on plant growth

The present study deals with the isolation of plant growth-promoting bacterial strains from rhizospheric soil collected from a rice field of Purba Bardhaman District, West Bengal, India. Among the isolated five strains, A5 was the best-performing strain as it had, plant growth promoting traits like, production of indole‑3‑acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, hydrogen cyanide and exopolysaccharides, ammonia, phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation etc. Strain A5, identified as Bacillus xiamensis by phenotypic characters and 16S rDNA sequence-based homology, was able to produce a copious amount of IAA, particularly in the case of 42‑h culture with 1.5% L‑tryptophan as a precursor. Media optimization with different carbon and nitrogen sources was conducted for maximum production of IAA. Strain A5 used fructose and casamino acid most efficiently as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Growth parameters were increased in A5‑treated seedlings of mung bean compared to control seedlings. Considering the observed traits, strain A5 can definitely be considered as a novel plant growth-promoting bacterial strain that may serve very well as a biofertilizer in agricultural fields.

Acclimation of cadmium-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mung bean seedlings by priming effect of phytohormones and proline.

In this research, eight local mung bean (Vigna radiata) varieties were analyzed for their performance against two levels of CdCl2 solution (0.3 and 0.5 mM) alone and priming with gibberellic acid (GA3) (100 μM), salicylic acid (SA) (50 μM) and proline (5 mM) solution prior to Cd exposure. Mung bean seedlings were analyzed for disturbance in cytological, morphological, biochemical and enzymatic parameters under cadmium stress. For cytological studies, 48 h grown mung bean seedlings root tips were used to prepare slides and studied for percent mitotic index (MI%) and to calculate percent C-mitosis, laggard, sticky and fragmented chromosomes, pictures were captured by a Nikon camera (DS-Fi 1 Japan) attached with a microscope. One-week grown mung seedlings were studied for growth traits, malondialdehyde (MDA), protein, proline and antioxidant enzymes. ANOVA and DMR test of this research revealed that all the tested mung bean varieties and treatments were significantly different regarding mitotic index and number of chromosomal aberrations. Both the Cd treatments exhibited increased total chromosomal aberrations with different types and a maximum decrease in MI%. In pretreated samples, GA3, SA and proline serve as mitigating agents that reduce mutagenic effects of Cd in mung bean by increasing MI% and decreasing chromosomal aberrations as compared to non-pretreated samples. Both the Cd treatments showed a decrease in all growth traits. Total proteins were also found to be significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner in all genotypes. Cd treatment increased the activities of all antioxidant enzymes tested. Cd caused oxidative damage as indicated by elevated levels of MDA content in treated samples in comparison to control. Proline content levels were also high in Cd treated seedlings indicating stress. Results demonstrated that pretreatment with phytohormones and proline before Cd were found to improve all morphological parameters, by altering antioxidant enzymes activities along with a decrease in MDA and proline contents as well. It was further noticed that the performance of GA3 was better at 0.3 mM Cd treatment while SA was found to be a good mitigating agent at 0.5 mM Cd stress in all tested mung bean varieties. This research concluded less deleterious effects of Cd on AZRI-2006 while more sensitivity to NM-51 towards Cd. Priming with phytohormones and proline is a user-friendly, economical, and simple mitigation strategy to reduce Cd toxicity in plants and get better yield from contaminated lands.

Implementation of a Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma for Eradication of Plant Pathogens from a Surface of Economically Important Seeds.

