Motivational Priorities Research Articles

Patterns in affect and personality states across the menstrual cycle.

Affective, behavioral, and cognitive (i.e., personality) states fluctuate across situations and context, yet the biological mechanisms regulating them remain unclear. Here, we report two large, longitudinal studies that investigate patterns of change in personality states and affect as a function of the menstrual cycle, ovarian hormones, and hormonal contraceptive use. Study 1 (N = 757) is an online diary study with a worldwide sample, whereas Study 2 (N = 257) is a laboratory study including repeated hormone assays. Both studies came to somewhat diverging conclusions. In Study 1, we found that dynamics of daily affect and personality were very similar among naturally cycling women and hormonal contraceptive users, with two exceptions: Hormonal contraceptive users showed greater variability in negative affect than naturally cycling women, and, naturally cycling women showed a descriptive, but nonsignificant decrease in positive affect in the premenstrual phase. Results of Study 2 indicated robust premenstrual increases in neuroticism and negative affect but decreases in extraversion and positive affect. High extraversion and low neuroticism were positively related to conception risk and the estradiol-to-progesterone ratio, suggesting potentially adaptive effects consistent with a fertility-induced shift in motivational priorities. We discuss how differences in methods likely account for differences in results between both studies and suggest methodological and theoretical guidelines for future research. Taken together, our results suggest that hormonal variation across the menstrual cycle-and discrete menstrual cycle events, such as premenstruation-represent potential biological sources of personality state variation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Moderators of curiosity and information seeking in younger and older adults.

The present study examined age differences in the influence of informational value cues on curiosity and information seeking. In two experiments, younger and older adults (total N = 514) rated their curiosity about content before having the opportunity to seek out more information. Experiment 1 examined the impact of social value on curiosity and information seeking about trivia. Online popularity metrics served as social value cues. Metric visibility increased engagement with high-popularity information for older adults, whereas it decreased engagement with low-popularity information for younger adults. Experiment 2 examined the impact of practical value on curiosity and information seeking about science facts. Personal and collective practical value were highlighted by linking the information to the domains of medicine and the environment, respectively. Patterns of curiosity and information seeking revealed greater sensitivity to collective practical value in older than younger adults. In both experiments, the relationship between curiosity and information seeking was stronger in older adults than in younger adults. Overall, these findings suggest that age differences in motivational priorities may lead to age differences in curiosity and information seeking. In addition to highlighting strategies for fostering curiosity in older learners, these findings may also inform digital literacy interventions aimed at reducing engagement with clickbait and misinformation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Understanding self-control as a problem of regulatory scope.

Although the focus of research for decades, there is a surprising lack of consensus on what is (and what is not) self-control. We review some of the most prominent theoretical models of self-control, including those that highlight conflicts between smaller-sooner versus larger-later rewards, "hot" emotions versus "cool" cognitions, and efficient automatic versus resource-intensive controlled processes. After discussing some of their shortcomings, we propose an alternative approach based on tenets of construal level theory (Trope et al., 2021) that integrates these disparate models while also providing novel insights. Specifically, we model self-control as a problem of regulatory scope-the range of considerations one accounts for in any decision or behavior. Self-control conflicts occur when the pursuit of specific local opportunities threatens the ability to address motivational priorities that span a broader array of time, places, individuals, and possibilities. Whereas a more contractive consideration of relevant concerns may prompt indulgence in temptation, a more expansive consideration of concerns should not only help people identify the self-control conflict but also successfully resolve it. We review empirical evidence that supports this new framework and discuss implications and new directions. This regulatory framework not only clarifies what is and what is not self-control but also provides new insights that can be leveraged to enhance self-control in all its various forms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Hormonal and cycle phase predictors of within-women shifts in self-perceived attractiveness: Tests of alternative functional models

