Multilevel Adaptation Research Articles

НАСТАВНИЧЕСТВО КАК ЭФФЕКТИВНАЯ ФОРМА МНОГОУРОВНЕВОЙ АДАПТАЦИИ ПЕРСОНАЛА В ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ СФЕРЫ

The article discusses the problems of mentoring as an effective form of multi-level adaptation of personnel in the organization of the educational sphere. It is emphasized that the currently existing methodology for personnel adaptation in the organization of the educational sphere is far from perfect, does not have methodological unity, and, in addition, new ideas and approaches are emerging that need generalization and development. This article analyzes existing approaches to defining projects, portfolios and personnel adaptation programs in educational organizations, and classifies management models for personnel adaptation systems in educational organizations.

Nanomechanical changes in probiotic bacteria under antibiotics exposure: Implications on Lactobacillus biofilm formation

Recognition of the microbial cell's surface constituents' biophysical properties is an important research topic, allowing a better understanding of the cell's behaviour under different conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed in this study to analyse the basis of the nanomechanical changes in probiotic bacteria under nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, and nitrofurazone exposure. Recorded significant changes in the two Lactobacillus strains cells morphology, topography, and adhesion parameters resulted in the increase of the cells' longitude (up to 2.58 μm), profile height (by around 0.50 μm), and decrease in the adhesion force (up to 13.58 nN). Young's modulus and adhesion energy decreased within 96 h, however with no negative effect on the cells' morphology or loss of structural integrity. Observed modifications present the mode of action of the 5-nitrofuran derivative antibiotics on probiotic biofilm formation and suggest activation of the multilevel adaptation mechanisms to counteract unfavorable environments. A visual change in bacterial morphology such as an increased surface-to-volume ratio might be a link between molecular-level events and outcomes in individual cells and biofilms. This paper for the first time shows, that these antibiotics affect the properties of non-target microorganisms as lactobacilli, and might impair biofilm formation. However, the degree of such transformations depends on the delivered active substance.

Local Context of Climate Change Adaptation in the South-Western Coastal Region of Bangladesh

This study was conducted in 12 unions of the Shyamnagar upazila in the Shatkira District, located in the south-western coastal region of Bangladesh (SWCRB). The inhabitants of the SWCRB are affected by different climate-influenced events such as high-intensity cyclones, saltwater intrusion, sea-level rise, and weather pattern-affected agriculture. This study focused on how the local inhabitants are coping with climate change using multilevel adaptation. A mixed approach of data collection, including quantitative and qualitative data, was followed for both primary and secondary sources. Individual-level data collection, key informant interviews, close-ended questions, focus groups, life history of SWCRB residents, and workshops were used to understand vulnerability and social perceptions at the local level. The findings indicated that multiple adaptation practices are employed by people in the SWCRB, such as rainwater harvesting, plantation of different rice varieties, gardening of indigenous vegetables, and pond sand filtering. However, the construction of multipurpose cyclone shelters along with coastal afforestation contributes to building resilience in the SWRCB from the socio-economic and environmental perspectives. Therefore, this study will help to find the most adequate strategy for climate change adaptation and sustainability.

Adaptation of athletes to execution of specific sports loads

The article provides a theoretical understanding of the nature of multi-level adaptation of subjects of sports activities to specific physical and psychological loads in the field of sports of the highest achievements. In particular, the outstanding features and characteristics of sports activity as a special type of human activity were revealed, a detailed analysis of the specific features of sports of the highest achievements as the area of the occurrence of extreme loads for a person was implemented, the phenomenon of adaptation in sports and the factors affecting it were operationalized, the main characteristics of specific loads in sports activities.
 Sport was considered as a specific human activity that has the structure of game activity, in particular, is subject to artificially created rules and contains an element of competition, which is based on the assessment and comparison of the physical and intellectual abilities of its subjects. The characteristics and factors of sports activity that provoke the emergence of extreme loads on the physical and mental apparatus of athletes and require the intensification of adaptation processes, in particular, high requirements for sports achievements, its publicity, social significance, a limited number of attempts to demonstrate the result, a constant change in the conditions of its implementation, are determined and their objective severity, the need to make operational decisions. Attention is focused on the fact that the key specificity of loads in sports of the highest achievements is their extremely high duration and intensity.
 It is proposed to distinguish such gradations of professional functioning of athletes as physical, psycho-emotional and cognitive levels, which made it possible to eliminate excessive focus only on their physical adaptation to sports activities. It has been proven that the proper level of adaptation of a sportsman is the basis of his high professional qualification and self- realization. The result of the theoretical review was the formation of a list of the most effective methods and techniques for ensuring the adaptation of athletes at various levels of their professional functioning. Among the methods and techniques for ensuring the proper level of adaptation of athletes, regular physical exercises are highlighted, the use of which is based on the principles of weight gain, consistency, regularity and cyclicity; psychotechniques for increasing the level of self-regulation and general stress resistance; ideomotor training as a means of ideal modeling of sports actions.