Plant pathogenic bacteria cause significant economic losses in the global food production sector. To secure an adequate amount of high-quality nutrition for the growing human population, novel approaches need to be undertaken to combat plant disease-causing agents. As the currently available methods to eliminate bacterial phytopathogens are scarce, we evaluated the effectiveness and mechanism of action of a non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP). It was ignited from a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) operation in a plasma pencil, and applied for the first time for eradication of Dickeya and Pectobacterium spp., inoculated either on glass spheres or mung bean seeds. Furthermore, the impact of the DBD exposure on mung bean seeds germination and seedlings growth was estimated. The observed bacterial inactivation rates exceeded 3.07 logs. The two-minute DBD exposure stimulated by 3–4% the germination rate of mung bean seeds and by 13.4% subsequent early growth of the seedlings. On the contrary, a detrimental action of the four-minute DBD subjection on seed germination and early growth of the sprouts was noted shortly after the treatment. However, this effect was no longer observed or reduced to 9.7% after the 96 h incubation period. Due to the application of optical emission spectrometry (OES), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we found that the generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), i.e., N2, N2+, NO, OH, NH, and O, probably led to the denaturation and aggregation of DNA, proteins, and ribosomes. Furthermore, the cellular membrane disrupted, leading to an outflow of the cytoplasm from the DBD-exposed cells. This study suggests the potential applicability of NTAPPs as eco-friendly and innovative plant protection methods.

Silicon and nitric oxide interplay alleviates copper induced toxicity in mung bean seedlings

The present study was aimed to investigate copper (Cu) toxicity alleviatory potential of silicon in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings. Moreover, attention has also been paid to find out whether endogenous nitric oxide (NO) has any role in Si-governed alleviation of Cu stress. The length of root and shoot, fresh weight, and biochemical attributes were adversely affected by Cu exposure. However, application of Si rescued negative effects of Cu. Cu exposure decreased cell viability, and enhanced cell death and levels of oxidative stress markers (O2•‾, H2O2 and MDA), but Si significantly mitigated these effects of Cu. Application of Cu substantially stimulated the activities of superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase while inhibited activity of catalase. However, Si addition reversed this effect of Cu. Ascorbate and glutathione contents in roots and shoots were declined by Cu but stimulated by Si. Moreover, we noticed that addition of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) and sodium tungstate (Tung) further augmented Cu toxicity but addition of sodium nitroprusside rescued adverse effects of L-NAME and Tung. Altogether, data suggest that though Si was able in alleviating Cu toxicity in mung bean seedlings but it requires endogenous nitric oxide.

Mechanism for enhancing the growth of mung bean seedlings under simulated microgravity

To elucidate a mechanism for enhancing mung bean seedlings’ growth under microgravity conditions, we measured growth, gene expression, and enzyme activity under clinorotation (20 rpm), and compared data obtained to those grown under normal gravity conditions (control). An increase in fresh weight, water content, and lengths were observed in the clinostat seedlings, compared to those of the control seedlings. Real-time PCR showed that aquaporin expression and the amylase gene were upregulated under clinorotation. Additionally, seedlings under clinorotation exhibited a significantly higher amylase activity. Near-infrared image showed that there was no restriction of water evaporation from the seedlings under clinorotation. Therefore, these results indicate that simulated microgravity could induce water uptake, resulting in enhanced amylase activity and seedling growth. Upregulated aquaporin expression could be the first trigger for enhanced growth under clinorotation. We speculated that the seedlings under clinorotation do not use energy against gravitational force and consumed surplus energy for enhanced growth.

Plant growth promoter produced by Trichoderma virens and its effect on mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedling

Trichoderma virens has great potency as promising biocontrol agents. As many as seven of T. virens strains which are effective to control soil borne pathogens are evaluated in this study for its capability to promote mungbean growth. In vitro evaluation showed that all strains were able to produce relatively high Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and performed effective phosphate solubilizing activity. IAA produced in Czapek dox agar varied from 5.2 μg mL −1 to 71.5 μg mL −1. Phosphate solubilizing activity showed after 2 days of incubation and the highest activity in plate assay was detected after 6 days after incubation. Phosphate solubilizing activity varied from 0.82 μg mL −1 to 4.69 μg mL −1. In planta study showed that T. virens Tv3 and Tv4 triggered the increase of IAA synthase in mungbean seedling as well as plant height and root length. A positive correlation was observed between IAA synthase of roots and several growth parameters (root fresh weight, plant height, and root length). Therefore, these two strains of T. virens could be suggested as plant growth promoters on mungbean.

USING OF MOLYBDENUM TO IMPROVE SOME OF ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MITIGATION INDUCED DROUGHT DAMAGE BY PEG-6000 IN MUNG BEAN SEEDLINGS (VIGNARADIATE L.)

