Mueller-Hinton Research Articles

ANTIBACTERIAL STUDIES OF METAL ION OF URANYL (UO2) +2 WITH NOVEL POLYMERICLIGANDS PL-1 TO PL-6

In today's time, increasing infection and resistance to an antibiotic is hazardous for the community. Every year, millions of people die as a result of bacterial illnesses around the world. Evolution in resistance has reduced the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs or made these drugs ineffective. This investigation aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of polymeric metal chelates of PATHQ with UO2 +2 metal ions on some gram -ve and gram +ve microorganisms. In recent work, uranyl (UO2) +2 novel compounds were synthesized from polyamine-s-triazine5-amino-8-Hydroxyquinoline (PATHQ) and anti-microbial analysis was done by a zone of inhibition method. Mueller–Hinton agar was prepared and used for analysis. Antibacterial studies have been performed with 100 ppm concentration on different types of microorganisms i.e., B. megaterium, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E.coli.The plates were incubated at 32.5 ± 2.5oC for 18 to 24 hours in an incubator. The results showed that the remarkable inhibition of bacterial growth was shown against the all-tested organisms. The microbial activity of the compound was due to the presence of UO2+2 metal ions. Hence, these compounds can be leads in the development of new pharmaceutical research activities.

Assessment of Mechanical Properties and Antimicrobial Effects of Hyaluronic Acid Coating on Absorbable Suture Material: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: The use of absorbable suture materials in surgical procedures is a critical aspect of wound closure and tissue repair. In recent years, there has been growing interest in exploring the potential benefits of incorporating Hyaluronic Acid (HA), a naturally occurring biopolymer, into these sutures. By shedding light on the interactions between HA and absorbable sutures, the present study seeks to provide valuable insights that could enhance the quality of surgical wound management. Aim: To assess the mechanical properties and antimicrobial effects of HA-coated and uncoated absorbable suture material. Materials and Methods: The in-vitro study was conducted at Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India in a year 2022. A total of 70 samples of HA-coated and uncoated Vicryl 4-0 suture material were tested for tensile strength using an Instron machine. An anti-bacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans was assessed using a Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) plate, and the zone of inhibition was measured. Additionally, both the uncoated and HA-coated Vicryl 4-0 suture materials were analysed under the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine the surface characteristics. An independent t-test was used to compare the tensile strength of coated and uncoated suture materials. Results: The mean tensile strength of uncoated and HAcoated suture material was 6.47±0.23 MPa and 3.78±1.02 MPa, respectively. The difference between both groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans, the zone of inhibition was 8.0±0.5 mm in diameter and 9±0.5 mm in diameter, respectively, around coated Vicryl 4-0 suture material, whereas no zone of inhibition was observed for both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans around uncoated suture material. SEM analysis showed superior surface characteristics of HA-coated suture thread when compared to uncoated suture thread. Conclusion: HA-coated suture material does not exhibit superior tensile strength when compared to the uncoated suture material. However, HA-coated suture material has potent antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. Additionally, SEM analysis showed improved surface characteristics in favour of the coated suture material.

Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producer Gram-Negative Rods and Associated Factors Among Patients With Wound Infection at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