Self-Supervised Deep Domain-Adversarial Regression Adaptation for Online Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Rolling Bearing Under Unknown Working Condition

This article proposes a novel deep transfer learning-based online remaining useful life (RUL) approach for rolling bearings under unknown working condition. This approach solves the following concerns: the drift of online working condition would block data accumulation and raise bias in the prediction model, and online bearing merely has early fault data when activating RUL prediction, failing to conduct transfer learning from offline data. First, a new transfer learning-based time series recursive forecasting model is constructed to generate online RUL pseudovalues via fusing prior degradation information from offline whole-life data. With such supervised information, a new deep domain-adversarial regression network with multilevel adaptation is further built to transfer prognostic knowledge from offline data to online scenario and evaluate the RUL values of online data batch. Experimental results on the IEEE PHM Challenge 2012 bearing dataset and XJTU-SY bearing dataset validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Transfer-learning-based bearing fault diagnosis between different machines: A multi-level adaptation network based on layered decoding and attention mechanism

It has been a challenge to use the learned knowledge from collected labeled data of one machine to achieve the intelligent fault diagnosis of other machines. In this paper, a novel multi-level domain adaptation network based on layered decoding and attention mechanism (LDAM-MAN) is proposed for the transfer bearing fault diagnosis across machines using unlabeled data of practical machine. The architecture consists of shared and private feature extraction module, and layered decoding operation is adopted in the shared feature extraction module. Multi-level domain adaptation is developed to align the domain distribution. Attention mechanism is introduced to distribution adaptation to guarantee the features from source and target domains belong to same fault type. Six tasks of transfer fault diagnosis are designed using three different bearing datasets to validate the performance of proposed method, and the comparative experiment results show that the proposed method can achieve higher diagnosis accuracy and better transferability.

FEATURES OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ULTRASTRUCTURES OF THE ENERGY CAPABILITY PROFILE OF FOLLICULAR THYROCYTES IN THE CORRECTION OF ALIMENTARY IODINE DEFICIENCY WITH A LOW DOSE OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC IODINE


 The considerable spread of dietary iodine deficiency and the medical and social significance of the pathology caused by it justifies the use of mathematical methods to study the specific activity of follicular thyrocytes when correcting the manifestations of hypothyroidism with iodine of different chemical nature. The aim of this research was to examine the features of the relationship between the energy direction ultrastructures of follicular thyrocytes when taking a low dose of organic and inorganic iodine under the conditions of dietary iodine deficiency. The study was conducted on the thyroid glands of 40 white nonlinear male rats with an initial body weight of 140-160 g using electron microscopy, linguistic description of electronograms, the method of semi-quantitative analysis of electronograms, the method of specifying the profiles of special capabilities of hormone-poietic cells, and correlation analysis. On the basis of designing the correlation portraits, the interpretation of the results from the standpoint of cytophysiology was carried out. Analysis of correlation portraits of the energy capability profile of follicular thyrocytes showed that low iodine intake of both drugs reduced the functional stress caused by iodine deficiency. This was indicated by changes in mitochondria: an increase in their number and ribosomes on their cristae, a decrease in degenerative changes, granular structure of the matrix, restoration of topographic connection with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Normal iodine intake was characterized by very high (r=1.000) connections between the moderate number of mitochondria with their well-defined cristae and between the granular structure of the mitochondrial matrix with no degenerative changes in the mitochondria. When consuming inorganic iodine for the energy supply of follicular thyrocytes at a level sufficient for their activity, a very high (r=1.000) connection of round shape mitochondria with the existing topographic connection of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus was indicated and high (r=0.881) association of moderate numbers of mitochondria with medium size mitochondria. Nevertheless, in a certain part of thyrocytes, such signs of functional stress as degenerative changes in mitochondria and their cristae, disturbance of topographic interaction of mitochondria with rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus remained. The studies have established a multilevel adaptation of follicular thyrocytes to function in adverse conditions while enriching the diet with a low dose of iodine increases their energy capability. Organic iodine consumed in low doses, more than inorganic iodine increases the energy supply of follicular thyrocytes’ specific activity.

