Mouse Adrenal Gland Research Articles

IN VITRO EFFECT OF 2-METHYL-1,2-BIS(3-PYRIDYL)-1-PROPANONE (SU-4885) AND NADPH IN THE MOUSE ADRENAL.

The metabolism of progesterone-4-14C by mouse adrenals was studied in vitro following incubation with the inhibitor, 2-methyl-l,2-bis(3-pyridyl) -1-propanone(Su- 4885) alone, and in the presence of added NADPH. Su-4885 (5×10-5M) inhibited the conversion of progesterone to compounds more polar than corticosterone, as well as to corticosterone itself, with a corresponding accumulation of a number of less polar compounds, particularly ring A reduced metabolites of progesterone and deoxycorticosterone. The addition of NADPH accentuated these reductive pathways. Consideration is given to the possible functional role of reductive pathways in the adrenal cortex. (Endocrinology 75: 949, 1964)

CONVERSION OF PROGESTERONE-4-14C TO 18-HYDROXYCORTICOSTERONE AND ALDOSTERONE BY MOUSE ADRENALS IN VITRO.

The conversion of progesterone-4-14C by quartered mouse adrenal glands to steroid metabolites during a 3-hr incubation period has been under study. The fractions more polar than corticosterone have been examined in various chromatographic systems and several C-18 oxygenated metabolites have been isolated. The compounds, 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone, have been identified by the mobility of the labeled steroids and their derivatives in different chromatographic systems and by the retention of radioactivity in the carrier steroids added during these procedures. (Endocrinology 74: 865, 1964)

Preliminary Report on the Function of the X-zone of the Mouse Adrenal Cortex

Bioassay for the androgenic activity of the X-zone of the adrenal cortex of the castrated adult male mouse was performed by a method in which a pellet was transplanted into the testis of an immature rat. As controls, a rat subjected to sham operation and these administered with pellets of cholesterol, adrenals of intact adult male mice, or androgen (positive control) were used in this study. Weighing and histological examinations were performed. The results obtained are summarized as follows.The weight data collected from the epididymis, ductus deferens, ventral prostate gland, and seminal vesicle showed no significant differences between the experimental and the control rats, except one used in a preliminary experiment.In histological observation, the epithelial cells of the ventral prostate gland were higher in the experimental animals than in the control. They were significantly higher even in a rat administered with a pellet weighing 5.6mg than in the control. The highest epithelial cells were found in an animal to which had been transplanted an androgen pellet (pcsitive control). Light areas were observed in the epithelial cells of this gland in all experimental animals, but not in all control animals, except a positive control. Colloid substance was present in the alveolar lumen of the ventral prostate gland in some of the experimental animals, and more abundantly in the positive control than these animals. The alveoli of the gland were larger in diameter in the positive control than in the experimental animals.In the seminal vesicle there was not so significant a histological difference as in the ventral prostate gland. After the transplantation of X-zone and androgen pellets, the epithelial cells became higher and the folds of the mucosa greater, but no secretion granules for halo-like areas appeared, except in the positive control.The results of capon comb test on the X-zone were negative.From these findings, it can be considered that the X-zone secretes androgenic substance, though small in amount.

Changes in noradrenaline and serotonin content of the brain after Shigella shigae toxin administration

Summary The effect of Shigella shigae toxin on content of catecholamines and 5HT in the mouse brain, adrenals and heart was determined. It was found in the brain that a latency period of 48 hr precedes the lowering of the NA and 5HT content. The level of NA depjetion was found to be toxin dose-dependent. No changes in NA and A content could be found in the heart of Shigella shigae treated animals. In the adrenals 48 hr after toxin administration there is a significant lowering of adrenaline as well as noradrenaline content. The different response of various organs is discussed.

The effects of stress and ACTH-stimulus on the X-zone of the mouse adrenals with and without hypophysectomy.