Background: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have significantly affected the management and treatment of wound infections globally. Data on the prevalence of MDR bacterial profiles that cause wound infections in Ethiopia are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to determine MDR as well as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production profiles of Gram-negative rods that are difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics and that cause wound infections. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producer Gram-negative rods and associated factors among patients with wound infection at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital between May and July 2022. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 228 participants. Swabs from different wound types were inoculated onto the MacConkey agar and blood agar plates and incubated overnight at 37°C for 24 h. Biochemical tests were performed on isolated colonies for the identification of bacterial species based on their biochemical reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the disk diffusion technique as per the standard Kirby-Bauer method by using Muller-Hinton agar, and the zone of inhibition was interpreted as resistant, intermediate, and sensitive as per the recommendation of Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Isolates were tested against ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase screening using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and combined disk tests were applied for phenotypic confirmatory test of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing isolates. Result: Of 228 study participants, 162 (71.1%) were culture-positive. Among culture-positive patients, 165 Gram-negative bacteria were recovered. The most common Gram-negative isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (47; 28.5%), followed by Escherichia coli (43; 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (24; 14.5%). The susceptibility rates of the isolate for imipenem and tobramycin were 97.0% and 73.2%, respectively, and the overall multidrug resistance rate was 80.5%. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producer bacteria were also isolated. Besides, all (100%) of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producer bacteria were MDR. Living in rural areas (AOR 5.8; 95% CI [2.01-16.7]), hospital admission (AOR 3.95; 95% CI [1.13-13.83]), antibiotic use (AOR 2.83; 95% CI [1.03-7.72]), and comorbidity (AOR 0.25; 95% CI [0.07-0.59]) were significantly associated with wound infection. Conclusions and Recommendations: There was a high prevalence of Gram-negative bacterial isolates in this study. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28.5%) was the predominant isolate. In addition, high rates of multidrug resistance were observed. The high level of multidrug resistance in this study implies that definitive therapy should be based on culture and susceptibility analysis to promote the rational use of antibiotics and to reduce the emergence of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials.

Prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from local and broiler chickens at Cibinong market, West Java, Indonesia.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is becoming a public health concern. Foodborne pathogens are infectious agents that can be transmitted from animals to humans through food and can become resistant due to misuse and overuse of antibiotics, especially in poultry. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from local and broiler chickens at the Cibinong market, West Java, Indonesia. A total of 60 cloacal swab samples from 30 local and broiler chickens sold at the Cibinong market in West Java were obtained by random sampling. From these samples, 39 E. coli isolates were obtained after being cultured on eosin methylene blue agar and molecularly identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six antibiotic disks were used for the antibiotic sensitivity test against E. coli isolates cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar. PCR was performed to detect ESBL genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M). A total of 76.47% (39/51) cloacal swab samples were positive for E. coli. All E. coli isolates were sensitive to imipenem (100%), and 38 isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin (FOX) (97.4%). On average, the isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) (69.2%) and ceftriaxone (CRO) (89.7%). E. coli isolates were occasionally resistant to enrofloxacin (25.64%), followed by gentamicin (20.51%), CRO (10.25%), AMC (7.69%), and FOX (2.56%). The prevalence of E. coli AMR was 10.25% (4/39). All four multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) were confirmed to have the ESBL gene based on PCR. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli is still found, proving that there is still inappropriate use of antibiotics and a need for strict supervision of their use, especially around Cibinong market, West Java.

Study of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Various Clinical Specimens from Tertiary Care Hospital