Role of Genes in Regulating Host Plants Expansion in Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera) and Potential for RNAi-Based Control.

Host plant expansion is an important survival strategy for tephritids as they expand their range. Successful host expansion requires tephritids to adapt to the chemical and nonchemical properties of a novel host fruit, such as fruit color, phenology, and phytochemicals. These plant properties trigger a series of processes in tephritids, with each process having its own genetic basis, which means that various genes are involved in regulating host plant expansion by tephritids. This review summarizes current knowledge on the categories and roles of genes involved in host plant expansion in several important tephritid species, including genes related to chemoreception (olfactory and gustation), vision, digestion, detoxification, development, ribosomal and energy metabolism. Chemoreception- and detoxification- and digestion-related genes are stimulated by volatile chemicals and secondary chemicals of different hosts, respectively, which are involved in the regulation of nervous signal transduction that triggers behavioral, physical, and chemical responses to the novel host fruit. Vision-, nerve-, and development-related genes and metabolism-associated genes are activated in response to nonchemical stimuli from different hosts, such as color and phenology, to regulate a comprehensive adaptation of the extending host for tephritids. The chemical and nonchemical signals of hosts activate ribosomal and energy-related genes that result in the basic regulation of many processes of host expansion, including detoxification and development. These genes do not regulate novel host use individually, but multiple genes regulate multilevel adaptation to novel host fruits via multiple mechanisms. These genes may also be potential target genes for RNAi-based control of tephritid pests.

A multi-level adaptation scheme for hierarchical bearing fault diagnosis under variable working conditions

Bearing fault diagnosis is important during the operation of mechanical equipment. Traditional deep-learning-based methods afford excellent diagnostic results if the training and test samples are of similar distribution. Thus, the datasets used for training and testing are collected under the same working conditions. However, when the working conditions change, a fault diagnosis model trained using such a training set cannot be directly applied to the test set. In addition, existing classification methods ignore the hierarchical structure of bearing fault categories, thus treating all categories equally. To address these issues, we present a new form of branch multi-level adaptation based on a convolutional neural network (BMACNN model). A branch structure is added to a one-dimensional CNN to permit hierarchical diagnosis of bearing faults via multiple output layers. The multiple kernel variant of the maximum mean discrepancy is used to regularize the loss function, thus reducing distributional distances among the domains of multiple levels. We tested the BMACNN model using six distinct transfer fault diagnostic scenarios of the Paderborn dataset. The BMACNN robustly adapted to variable working conditions and was superior to other methods.

Stress-induced changes in a body’s vital functions. Review

The modern scientific literature describes the results of numerous studies, based on which it was found that any stressful situation causes a complex of changes in life processes. At the same time, long-term human interaction with stressors becomes a factor in the etiology and pathogenesis of many diseases.The aim of the work was to analyse the impact of stress on the development of multilevel adaptation response and its consequences for humans by analysing the literature, which discusses the body’s response to any adverse effects.Materials and methods. The main direction of achieving the goal of the work was the collection, study and analysis of domestic and foreign literature using databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scientific Periodicals of Ukraine, catalogues and funds of the National Scientific Medical Library of Ukraine.Results. The body’s stress response is a process that occurs at the cellular, tissue and systemic levels, associated with the activation of stress system mediators (adrenocorticotropic hormone, glucocorticoids and catecholamines). At moderate increase in secretion of these mediators the reaction-response of an organism and, accordingly, adaptation is mobilized. At chronic stress there are changes of physiological functions of all bodies and systems with disturbance of compensatory mechanisms of adaptation of an organism to stress. Under conditions of prolonged stress, the body’s response from the general adaptation syndrome becomes a factor in pathogenesis. The role of stress as a factor in the etiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa, duodenum has been proved. There is no doubt that prolonged stress is a factor complicating the course of many diseases — infectious, inflammatory, neuropsychiatric. That is why the problem of stress affection on the body and its role in the development of various forms of pathology is one of the leading problems of modern society and is directly involved in the professional activities of specialists in various areas.Conclusions. The physiological meaning of the stress response is the emergency mobilization of energy and structural resources of the body and the conditions for the implementation of reactions aimed at maintaining homeostasis in extreme situations.

