Adaptation of athletes to execution of specific sports loads

Abstract

The article provides a theoretical understanding of the nature of multi-level adaptation of subjects of sports activities to specific physical and psychological loads in the field of sports of the highest achievements. In particular, the outstanding features and characteristics of sports activity as a special type of human activity were revealed, a detailed analysis of the specific features of sports of the highest achievements as the area of the occurrence of extreme loads for a person was implemented, the phenomenon of adaptation in sports and the factors affecting it were operationalized, the main characteristics of specific loads in sports activities.
 Sport was considered as a specific human activity that has the structure of game activity, in particular, is subject to artificially created rules and contains an element of competition, which is based on the assessment and comparison of the physical and intellectual abilities of its subjects. The characteristics and factors of sports activity that provoke the emergence of extreme loads on the physical and mental apparatus of athletes and require the intensification of adaptation processes, in particular, high requirements for sports achievements, its publicity, social significance, a limited number of attempts to demonstrate the result, a constant change in the conditions of its implementation, are determined and their objective severity, the need to make operational decisions. Attention is focused on the fact that the key specificity of loads in sports of the highest achievements is their extremely high duration and intensity.
 It is proposed to distinguish such gradations of professional functioning of athletes as physical, psycho-emotional and cognitive levels, which made it possible to eliminate excessive focus only on their physical adaptation to sports activities. It has been proven that the proper level of adaptation of a sportsman is the basis of his high professional qualification and self- realization. The result of the theoretical review was the formation of a list of the most effective methods and techniques for ensuring the adaptation of athletes at various levels of their professional functioning. Among the methods and techniques for ensuring the proper level of adaptation of athletes, regular physical exercises are highlighted, the use of which is based on the principles of weight gain, consistency, regularity and cyclicity; psychotechniques for increasing the level of self-regulation and general stress resistance; ideomotor training as a means of ideal modeling of sports actions.