ABSTRACT Introduction: Staphylococci are Gram-positive bacteria, with a diameter of 0.5–1.5 μm and individual cocci, which are divided in more than one plane from the grape-like cluster. In the genus staphylococci, 32 species and 8 subspecies are present in many of which are present as a commensal in the human body. Staphylococci are frequently found as a normal flora of skin mucosal, surface of respiratory, upper elementary, and urogenital tract of the human body. In immunocompromised condition, the infection can be spread by skin-to-skin contact and also by excretion such as saliva aerosol releasing during sneezing and coughing. Infection of staphylococci may also spread from the animal product such as nonpasteurized milk and milk products. Over the last few decades, Staphylococcus aureus has emerge as the most dangerous organism, which is known as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Some strains show vancomycin resistance by S. aureus in hospitalized patients. The present study was conducted to study the prevalence and antibiogram of MRSA isolates in a clinical sample from Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research), Wardha, from August 2020 to December 2021. The samples received in the microbiology laboratory were inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey’s agar, and incubated for 24 h at 37°C for staphylococcal isolation. A total of 145 Staphylococcal aureus were isolated and confirmed by Gram stain and various biochemical tests such as catalase test, oxidase test, coagulase test, and mannitol salt agar. Antibiotic susceptibility test was examined on the Mueller–Hinton agar plate using the modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Screening of methicillin resistant was performed by cefoxitin (30 μg) disc diffusion method and interpreted according to CLSI guideline. Results: The prevalence of MRSA was 76 (52.41%) to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. The highest MRSA was found in the age group >50 years (26.31%). Out of 76 MRSA isolates from different departments, the medicine and orthopedic departments show maximum MRSA as 19.74% each followed by pediatrics (17.11%) and surgery (13.16). Out of 76 MRSA isolates, vancomycin showed 93.42% sensitivity followed by linezolid (85.52%), Gentamicin (71.05%), tetracycline (56.57%), clindamycin (46.05%), and erythromycin (31.57%). Conclusion: With the advancement of new therapeutic agent, MRSA is also being easily resistant. Due to increasing cases of MRSA, there is an increase in the rate of morbidity and mortality. Moreover, except vancomycin, other drugs are resistant, as their MIC is not in the susceptible range. Thus, the results of this study indicate that vancomycin is a suitable medication to take when MRSA cases rise. In such cases, MRSA can be controlled by regular monitoring and checking the irrational use of antibiotics.

Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of green tea extract and Triphala as root canal irrigants against Fusobacterium nucleatum using real-time polymerase chain reaction – An in vitro study

Aim: Fusobacterium nucleatum has gained attention in the endodontic literature as it is a predominant microorganism in primary, secondary, and persistent root canal infections. Current irrigants have lot of drawbacks and are unlikely to predictably achieve a bacteria-free root canal system, which can lead to these failures. Herbal alternatives are now gaining popularity in the field of endodontics, paving a new way in the disinfection of root canals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of green tea extract and Triphala as root canal irrigants against F. nucleatum using real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: Extracted teeth were taken and inoculated with F. nucleatum, which was grown in a Mueller–Hinton agar plate under anaerobic conditions. The samples were cleaned and shaped and irrigated with green tea extract, Triphala extract, and dimethyl sulfoxide, which were compared to the widely used irrigant, sodium hypochlorite. Cycle threshold value was used to calculate the efficacy of the irrigant against F. nucleatum after which the samples were subjected to reverse transcriptase PCR. The data were analyzed and the data between the group were compared using the one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Tukey’s test. Results: Triphala extract demonstrated high antimicrobial activity against F. nucleatum1. It revealed statistically significant differences between Triphala extract and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) (P = 0.001). Green tea extract also displayed antimicrobial activity. Both the Triphala and green tea extracts showed a significant difference (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Triphala extract showed better antibacterial efficacy when compared to 3% NaOCl and green tea extract against F. nucleatum.

Study of Antimicrobial Quality of Tobacco Leaves Extract (Nicotiana tabacum) on Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli.

ABSTRACT: Tobacco is a perennial herb and its belong to family Solanaceae. Tobacco leaves have some antimicrobial substance such as alkaloids, phenol and some essential oils. The leaves extract of this plant show some microbial Quality and influence on both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The aim of this work to determine the effectiveness of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves extract in inhibiting on Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial test performed on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media. Test result indicate the leaves extract of tobacco showed positive result in Aeromonas hyrdophilla. Tobacco extract can inhibit Aeromonas hyrdophilla growth and a clear zone are found, in case of E. coli it showed negative result in both the cases. Tobacco extract cannot inhibit E. coli growth and the diameter of the inhibitory zone is not clear. The result shown that tobacco leaf extract can be source of an active antimicrobial substance.