In order to ascertain the effect of ACTH and stress on the X-zone of the mouse adrenals, starvation and administration of ACTH and formalin were performed on normal, bypophysectomized and ovariectomized virgin animals. Stress and the administration of ACTH induced a particular kind of regression in the X-zone of normal and hypophysectomized mice, which could not be prevented by preliminary ovariectomy or cortisone administration. The most severe lesions of the X-zone were observed in the starved group. The X-zone was maintained and even hypertrophied by the administration of hydrocortisone, and this was ascribed to the decreased secretion of ACTH.

Circadian studies on succinic dehydrogenase pantothenate and biotin of rodent adrenal.

Coenzyme A concentration and the activity of the succinic dehydrogenase system in rodent adrenals are both circadian periodic functions; both apparently can be synchronized with a 24-hour periodic regimen of alternating light and darkness. Such light-synchronized periodicity analysis reveals that circadian changes in succinic dehydrogenase activity are roughly in phase with changes in serum corticosterone and, perhaps, also in phase with the corticosterone rhythm of the adrenal itself. The circadian rhythm of adrenal CoA, in turn, shows a significant phase difference when compared either to corticosterone concentration or to the activity of the succinic dehydrogenase system. Circadian periodic changes in total biotin concentration in adrenals of rats and mice were not detected.

Sex Difference in Lipid Content of Adrenal Glands in Mice

SummaryThe zona fasciculata and to some extent the zona glomerulosa of the adrenals of female STR/N mouse stained more intensely and uniformly for lipid with oil red O than those of the males. The female adrenal was considerably larger than that of the male although body weights of the male were larger than the female. The absolute amounts of total lipid, cholesterol and phospholipid in the adrenals in female mice were higher than in males. Eosinophil count of female mice was lower, but not significantly so, than male counts.

STUDIES ON ADRENAL ENUCLEATION

In the first, Na22Cl, Rb86Cl and Cs137Cl were subcutaneously given in a dose of 1μc/ 0. 1cc to male mice of dd strain weighing 2025g following right adrenalectomy and left adrenal enucleation (UAE) or bilateral adrenalectomy, and the excretions and distribution of each in the body was investigated and regenerating adrenal glands were histologically studied. Next, using rats weighing about 200g serum Na and K concentration following UEA and effects of various hormones upon it were investigated with the following results.1) Within 1 week after UAE, Na22 excretion rate was in inverse relation with those of Rb86 and Cs137, but all returned to the, normal after 1 week. Within 1 week the concentrations of Rb86 and Cs137 in various organs were significantly increased but returned to normal after 2 weeks.2) Histologically, regeneration of mouse adrenal gland observed at 4th day after UAE and regenerating cell was generally presented fascicular arrangement. Adrenal glands were restored to normal almost at 18th day after UAE, but zonal formation is not clear. At 35th day, its state is like to adrenal medullectomy.3) Serum Na and K concentration were returned to normal within 12 weeks after UAE, and it was not related to zonal formation.4) As to the influences of hormane administration to serum Na and K concentration, definit relation was not gained on adrenal corticoids and ACTH administration, administration of adrenalin and growth hormone produced no remarkable change, DOCA administration increased serum Na concentration.From the results of present experiments, histological finding is not keep with the restoriction of mineral metabolism. There is a scope to criticized to so-called zonal theory, that is, early regenerating adrenal gland cells after UAE have mineral and gluco metabolism functions.

Corticosterone rhythm of mouse adrenal in relation to serum corticosterone and sampling.

Under conditions standardized for light-synchronized periodicity analysis the corticosterone content of mouse adrenals undergoes significant 24-hour periodic changes. In mature males of the B1 stock, glandular hormone content fluctuates by approximately 50% around its day-mean, accounting amplitude-wise for about one-half of the periodic change in blood hormone. Peak corticosterone content in the adrenal occurs at ≈16:00, if mice are kept on a regimen providing for light from 06:00 to 18:00, alternating with 12 hours of darkness. As to timing, the daily corticosterone peak in the gland corresponds roughly to that in serum, when sampling is done at 4-hour intervals in the absence of stimulation other than daily routine. The correlation between physiologic 24-hour changes of corticosterone in adrenal and serum is positive and statistically significant. This correlation may be altered by the conditions of sampling, e.g. by the repeated exposure of mice to man.