Prior research has produced mixed findings regarding whether women feel more attractive during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. Here, we analyzed cycle phase and hormonal predictors of women's self-perceived attractiveness (SPA) assessed within a daily diary study. Forty-three women indicated their SPA, sexual desire, and interest in their own partners or other potential mates each day across 1–2 menstrual cycles; saliva samples collected on corresponding days were assayed for estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone; and photos of the women taken at weekly intervals were rated for attractiveness. Contrary to some prior studies, we did not find a significant increase in SPA within the estimated fertile window (i.e., cycle days when conception is possible). However, within-cycle fluctuations in progesterone were significantly negatively associated with shifts in SPA, with a visible nadir in SPA in the mid-luteal phase. Women's sexual desire and SPA were positively associated, and the two variables fluctuated in very similar ways across the cycle. Third-party ratings of women's photos provided no evidence that women's SPA simply tracked actual changes in their visible attractiveness. Finally, for partnered women, changes in SPA correlated with shifts in attraction to own partners at least as strongly as it did with shifts in fantasy about extra-pair partners. Our findings provide preliminary evidence for the idea that SPA is a component of women's sexual motivation that may change in ways similar to other hormonally regulated shifts in motivational priorities. Additional large-scale studies are necessary to test replication of these preliminary findings.

The Transformation of a Person’s Life Plans in Mature Age

Introduction. There is a dual view about the orientation of transformation of life plans in people of mature age: on the one hand, the personality goes beyond the old structures, revealing its potential for the sake of further development; on the other hand, there is the risk of a motivational crisis associated with a change in the trajectory of personality development. Our research is designed to deepen and concretize ideas about the orientation and motivation of human life plans’ transformation at different stages of maturity. Purpose. The study of the peculiarities of motivation for the life plans’ transformation in mature age.Materials and methods. In this study, 4 tests were applied: The Diagnostics of Motivational Structure of Personality test by V. E. Milman, the Index of Aspirations test by E. Desi and R. Ryan (adapted by Yu. A. Kotelnikova), the Morphological Test of Life Values (MTLV) by V. F. Sopov, L. V. Karpushina, Test for Assessing the Life and Time Prospects of a Person by N. I. Nikolskaya. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical analysis of the obtained data.Results. The study involved 160 people aged 35–55. We found out that respondents’ motivational priorities differ in general orientation – representatives of early maturity are oriented externally, whereas the motivational orientation of older respondents is rather internal. The features of emotional experiences are also revealed: in early maturity, they are sthenic and characterized by productivity, and in later maturity, they are rather asthenic, hindering activity.Discussion. Our study expands existing information about the motivational and emotional aspects of the life plans’ transformation in early and late maturity. The motivational priorities of the representatives of both age cohorts are established. In general, maturity is associated with a redefinition of the activity vector, a revision of the significance of life goals, and a transformation of plans, which leads to an expansion or change in the boundaries of the subject or the actualization of asthenic emotional experiences.

Investigating the Motivational Priorities Underlying Equestrians’ Horse-Keeping and Training Practices

ABSTRACT Many traditional horse keeping and training practices can result in poor horse welfare. To assist reform and identify novel opportunities to facilitate improvements in horse welfare, this study sought to gauge the motivations underlying equestrians’ horse-keeping and training practices. Nineteen amateur equestrians were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Systems thinking and self-determination theory, which proposes humans are intrinsically motivated by three psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and relatedness), provided the theoretical framework for the study. Using reflexive thematic analysis, four themes were identified: (1) achieving equestrian goals is the primary motivator; (2) equestrians work hard to develop their equestrian knowledge and skills; (3) equestrians are highly motivated to compete and/or participate in club activities; and (4) achieving a financial return on investment is important to many equestrians. Findings suggest that equestrians do not prioritize the three psychological needs proposed by self-determination theory equally. Competence (goal achievement) was the highest priority for equestrians, followed by the need for autonomy (control), and then relatedness (horse–human partnership). The spectrum of equestrians’ motivational priorities suggests that there is an imbalance between horse needs and human needs when selecting horse-keeping and training practices. These insights can be leveraged to develop initiatives that engage all stakeholders, so that meeting human needs and horse needs is more equitably balanced. We also found that equestrians’ practices were highly influenced by their desire to participate in competitive equestrian sport, emphasizing the important role equestrian organizations can play in improving horse welfare through the rules of their sports. These findings contribute to the multifaceted reform needed to solve the complex challenge of improving horse welfare, the outcome of which will determine the long-term future of equestrian sport.