From Bench to Bedside: A Comprehensive Study on Pardaxin Peptide's Antimicrobial Effect on Escherichia coli, Including Clinical Isolates

Escherichia coli is a common cause of urinary tract infections and it has shown increasing resistance to available antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides, such as Pardaxin, offer a potential alternative to antibiotics due to their ability to disrupt the cell membrane of bacteria through their interaction with the lipid bilayer. This mode of action provides an advantage by reducing the likelihood of resistance development compared to traditional antibiotics that target specific cellular processes. The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the Pardaxin peptide against both standard and clinical strains of E. coli. E. coli ATCC 25922 was used as the standard strain, and 20 samples of E. coli derived from patients were included in the study. Isolation and identification of E. coli were done by using enrichment media, selective media, and biochemical tests. Bacterial culture was conducted on Mueller-Hinton agar, and the antimicrobial effect of the Pardaxin peptide was assessed using classic disk diffusion tests. During the disk diffusion test, we observed a distinct area of no growth surrounding the Pardaxin material for both the standard and clinical strains. In the microdilution test, the minimum inhibitory concentration of Pardaxin was 390 µg/ml for the clinical strain and 450 µg/ml for the standard strain, which is an acceptable concentration compared to the concentration of 500 µg/ml erythromycin and indicates the antibacterial properties of Pardaxin on E. coli. The results of this study provide evidence for the antimicrobial properties of the Pardaxin peptide against both standard and clinical strains of E. coli.

Antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of moringa oleifera seeds against enterococcus faecalis atcc 29212

Background: One of the important stages in endodontic treatment is root canal irrigation. The most widely used irrigant is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), but it is toxic to periapical tissue. Irrigant solutions from natural ingredients that have antibacterial potential are needed, one of which is Moringa oleifera seeds. Bacteria that are often found persistent after root canal treatment are Enterococcus faecalis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of the ethanol extract of M. oleifera seeds at concentrations of 37.5%, 50%, 67.5% and 75% against E. faecalis.Method: Experimental laboratory research with post-test only control group design was carried out with 4 times replication. Antibacterial activity was tested against E. faecalis ATCC 29212 using paper disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media. The diameter of the inhibition zone formed was measured. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by LSD.Result: The 2.5% NaOCl group produced the largest inhibition zone of 16.38 ± 0.95 mm, followed by the 75% extract group of 13.51 ± 0.49 mm, and the smallest was the 37.5% extract group of 4.42 ± 0.27 mm. The negative control (DMSO) did not produce an inhibition zone. The increase in the concentration of the ethanolic extract of M. oleifera seeds resulted in significantly better inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis (p<0.05).Conclusion: Ethanol extract of M. oleifera seeds at 37.5%, 50%, 62.5% and 75% had antibacterial effects against E. faecalis, with the 75% had the strongest antibacterial effect compared to other extract concentrations.

Prevalence of piperacillin/tazobactam resistance in invasive Haemophilus influenzae in Germany.

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a Gram-negative bacterium that may cause sepsis or meningitis, treatment of which mainly includes β-lactam antibiotics. Since 2019 EUCAST breakpoints for piperacillin/tazobactam have been available. Little is known about the prevalence and mechanisms of piperacillin/tazobactam resistance in Hi. To provide reliable prevalence data for piperacillin/tazobactam resistance in Hi in Germany, to evaluate different antibiotic susceptibility testing methods and to examine possible resistance mechanisms. According to EUCAST breakpoints, the MIC for piperacillin/tazobactam resistance is >0.25 mg/L. All invasive Hi in Germany from 2019 were examined by gradient agar diffusion (GAD) for piperacillin/tazobactam susceptibility. Piperacillin/tazobactam broth microdilution (BMD), piperacillin GAD on tazobactam-containing agar [piperacillin GAD on Mueller-Hinton agar with horse blood (MH-F)/tazobactam) and piperacillin/tazobactam agar dilution (AD) were used for confirmation. Phenotypic testing was complemented by ftsI sequencing. Piperacillin/tazobactam GAD resulted in 2.9% (21/726) resistant Hi. BMD did not confirm piperacillin/tazobactam resistance. Two strains were found resistant by AD, of which one was also resistant using piperacillin GAD on MH-F/tazobactam. Overall, we found two strains with a piperacillin/tazobactam MIC >0.25 mg/L in at least two different tests (0.3%). Both were β-lactamase-producing amoxicillin/clavulanate-resistant with PBP3 mutations characterized as group III-like+. Relevant PBP3 mutations occurred in six strains without phenotypic piperacillin/tazobactam resistance. These mutations suggest a reduced efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics in these isolates. Piperacillin/tazobactam resistance prevalence in invasive Hi is low in Germany. Reduced susceptibility was correlated with PBP3 mutations, in particular with group III mutations.