Adrenal function & liver changes after x-irradiation

The presence of adrenals is necessary for the genesis of the fatty liver damage in the second week after the totalbody X-irradiation. Cortison in moderate daily doses is capable of replacing this function of the adrenals in adrenalectomized mice.

Nuclear size changes during autolysis in normal mouse liver, kidney, and adrenal gland.

SummarySmall pieces of mouse kidney, liver, and whole adrenal glands were allowed to autolyze in incubator for varying times before fixation. Nuclear sizes were measured and compared with control tissues that had been mounted and stained together on the same slide. Nuclear volumes increased about 70% over controls during the first 30 to 60 minutes of autolysis in kidney and adrenal cortex. This was followed by a decrease in volumes eventually leveling off to about half that of the control in the kidney and the same as the control in adrenal cortex. A comparison of frequency distribution of nuclear volumes in liver revealed no differences between autolyzed samples and the control samples.

Effects of Noise on the Blood-Eosinophil Levels and Adrenals of Mice

Physiological changes are described following exposure of mice to single and intermittent noise stimulation (110 db re 0.0002 dyne/cm2, 10–20 kc) for varying lengths of time. Attention is focused on the degree of adreno-cortical activation as measured by cytological changes in the adrenal gland and fall in the number of circulating eosinophils. Since the observed changes were transient, of short duration and no evidence of systemic pathology could be detected, the noise was described as not harmful. The tendency of certain investigators to regard noise as an injurious, nonspecific stress stimulus without specifying the exact nature of the noise situation does not seem justified.

Glucocorticoids in adrenocortical carcinoma of mice.

SummaryAdrenocortical carcinomas, induced in mice by early castration, and transplanted to recipient mice, were assayed for glucocorticoids by the mouse liver glycogen method of Venning. Glucocorticoids were present in all tumors. The hormone content of the tumors was compared with that of normal mouse adrenals and was found to be smaller on the basis of tissue weight. Incubation of tumor homogenate with desoxycorticosterone glucoside failed to yield increased glucogenic activity.

Effect of administration of lactating cattle breast preparation on the genital organs and adrenals of white mice

Die Verfutterung chemisch unveranderter lactierender Rindermamma fuhrt in der oben angegebenen Versuchsanordnung bei der weisen Maus zu einer hemmenden Beeinflussung der funktionellen Eierstockstatigkeit. In wenigen Fallen kann dabei auch morphologisch im Ovar eine Hemmung der Follikelreifung festgestellt werden. In den Nebennieren wird die physiologische Regression der inneren Rindenschicht (X-Zone) aufgehalten bzw. verlangsamt. Als Ursache dieser Veranderungen kann auf Grund der Kontrolluntersuchungen ein in der Brustdruse angenommener spezifischer Wirkstoff angesehen werden, weshalb wir eine innere Sekretion der lactierenden Milchdruse fur moglich halten mochten.

Effect of cortisone and ACTH on adrenals in experimental diphteria, Shiga, and meningococcus intoxication.

(1) Neither ACTH, cortisone, nor cortisone in conjunction with ascorbic acid appeared to have any effect on the outward course of intoxication of guinea pigs given lethal doses of diphtheria toxin. (2) Neither cortisone nor cortisone in conjunction with ascorbic acid affected the mortality of mice receiving fatal doses of either Shiga toxin or meningococci suspended in mucin. (3) Cortisone appeared to exert a protective action on the adrenals of mice receiving fatal doses of Shiga toxin and meningococci suspended in mucin, as judged by the degree of congestion.

Ascorbic acid concentration in the adrenals of lymphosarcoma-bearing mice.

The progressive depletion of ascorbic acid previously reported to occur in the adrenals of female mice carrying a transplantable sarcoma has not been confirmed in the case of male mice of another strain bearing a transplantable lymphosarcoma. A pronounced sex difference exists in the adrenal ascorbic acid response of CBA mice to histamine and ACTH, although relatively constant total quantities of ascorbic acid may disappear from the glands of each sex following similar stimuli.