ЛИЧНОСТНО ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ КАК СРЕДСТВО РАЗВИТИЯ ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОЙ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СТАРШЕКЛАССНИКА ПРОФИЛЬНОЙ ШКОЛЫ (МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОФИЛЬ)

The development of cognitive independence of high school students is most in demand in a specialized school, since at this educational stage, high school students are being trained to study at a university, according to new standards aimed at increasing the proportion of independent work. Over the past 10–15 years, school teaching teams have been increasingly using the basics of personality-oriented education in their practice. Students enter the class with a certain profile orientation from the position of continuing their studies in higher education. Basically, by the 9th–10th grade, the inclinations, abilities of students, their motivation are fully manifested, in accordance with the vector of their further education. Thus, for a high school student of a specialized school, his personal experience is increasingly important, focused on his valuable, vital meanings, obviously, for him, lying in the sphere of motivational priorities. For this reason, an axiological approach is completely justified in the personality-oriented education of high school students of a specialized school, as it expands the boundaries of learning material acquisition determined by the program, actualizes the voluntary choice of the student, the independence of his position on setting goals, highlighting obstacles. This approach involves the manifestation of will, personal experience, and, therefore, requires the manifestation of active independent cognition of a high school student. The process of developing independent cognition of high school students of specialized classes is possible, in particular, as a result of the organization of educational activities of schoolchildren through personality-oriented tasks involving the use of personal, subjective experience created by the student himself as a leading element of the content. One of the possible ways to form the cognitive independence of a high school student in a specialized class of a mathematical direction is based on the application of personality–oriented tasks of mathematical content — tasks with a parameter. When solving a rather complex problem with a parameter, a high school student is faced with the need to independently search and apply knowledge from various mathematical fields, choosing, based on his personal experience, the most rational trajectory to achieve the goal. As a result of research and experimental work on the development of cognitive independence of high school students of specialized mathematical classes through personality-oriented tasks in the form of mathematical problems with a parameter, the steady development of cognitive independence of students was revealed. The positive aspect accompanying the experiment was a significant improvement in the cognitive component of teaching high school students in the specialized mathematical field, which provided a fairly solid knowledge of solving problems with the parameter included in the Unified State Exam.

Мотиваційні пріоритети у вихованні почуття національної самосвідомості учнів, студентів і курсантів засобами бойового хортингу

The article focuses on the priority tasks of the research topic, including increase of motivation for physical culture lessons, physical education and sports, development of a sense of national identity of schoolchildren, university students and cadets by means of combat horting, popularisation and preservation of national traditions and values of Ukrainians. The authors provide an analysis and synthesis of the concepts of ‘motivation’, ‘national identity’, identify motivational priorities, conduct a survey and provide recommendations for developing a sense of national identity in schoolchildren, university students and cadets, including as follows: 1. Patriotism and love for the Motherland (respect for national symbols and traditions, competitors and coaches; preservation of cultural heritage. 2. Formation of national identity and self-awareness (sense of belonging: horting promotes a sense of belonging to the nation, emphasising the originality and uniqueness of Ukrainian culture; pride in national achievements: participation in competitions and victories in international arenas creates a sense of pride in one's country. 3. Development of civic consciousness: active citizenship: Young people involved in horting often participate in social projects and volunteer initiatives, which promotes active citizenship. 4. Responsibility for the society: horting activities develop a sense of responsibility for the safety and well-being of their community and country as a whole. 5. Personal development and self-improvement: training willpower and self-discipline: Regular training contributes to the development of willpower, selfdiscipline and perseverance. 6. Developing leadership skills: Horting develops leadership skills, the ability to make decisions and lead others. 7. Social integration and cohesion: development of team spirit: Team training and competitions contribute to the development of skills of cooperation, mutual support and team spirit. 8. Social support and mutual help: Participants in a horting club often support each other not only during training, but also in everyday life, forming strong social bonds. 9. Physical health and safety: Improving health: Regular physical activity improves the health of young people, contributing to a healthy lifestyle. 10. Self-defence skills: Horting teaches young people self-defence skills that increase their self-confidence and safety in everyday life.