Phenotypic Detection of Carbapenemase and AmpC-β-Lactamase Production among Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Isolated from Clinical Specimens.

Introduction: Data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are sparse across numerous African countries, as microbiological analyses are not routinely conducted and surveillance data are not collected. Accordingly, clinical samples are not routinely tested for carbapenem-resistant bacteria and, therefore, the general understanding of their prevalence in the region remains limited. Methods: Between January 2020 and June 2022, we collected extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) isolates from five hospitals in Burkina Faso. After an initial culture on ESBL-selective media, the species were identified using API20E and isolates were tested against 13 antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar. ESBL production was confirmed via a double-disc synergy test. Production of carbapenemases and AmpC-β-lactamases and phenotypic co-resistance were determined. Results: Among the 473 ESBL-PE, 356 were ESBL-E. coli (ESBL-Ec) and 117 were Klebsiella spp. (ESBL-K). Of these isolates, 5.3% were carbapenemase and 5.3% were AmpC-β-lactamase-positive. Three types of carbapenemases were identified: 19 NDM, 3 OXA-48-like and 1 VIM. Two isolates produced both NDM and OXA-48-like carbapenemases. Carbapenemase producers were detected at all levels of healthcare. Co-resistance rates were up to 85% for aminoglycosides, 90% for sulfonamides, 95% for fluoroquinolones and 25% for chloramphenicol. Fosfomycin resistance was 6% for ESBL-Ec and 49% for ESBL-K (49%). Conclusions: Some of the ESBL-Ec and ESBL-K co-produced carbapenemases and/or AmpC-β-lactamases at all healthcare levels and in various sample types with high co-resistance rates to non-betalactams. Carbapenem resistance is no longer rare, calling for testing in routine diagnostics, a comprehensive resistance surveillance system and infection control within healthcare.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ekstrak Biji Kakao Terhadap Diameter Zona Bening Pada Bakteri Streptococcus Mutans

Cocoa beans can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus Mutans. Utilization of cocoa bean extract as an anti-bacterial inhibitor containing chemical compounds extracted in simplicia aims to increase the content in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and polyphenols. Streptococcus Mutans is a gram-positive facultative anaerobic coccus that is usually found in the human oral cavity and one of the causes of tooth decay or cariogenic bacteria capable of creating an acidic atmosphere in the mouth and can metabolize carbohydrates. This paper describes the effect of the concentration of cocoa bean extract on the diameter of the clear zone of Streptococcus Mutans bacteria. The antibacterial test was carried out using the Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) method, samples of cocoa bean extraction were prepared by maceration method with varying concentrations of 2.5% to 12.5% ​​at 2.5% intervals. With an interval of three hours, measurements were carried out for 48 hours of observation. The results showed that the greater the concentration of cocoa bean extract, the larger the diameter of the clear zone, with the smallest diameter (8.44 ± 1.61) mm (for a concentration of 2.5%) and the largest diameter (9.70 ± 1.66) mm (for a concentration of 12.5%).

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus And Its Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern In Patients With Vesiculobullous Disorders.