THE EFFECT OF VARYING LEVELS OF THYROIDAL STIMULATION ON ADRENALS UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES

The effect of thyroidal stimulation on the weight of adrenals of the growing male mouse, kept at environmental temperatures of 24 and 30° C. for 3–4 weeks, has been studied. The administration of thyroxine (as iodinated protein) in sufficient dosages caused a significant increase in the weight of the adrenals of male mice kept at 24° C. whereas thiouracil caused a significant decrease. High environmental temperature alone caused a significant decrease in the weight of the adrenals, probably due to a decrease in the thyroid secretion rate which occurred at that temperature. The decrease in the weight of the adrenals was checked to some extent by the administration of very small doses of thyroxine; however, larger doses caused a decrease in the adrenal weight of the thyroprotein-treated mice. Hypothyroidism produced at 30° C. also resulted in a significant decrease in the weight of the adrenals.

SECTION OF BIOLOGY: THE RESPONSE OF THE MOUSE ADRENAL GLAND TO STEROID HORMONES: Report on Recent Investigation

Transactions of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 11, Issue 7 Series II p. 239-243 SECTION OF BIOLOGY: THE RESPONSE OF THE MOUSE ADRENAL GLAND TO STEROID HORMONES: Report on Recent Investigation JAMES H. LEATHEM, JAMES H. LEATHEM Department of Zoology and Bureau of Biological Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. This paper, illustrated with lantern slides, was presented at the meeting of the Section on April 11, 1949.Search for more papers by this author JAMES H. LEATHEM, JAMES H. LEATHEM Department of Zoology and Bureau of Biological Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. This paper, illustrated with lantern slides, was presented at the meeting of the Section on April 11, 1949.Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1949 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2164-0947.1949.tb00313.xCitations: 4 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume11, Issue7 Series IIMay 1949Pages 239-243 RelatedInformation

ADRENAL GLANDS AND MALIGNANCY

Abstract The interrelation between tumor growth, the anterior pituitary, and the adrenal glands is discussed. The histologic changes in the adrenals of chickens, rats, and mice, bearing tumor, have been studied. The weight of adrenal glands is increased in cancerous animals, particularly in chickens with Rous sarcoma. Two stages of cellular reaction have been found in the adrenal cortex, hyperactivity of the zona reticularis, in incipient malignancy, and lipoid accumulation and fatty degeneration of the cortical part, similar to b -avitaminosis in large tumors. These two stages probably correspond to two different stages of glandular activity: hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex in the beginning of malignancy and hypofunction with the progress of tumor growth. Unilateral adrenalectomy seems to have no effect on the growth of transplanted tumor. Bilateral adrenalectomy has a definite inhibiting effect upon it. Grafting of adrenal tissue does not produce any noticeable effect on tumor growth. The regenerative power of the cortical tissue is more pronounced in grafts in rats with large tumors than in non-cancerous rats. This suggests that the organism affected by cancer must have some physiologic need for the biologic principle elaborated by the adrenal gland.

THE STRUCTURE OF BOWMAN'S CAPSULE IN CASTRATE AND TESTOSTERONE TREATED MALE MICE AS AN INDEX OF HORMONAL EFFECTS ON THE RENAL CORTEX11

IN THE KIDNEY of a few species of mammals, including mice, a type of Bowman's capsule may occur in which the squamous cells usually constituting the parietal lamina are partially or completely replaced by cuboidal cells resembling those making up the walls of the proximal convoluted tubule. A method has recently been described (1) for determining, by means of a differential count, the relative number of this cuboidal-cell type of capsule, and a number of age and sex correlations in the postnatal development of the mouse kidney have been demonstrated. A few cuboidal or ‘high’ cell capsules are present in both sexes at birth; the percentage of cuboidal cell capsules increases in both sexes for the first 20 weeks of postnatal life, but at all times after puberty the relative number of cuboidal cell capsules in the male mouse kidney far exceeds that in the female; this sexual variation in the kidney occurs at puberty and is closely correlated with the time of degeneration of the androgenic or x-zone of the mouse adrenal gland (2).