Responding to Complementary-Asset Discontinuities: A Multilevel Adaptation Framework of Resources, Demand, and Ecosystems

We examine how incumbent organizations respond to complementary-asset discontinuities — technological changes that introduce new manufacturing, distribution, and sales assets but leave the incumbents’ core knowledge preserved. To examine this increasingly common but relatively overlooked phenomenon, we conducted an inductive study of how six newspapers adapted to Internet distribution from 1995 to 2019. Our contribution is a framework that highlights three levels of adaptation (resources, demand, and ecosystem) with related mechanisms and necessary outcomes. At the resource level, incumbents adopt the new complementary assets according to the perception of synergies with their existing core knowledge. At the demand level, the extent to which incumbents update their beliefs about value creation depends on how much they experiment with customers. At the ecosystem level, higher experimentation in the ecosystem helps incumbents to update their beliefs about value capture. The research offers important implications for the technological change, strategic management, and business model innovation literature.

Importing export zones: processes and impacts of replicating a Chinese model of urbanization in rural south India

ABSTRACT This article examines the development of a south Indian “industrial city”, modelled on a Chinese counterpart. The privately-operated city is a key example of India’s new-style Special Economic Zones (SEZs). These represent a national shift, motivated by China’s SEZ success, from enclave-style “export processing zones” to integrated townships. Drawing on fieldwork from 2018, we compare three issues with the Chinese “model”: the city’s establishment and spatial planning; the gendered hiring practices of its firms; and its incorporation of local villages. These three aspects represent different mechanisms through which the “model” is translated into the Indian context, by different actors, with different outcomes. In line with policy mobilities scholarship, we argue that models cannot be straightforwardly replicated, and we call for more attention to the outcomes of attempted replication, in particular the urban development implications of selective, complex, multi-level adaptation of a Chinese “model” and its interaction with local Indian contexts.

Role clarification for local institutions: a missing link in multi-level adaptation planning? Insights from a multiple case study in Botswana

ABSTRACT The meaningful engagement of community-based actors in climate change adaptation planning is crucial for effective plans, but achieving it is an ongoing challenge, even with participatory methods. In this paper we explore very different approach, using shared-values crystallization as a pre-process to standard vulnerability risk assessments (VRAs), which recently reported significant impacts on plans produced. We posit this could be due to learning via changed local perceptions of roles, and we use multiple-case study work with five Village Development Committees (VDCs) in North East District, Botswana, and examine VRA outputs, and pre- and post-VRA interview transcripts, for evidence. Findings indicate that VDC members who took part in the shared-values pre-process significantly clarified and prioritized their general roles, and subsequently engaged more deeply in the planning process, taking more responsibility and ownership for the final adaptation plans. They related climate risks to their local lived-realities better, producing quality action plans, funding innovations and mainstreaming of adaptation into wider local plans, alongside an eagerness to present ideas to higher-governance levels. These findings suggest the shared-values pre-process could be immediately valuable for multilevel adaptation planning practices, and that the concept of role clarification deserves more specific consideration in academic studies on participation.

The Effects of Energy Restriction on Thyroid Hormone Dynamics

Abstract Background: Intermittent energy restriction (IER) is gaining popularity as a weight-loss strategy. However, the effect of short-term energy restriction on thyroid hormone dynamics is not well characterized. Methods: Nineteen healthy women age 23.36± 2.08 yr (mean ± SD) with normal baseline thyroid function and negative anti-thyroid antibodies underwent two 5-day interventions of a prescribed diet and identical standardized exercise in the early follicular phase of two menstrual cycles - neutral energy availability (NEA) 45 kCal/kg*LBM/d followed by deficient energy availability (DEA) 20 kCal/kg*LBM/d. Energy requirements were estimated as previously described (doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1468) and were used to generate a diet and exercise regimen for each participant. On day 5 of both interventions, body composition was assessed by BodPod®. Standardized NEA or DEA breakfast and lunch were provided as appropriate as well as a standardized NEA snack on both sampling visits. Blood sampling was performed for 8 hours starting at ~0800 h with measurement of TSH and growth hormone (GH) every 10 min, cortisol every 30 min, total T3 (TT3), reverse T3 (rT3) and total T4 (TT4) every 60 min, free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4) and TBG at the beginning and end of sampling. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used for measurements of all thyroid hormones, with the exception of TSH and TBG which were measured by ELISA as were GH and cortisol. Data were analyzed using ANOVA-RM and linear mixed models. Results are presented as mean or least squared mean ± sem. Results: Body mass index, bodyweight and % fat mass were not different between interventions. GH and cortisol were unaffected by DEA (p=0.46, p=0.63). TBG was not affected by time of day or dietary intervention (p=0.95, p=0.41). However, compared with NEA, TT3 (89.15 ± 2.89 vs 95.55 ± 2.89 ng/dL for DEA and NEA, respectively; p<0.0001) and TSH (0.92 ± 0.08 vs 1.03 ± 0.09 μIU/mL; p=0.0011) were lower after DEA, while TT4 (6.26 ± 0.25 vs 6.06 ± 0.25 μg/dL; p=0.04), FT4 (3.37 ± 0.26 vs 2.94 ± 0.25 ng/d;, p=0.0052) and rT3 (11.77 ± 0.58 vs 8.85 ± 0.51 ng/dL; p<0.0001) were higher. Regardless of dietary intervention, FT3 (p=0.0005), TT3 (p<0.0001), TT4 (p<0.0001) and TSH (p<0.0001) decreased across the day. Conclusion: Using LC-MS for as a more robust measure of thyroid hormones, we have now shown that changes in thyroid hormone dynamics occur after only 5 days of 55% energy restriction in the absence of alterations in body composition, cortisol, GH, TBG or the circadian pattern of thyroid hormone secretion. The decrease in TSH combined with the decrease in TT3 and increase in rT3 support the contribution of both central and peripheral mechanisms to these changes. Taken together these results provide support for a multi-level adaptation in thyroid hormone dynamics to conserve energy expenditure in response to short-term energy restriction.