Vesiculobullous disorders are among the leading causes of admission to dermatology. These are characterized by distinct mucocutaneous involvement and by the development of vesicles and bullae (i.e. blisters). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of gram-positive bacteria distinct from other strains of Staph aureus. As the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics varies from region to region and from time to time, this study will determine the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility of MRSA isolates to the commonly prescribed antibiotics in our population. The objective is to determine the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern in patients with vesiculobullous disorders admitted to the Dermatology unit of Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar. It was Cross-sectional and carried out in study Department of Dermatology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from Oct 23, 2020, to Apr 22, 2021. This study was carried out over 132 patients. After consent, Swabs of pus from the Vesiculobullous disorders were taken from all the patients and sent to a laboratory for culture. Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was labelled as Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using oxacillin (1 μ gm.) disc on Mueller-Hinton agar (HiMedia Labs, Mumbai) with 24 hours incubation at 35 °C. In this study, 132 patients were observed. The average age was 44.44 years ±13.74 SD. Male to female ratio was 1.30:1. There were 44(33.33%) patients who showed Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vesiculobullous disorders patients. In our population, the frequency of staphylococcus aureus bacteria in vesiculobullous disorders is high so it will be considered while treating such patients.

Evaluation of Antifungal Resistance in Candida albicans Associated to Vaginal Candidiasis

Introduction: Candida albicans is one of the opportunistic pathogenic fungi that cause candidiasis in women between the ages of 20 and 35. This infection is commonly observed, particularly in pregnant individuals and those with weakened immune systems. Candida have the ability to create a biofilm on mucous membranes, which reduces the effectiveness of antifungal medications. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of antifungal medications in inhibiting the production of biofilms by C. albicans.
 Methods: Candida albicans was obtained from 40 female patients diagnosed with candidiasis, specifically married women between the ages of 20 and 40, at Jayapura General Hospital in Indonesia. The antifungal medicines utilized in this investigation include amphotericin at a concentration of 10% and fluconazole at a dosage of 50 mg. Antifungal susceptibility was assessed using the microdilution technique on Mueller-Hinton agar. The crystal violet assay (CV) was used in microtiter plates to measure how much biofilm was formed.
 Results: Indicative inhibitory halo diameters of 1 cm and 1.5 cm from the antifungal susceptibility test show that C. albicans demonstrated reduced sensitivity to fluconazole and amphotericin B at low concentrations. At high concentrations, the inhibitory halo diameter was between 0.08 cm and 2.3 cm.
 Conclusion: C. albicans demonstrated reduced sensitivity to fluconazole and amphotericin B at low concentrations and had moderate biofilm formation and antifungal susceptibility against all tested products at lower and stronger concentrations.

Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun jamblang dari kawasan geotermal: Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Kadar Bunuh Minimum (KBM)

Background: Jamblang is one of the plants that have the potential to be an antibacterial agent. Jamblang plants can grow in the geothermal area of Ie Seum Aceh Besar. This area has higher soil temperature and pH compared to areas outside of geothermal zones. Environmental conditions influence the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of a plant. Jamblang leaves contain several chemical compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins, which function as antibacterials.Objectives: This research aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of jamblang leaf extract obtained from the geothermal area of Ie Seum Aceh Besar against Staphylococcus aureus.Methods: The MIC and MBC testing will be conducted using the dilution method with extract concentrations of 1,56%, 3,12%, 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. The negative control will use distilled water, while the positive control will use amoxicillin. The medium used in this research is Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA).Results: The results indicate that the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the Jamblang leaf extract grown in the Ie Seum Aceh Besar geothermal area is 50%. In comparison, the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) is 100%.Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of jamblang leaves from the geothermal area of Ie Seum Aceh Besar, at a concentration of 50%, inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. In comparison, at a concentration of 100%, it killed the Staphylococcus aureus.