MOTIVATION FACTORS FOR EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH ENGAGEMENT AMONG STUDENTS DURING WARTIME

The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 dealt a severe blow to the educational and scientific aspirations of the young generation in our country. The destruction of universities, lack of essential equipment and reagents, power shortages, and disrupted communication between students and their academic mentors due to the adoption of distance learning have significantly hindered their pursuit of education and science. This study aims to analyze the motivational factors that drive students to engage in academic and scientific work during the ongoing wartime. Materials and methods. For this cross-sectional study, we gathered data from 75 respondents who were studying in higher educational institutions of Ukraine as of February 24, 2022 in the period from September to October 2022. Results. Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, 36% of respondents reported a reduction in available time for educational activities, 18.67% of respondents noted a decrease in the time allocated to scientific work. An analysis of the respondents' involvement in scientific research during their study at higher education institutions revealed that 67% of respondents considered student scientific research to be an integral part of the educational environment. Prior to the war, key motivational factors for young women included seeking social approval from family or friends and pursuing rewards. For young men, it was challenging to pinpoint a singular most significant factor, but social approval from family or friends, personal satisfaction, and interest in research projects were notably prominent. With the onset of the war, among young women, the primary motivating factors that remained pivotal were an interest in science and the recognition of the value of their research outcomes. Among young men, a loss of distinct boundaries between motivational priorities for engaging in scientific work was observed. Conclusion. The ongoing war has brought about a substantial shift in how students perceive scientific work, leading to a discernible decrease in motivation among this demographic. This research serves as a valuable foundation for developing strategies aimed at bolstering motivation and encouraging active participation in scientific research among young individuals. Furthermore, it offers insights that can be instrumental in enhancing the quality of education at Ukrainian universities during times of conflict.

MEANS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION. CONTENT AND FORM OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES

In the practice of physical education, large number of various physical exercises are used, which differ from each other in both form and content.
 The content of physical exercise is formed, on the one hand, by all those movements and operations that are included in one or another exercise, and, on the other hand, by those complex and multifaceted processes that occur in the body during exercise. They can be considered in many aspects: psychological, physiological, biomechanical, biochemical, etc.
 The article defines the influence of the means used during physical exertion on the development of physical qualities of students of higher education institutions. It was found that during the period of distance learning, a sharp decrease in the level of physical fitness of higher education students is observed. In the course of the research, theoretical methods, analysis and generalization of methodological, sports-research and educational-methodical literature were used, the level of development of physical qualities of the participants of the educational process in the conditions of online education was revealed; surveying teachers and students of higher education institutions to find out their motivational priorities in learning and imparting knowledge in the absence of face-to-face educational process.
 It has been established that distance learning has a negative effect on the development of physical qualities.

Motivational priorities of women in the first period of adulthood regarding recreational aquafitness classes