Prudent Peasantries: Multilevel Adaptation to Drought in Early Modern Spain (1600–1715)

Abstract Climate change, being a product of industrialisation, can easily fuel the idea that adaptation to climate impacts is something new. Scholars of the past, however, show that societies have dynamically and heterogeneously coped with climate variability and with recurrent and abrupt weather extremes. This research aims to explore climate adaptation in preindustrial societies taking into account different levels of social organisation. We argue that this multilevel perspective can enrich our understanding of the different strategies to cope with climate impacts in past societies. Archival research was carried out in the early modern villages of Terrassa and Sant Pere (Barcelona, Spain) to reconstruct the set of strategies to cope with recurrent droughts both at community and household levels. We found that peasant families developed a wider range of strategies than communities, but that many strategies used by households and communities overlapped, potentially generating a redundancy effect and fostering complex strategies operating through cross-level interactions. By studying past adaptation strategies with common taxonomies and detailed methodologies, our paper aims to improve interdisciplinary communication with research about the human dimensions of anthropogenic climate change.

Synthesis of wireless telecommunication network with adaptation to refusals of central elements of average and high intensity

A technique of synthesis of a wireless digital communication network with package switching, providing transfer of video messages of real time scale between elements of multipurpose information-operating system in conditions of high failure rate of central elements, is considered. As conceptual model of a telecommunication network – the network of the mixed structure, including multipurpose devices, constructed on the basis of standards of a broadband radio access with switching of packages and two interconnected levels of network interaction of elements (local and main) is accepted. The technique of synthesis of a wireless network is based on the multilevel, combined adaptation of a telecommunication network in the conditions of refusals of central elements, which primary goal is rational change of parameters, functions of network elements in close interrelation with purposeful transformation of structure of telecommunication system subnetworks. The main objective of carrying out the combined adaptation of the network consists in achievement of necessary throughput of communication system depending on degree of failure rate of central elements. Properties of multilevel adaptation were investigated in the course of realization of the combined (structurally-parametrical) synthesis with use of the aggregate approach of modelling of difficult technical systems. Efficiency of the specified technique is proven by the results of the imitating experiment with use of the aggregate model of a wireless network of data transmission with switching of packages, obtained previously. The experimental data, received at natural research of networks of a broadband radio communication on the basis of standards 802.11 b/g/n, have shown, that time of processing of packages of a message essentially depends on use of existing ways of adaptation. In particular, application of effective algorithms of adaptation (both parametrical and structural) will allow to reduce the time of finding of details (packages) in broadband communication devices by several times and, thereby, to provide demanded throughput of the network functioning in the conditions of refusals of central elements.