Inhibition of Lactobacillus acidophillus, Lactobacillus, Bacteria plantarum and Bifidobacterium spp. against Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. in the digestive tract in vitro

The bacteria Lactobacillus acidophillus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium spp. is a lactic acid bacteria that is used as a probiotic. The research was conducted with the aim of knowing the inhibition of the pribiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophillus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium spp. against Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Supporting tests such as motility tests, catalase tests, and fermentation tests were also carried out. The media used in this study were: Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) with the Kirby-Bauer method and Nutrient Broth (NB) media, TSIA, SIM. The control groups used in this study were P1 : Lactobacillus acidophillus, P2 : Lactobacillus plantarum, P3 : Bifidobacterium, P4 : Lactobacillus acidophilus + Bifidobacterium, P5 : Lactobacillus plantarum + Bifidobacterium, P6 : Lactobacillus acidophilus + Lactobacillus plantarum + Bifidobacterium, and P0 as control. The greatest inhibitory power on Escherichia coli bacteria was at P3, P4, P6 at 0.30 mm and Salmonella sp. namely at P4 by 15 mm. While the smallest inhibition on Escherichia coli bacteria is at P5, P7 is 0.2 mm and Salmonella sp. namely at P3, P5, P6 by 0.25 mm.

Antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with 0.7% tetracycline against porphyromonas gingivalis

Objectives: Nanoparticle technology has also come to the fore as a viable drug delivery strategy, providing opportunities for controlled release, protecting the active ingredient from enzymatic or environmental degradation, and local retention. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe rod involved in the etiology of periodontal disease. Tetracycline has been widely used as an adjuvant in periodontal therapy due to its antibacterial efficacy of these drugs. 
 Material and Methods: Samples of this study were the pure culture of P. gingivalis (ATCC 33 277) in Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA). The ionic gelation method made a Chitosan nanoparticle loaded with 0.7% tetracycline. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with 0.7% tetracycline were directly transferred to the microbiology laboratory to maintain the stability of the material. Mueller Hinton Agar media inoculated with bacteria had holes to input chitosan nanoparticles loaded with 0.7% tetracycline. After repeating these operations four times, the incubator was incubated at 37 ° C for 48 hours. Calipers were used to observe and measure the diameter of the bright zone (clear zone) formed around the hole.
 Results: The result shows the potent antimicrobial effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with 0,7% tetracycline with an inhibitory zone of 32.8 mm in vitro. 
 Conclusion: This research has shown a potent antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with 0,7% tetracycline against P. gingivalis in vitro.

Fosfomycin activity in vitro against Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine specimens

Abstract Urinary tract infections are caused mostly by uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. The aim of this paper was to assess the activity of fosfomycin in vitro against 74 E. coli strains isolated from urine samples of outpatients with acute cystitis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the recommended method of serial drug dilution in Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with glucose-6-phosphate (25 mg/L). The estimated MIC values were in the range of 1-32 mg/L. The prevalence of fosfomycin-sensitive strains was 45.9%, while that of fosfomycin-resistant strains – 54.1%. The time-kill assay was performed for a chosen clinical strain (MIC = 1 mg/L) in Mueller-Hinton broth also supplemented with glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of various concentrations of fosfomycin (0.5-64 mg/L). The bacterial population density was expressed as log CFU (colony forming units)/mL. The decrease of the bacterial population viability after 6h incubation was found with ∆log CFU/mL = 1.05-5.02, depending on fosfomycin concentration. However, bactericidal effect of this antibiotic (∆log CFU/mL >3) was observed only at the highest concentrations (32-64 mg/L). Moreover, after prolonged incubation (24 h), the re-growth of bacterial population revealed as the increase of its viability (∆log CFU/mL = 1.03-3.03) was observed at fosfomycin concentration in the range 0.5-32 mg/L, but not at 64 mg/L. This phenomenon may be due the presence of subpopulations of spontaneous mutants sensitive only to higher concentrations of this antibiotic comparing to MIC. The presented data confirm a need to monitor the sensitivity of uropathogenic E. coli strains to fosfomycin.