A laboratory experiment was carried out in seed technology lab in department of field crop sciences/ College of Agriculture-University of Anbar in order to study effect of molybdenum in priming mung bean seeds (cv Local) under effect of induced drought by using PEG-6000. Four Mo concentrations were used 0, 15, 30, 45 mg L-1 while PEG-6000 was also used to get water stress of 0, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2 bar in medium of seed germination. The experiment was laid out RCBD with four replications for each treatments. The important results of the study showed that Mo application with concentration of 45 mg L-1 improved germination and growth of mung bean characteristics including plumule length (5.41 cm) and xylem dimensions in radical (2 mm2), Plumule epidermis (2.5 mm2) and xylem in plumule (3.5 mm2). However, the application of 15 mg L-1 improved radical length (6.47 cm), Radical epidermis (5 mm2), radical xylem dimensions (3.5 mm2) and phloem in plumule (3.5 mm2). It can be concluded from this study that the increase in water stress led to reduction in lab performance of germination and growth of mung bean seedlings, while the application of Mo enhanced it through the activation of some growth characteristics therefore it can be recommended using Mo in order to support growth and production of different crops.

24-epibrassinolide improves differential cadmium tolerance of mung bean roots, stems, and leaves via amending antioxidative systems similar to that of abscisic acid.

Cadmium (Cd) pollution has attracted global concern. In the present study, the biochemical mechanisms underlying the amelioration of 24-epibrassinolide (eBL) and abscisic acid (ABA) on Cd tolerance of roots, stems, and leaves in mung bean seedlings were comparatively analyzed. Foliar application of eBL markedly ameliorated the growth of mung bean seedling exposed to 100 μM Cd. eBL alone had no significant effects on the activities of antioxidative enzymes and the contents of glutathione (GSH) and polyphenols in the three organs whereas significantly increased the root, stem, and leaf proline contents on average by 54.9%, 39.9%, and 94.4%, respectively, and leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content on average by 69.0% compared with the controls. When the plants were exposed to Cd, eBL significantly reversed the Cd-increased root ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, root polyphenol, proline, and GSH levels, leaf chlorophyll contents, and MDA levels in the three organs. eBL significantly restored the Cd-decreased leaf catalase (CAT) activity and leaf polyphenol levels. These results indicated that eBL played roles in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and evidently alleviated Cd-caused membrane lipid peroxidation via controlling the activity of antioxidative systems. eBL mediated the differential responses of cellular biochemical processes in the three organs to Cd exposure. Furthermore, a comparative analysis revealed that, under Cd stress, the effects of eBL on the biochemical processes were very similar to those of ABA, suggesting that ABA and eBL improve plant Cd tolerance via some common downstream pathways.

Enhancing antioxidant defense system of mung bean with a salicylic acid exogenous application to mitigate cadmium toxicity

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation is an emerging environmental hazard and has detrimental effects on plant growth and development. Salicylic acid (SA) is a well-known plant growth regulator that can initiate various molecular pathways to ameliorate Cd toxicity. The experiment was executed to scrutinize the mediatory role of SA to accelerate the defensive mechanism of mung bean in response to Cd stress. Mung bean plants were exposed to 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg Cd kg-1 of soil. Exogenous application of SA 0, 10-6 and 10-3 M was added prior flowering. Results exhibited that Cd stress considerably reduced the growth-related attributes i.e. shoot length, root length, fresh and dry biomass, total soluble protein, total amino acids, relative water contents and photosynthetic pigments. Cadmium stress showed a significant increase in antioxidants levels such as peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), ascorbic acid (AsA), and catalase (CAT) and promoted the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. However, exogenously applied SA significantly improved plant biomass and photosynthetic pigments under Cd stress. Moreover, SA improved the defensive system by enhancing antioxidants’ activities under the increasing concentration of Cd stress. Furthermore, SA reduced the Cd uptake, membrane damage and, H2O2 and MDA accumulation. The study's findings concluded that exogenous-applied SA enhanced plant growth, promoted the antioxidant activities, and reduced the oxidative damage in mung bean seedlings under Cd stress.