Modeling higher order adaptivity of a network by multilevel network reification

AbstractIn network models for real-world domains, often network adaptation has to be addressed by incorporating certain network adaptation principles. In some cases, also higher order adaptation occurs: the adaptation principles themselves also change over time. To model such multilevel adaptation processes, it is useful to have some generic architecture. Such an architecture should describe and distinguish the dynamics within the network (base level), but also the dynamics of the network itself by certain adaptation principles (first-order adaptation level), and also the adaptation of these adaptation principles (second-order adaptation level), and may be still more levels of higher order adaptation. This paper introduces a multilevel network architecture for this, based on the notion network reification. Reification of a network occurs when a base network is extended by adding explicit states representing the characteristics of the structure of the base network. It will be shown how this construction can be used to explicitly represent network adaptation principles within a network. When the reified network is itself also reified, also second-order adaptation principles can be explicitly represented. The multilevel network reification construction introduced here is illustrated for an adaptive adaptation principle from social science for bonding based on homophily and one for metaplasticity in Cognitive Neuroscience.

Optimization of planning of territorial systems in the context of strategic tasks of advanced development

The human life environment formation is carried out in the context of the sustainable spatial development current paradigm. When implementing this paradigm, the vectors directions are taken into account: inertial development and advanced development. The novelty of the research lies in establishing the definition dependence of the general concept, methodology, toolkit on the direction of these vectors under the uncertainty conditions in the external factors appearance. Formed aggregate is a condition for the development goals achievement by territorial systems. The advanced development model accompanies the territorial systems polarization processes. Its development is associated with the justification and formalization of priorities, types, forms and the socio-economic activities promising types spatial organization features. It has been established that localization effects are characterized by the activity spatial consolidation certain methods in strictly fixed points of the territorial system. The innovation factors complex impact transforms the existing methodology and improves the traditional methods of functioning territorial entities reorganizing. As part of this study, the directions for optimizing territorial systems and increasing their controllability are justified by integrating space digitalization processes into the production intensive type implementation. The territorial systems optimization presented method reveals the principles of forming the mechanism of advanced multi-level adaptation within the territorial systems management developed concept framework.

On the issue of the successful professional adaptation of pedagogical universities students

The article indicates the relevance of the study on the adaptation problem of pedagogical universities graduates to their professional activities. The approaches that can allow to defne the adaptation success criteria of pedagogical high schools graduates are highlighted. There are also presented the indicators of teachers’ adaptation success to their professional activity in the preschool educational organizations. The existing organizational methods for teachers’ adaptation psychological support to the professional activity and its methodological problems are considered, and a solution method of psychological support problems, based on the usage of adaptation potential of personality concept is offered. There was conducted a comparative analyses of the professional activity adaptation features. The carried out analyses involved tutors who had participated in the generalized model of multilevel adaptation support system and teachers of preschool organizations whose adaptation had spontaneous character. This has justifed the implementation of an innovative multi-level adaptation support system model: the experiment helped the tutors to form internal determinants of professional development through the relationship of internal motives and adaptation as a whole. The article describes the results of the multi-level adaptation support system model practical implementation and thus created a psychological basis for professional development willingness and provided an improved way of the objective assessment of the teachers’ successful adaptation to the profession: the actualization and mobilization of adaptive potential within the professional refexive environment, which allows to understand and determine the development strategy of professional prospects, to form an adequate level of the teaching profession self-image, and to organize one’s professional activity which would be focused on the knowledge of personal constructs and self-development. Successful adaptation to the professional activity is the key to the further development of each teacher both as a personality and as a specialist.

Light Stress Responses and Prospects for Engineering Light Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants

Light constitutes one of the most important environmental factors for plant growth and development. It determines the photosynthetic rate and accumulate-assimilation besides its regulatory roles in plant growth and productivity. However, plants are frequently exposed to excess or inadequate light intensities and these fluctuations, collectively known as light stress, affect the agronomic traits in plants via inhibiting their physiological metabolic processes including photosynthesis, antioxidant machinery, and their abilities to fix atmospheric carbon and nitrogen. Within the photosynthetic machinery, photosystem II (PSII) and its reaction centers are particularly sensitive to these perturbations and have therefore been characterized as primary targets of light stress at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels including microRNA (miRNA)-mediated post-transcriptional modifications. Through this review, we are presenting herein the current knowledge and recent updates on light stress and its significance for plant growth and crop yields, plant responses, and multilevel adaptation strategies to cope up with light stress including excess and low light. The review highlights and assesses the utilization of biotechnological tools for engineering light stress tolerance in major crops and model plants including omics and transgenic approaches and exploration of molecular markers and quantitative trait loci. The roles of miRNAs in regulation of light stress responses and adaptive mechanisms in plants have been discussed besides emphasizing on possible exploration of light-regulated miRNAs as potential targets for engineering light stress tolerance in crop plants.