Comparative study on the effect of bacteriophage on MDR E.coli from Urinary tract infections

Abstract Introduction/Objective Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) associated with urethral catheters are the most common infections during hospitalization. Hospitalization's most common infections are urethral catheter-related UTIs. Bacteriophages infect bacteria exclusively. Phage therapy, especially in Eastern Europe, was widely used before antibiotics. Due to the overuse of antibiotics and the development of resistant bacteria, this therapy approach is regaining popularity. Methods/Case Report Subjects and methods: 2223 UAE-based UTI patients (4–68 years old) were examined. The isolated bacteria were identified biochemically and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using Mueller-Hinton agar disk diffusion (Kirby Bauer's). TSA (Liofilchem, Italy) kept isolates at 4 °C.for each examination. Tryptic Soy agar (TSA; Liofilchem, Italy) was used to grow one isolated colony overnight at 37 °C. This culture was transferred aseptically to 10 mL of fresh TSB medium and grown overnight at 37 °C to 0.8 optical density. 10 ml CaCl2 in 100 ml LB homogenized EMIRATE sewage water. Overnight homogenates with 9 E. coli isolates—24 hours of 37°C incubation. Samples were centrifuged at 12,000x g for five minutes—a 0.45 mm Millipore (France) filter produced phage lysate. TSA (Liofilchem, Italy) was used as a culture medium, and the centrifuged supernatant as phage suspension for the double-layer method. After 37 °C, plaques were examined. Single-plaque isolations followed. EOP was measured on double-layer agar for bacteria with a clear lysis zone (Adams, 1959). calculated EOP. Phages tested individually. EZ1 and EZ2 were negatively stained with Na-phosphotungstate for morphotype. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: This study found presumptive E. coli colonies in 478 of 2223 (21.5%) samples by plating pre-enriched samples on MacConkey. E. coli B2 and B4 were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, but most strains were resistant to antibiotics. E. coli B3 was Metronidazole-sensitive. Individual E. coli strains were susceptible to phage infection. Podoviruses were the two phages. 3 log decreased due to E. coli growth. Conclusion This study shows that a single dose of phage can reduce pathogenic MDR E.coli. Phages' high bacterial inactivation efficiency, safety, and prolonged survival, even in urine samples, allow depth studies, especially in vivo studies, to control urinary tract infection and overcome E.coli resistance.

Green Synthesis of Bioconjugated Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) By Punica granatum And Its Applications As Anti-microbial Agent

Abstract Introduction In recent years, the development of efficient green chemistry methods for synthesizing metal nanoparticles has become a major focus of many researchers. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than in the case of microorganisms. Methods/Case Report Objectives: Synthesis of (MNPs) by Punica granatum, confirming the formation that it exists, and studying their antibacterial activity effects. Materials and methods By using the Pomegranate plant, drying the plant 200 g (hot oven/sun), grinding the plant (powder form), dissolving in methanol 800 ml, leaving it overnight, filtration with filter paper, then collecting the filtrate, and adding equal volumes of iron solution in a beaker. We observed color change due to nanoparticle formation. By using UV - visible spectroscopy, we proved the presence of nanoparticles manufactured using pomegranate. After that, we studied its antibacterial effect by using several concentrations to determine the least effective (MIC) concentration against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus on Mueler Hinton agar media. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) The nanoparticles were formed strongly and remarkably, and the color quickly changed to an intense black color, even before using the magnetic mixer. The UV - visible spectroscopy characterizes the synthesized Fe3O4 (MNPs). The peak was at 410 nm, and the black color was developed to indicate the presence of (MNPs). Then we performed antibiotic testing on Staphylococcus aureus by using several concentrations. The nanoparticles were highly effective by using the full concentration and effective by using 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 concentrations. But it was inactive when the concentration was 1/16. Conclusion Nanotechnology is a modern technique to perform an accurate and reliable method for diagnosing and treating many diseases. The magnetic nanoparticles coated with the active ingredients of pomegranate extract facilitate its use the use of them as an antibacterial agent.