The article examines the issue of motivation of women in the first period of adulthood regarding recreational aquafitness classes. Motivation is a psychophysiological process that, under the influence of external or internal factors, stimulates people's desire to engage in this or that activity. Aquafitness classes are one of the main factors in slowing down the aging process, maintaining health and increasing physical activity. Only a few scientific studies have been found that highlight the specifics of aqua fitness classes with women in the first period of adulthood. The question of the priority motives of women in the process of health training and the importance of taking them into account when planning during physical exertion is considered. Women in the first period of adulthood participated in the study (n=60). One of the questions of the questionnaire was to determine the motivational priorities of women in the first period of adulthood for aquafitness classes. Thus, the majority (70.1%) of the interviewed women are not satisfied or partially satisfied with their own bodies, women sought to improve their girth measurements, namely: waist – 86.8%, hips – 78.5%, buttocks – 70.1%. The level of physical fitness of women according to their own subjective feeling is: 40.1% - lower than average, 36.7% - average and 13.4% - low. Based on the results of the questionnaire, the motivational priorities of women in the first period of adulthood for recreational aquafitness classes were determined. It should be noted that our research correlates to some extent with other research on the features of motor activity of adult women in their free time. These results are the reason for developing a program of aquafitness classes using a differentiated approach with a selected contingent of women according to their body types and body mass index indicators.

Features of motivation of university cadets with specific learning conditions for physical education

The article analyzes the motivational priorities for physical education classes of cadets studying at the Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs in the specialty "Law" in order to determine ways to improve their psychophysical preparation for future professional activity. As a result of the study, low motivation and involvement of cadets in physical education was established; The external and internal factors influencing the formation of motivation of applicants to engage in physical culture are determined.
 The authors propose an experimental scheme for improving the physical training of higher education students with specific learning conditions, compiled on the basis of taking into account their motivational priorities for physical education, external and internal factors that affect these priorities, features of their psychophysical state. Conducting any form of training will be more effective if the activities of cadets are motivated. In order to build an effective system for improving the physical training of university applicants for their future profession, the authors propose to take into account the dynamics of changes in the motives of applicants throughout the entire period of study at the university. The authors note that when planning and conducting practical classes, scientific and pedagogical staff should take into account the influence of the psychophysiological state of cadets on internal needs for incentives. The most optimal way to influence the motivation of university applicants to engage in physical culture and sports should be applied after studying the situational factors and personal characteristics of cadets. Significant levers of influence on the motivational priorities of applicants for physical culture and sports should be the practical experience of scientific and pedagogical workers, an emphasis on preparing for future professional activities, creating appropriate conditions for classes, forming a positive attitude and enjoying applicants from the classes held.

Animal Welfare Science: Why and for Whom?

There are, in the literature, distinct ways to approach animal welfare. The objective of this work was to study the value attributed to farm animals in the scientific papers published in animal welfare and animal production journals at three different points in time, separated by a decade each. The first ten papers mentioning "animal welfare" or "animal well-being" in their objectives or hypotheses from each journal and each focus year were selected. The 180 papers were blindly scored by five assessors between 1 and 10, according to the degree of intrinsic value attributed to animals. The overall mean score and standard deviation were 5.60 ± 2.49, with 6.46 ± 2.29 and 4.74 ± 2.40 for AW and AP journals, respectively, and 5.37 ± 2.44, 5.68 ± 2.52 and 5.75 ± 2.41 for the focus years of 2000, 2010 and 2020, respectively. There was an interaction between focus year and publication area: papers from AW journals scored better over time, in contrast with papers from AP journals, for which scores remained similar over decades. The inter-assessor agreement is moderate, which may reflect the subject complexity, as the language used in the papers studied was ambiguous in relation to why and for whom it is performed. The low overall mean score evidenced that the animal welfare scientific publications are, on average, not prioritizing the interests of the animals. Thus, our results evidenced the presence of animal welfarism in animal welfare science, a problem that seems not to be intrinsic to animal welfare science itself, but rather to the way research is frequently conceived, conducted, interpreted, summarized and applied. Therefore, it seems urgent to further study the motivation for animal welfare research. The statement of the main justification for animal welfare papers, with an explicit declaration of the motivational priorities that constitute each scientific animal welfare study, may be an interesting recommendation for the improvement of animal welfare science.

Influence Of Crisis States In Ukraine On The Motivation Priorities Of Students For Physical Education

The article is devoted to the analysis of changes in students' motivational priorities for physical education under the influence of crisis situations in Ukraine. The number of hours devoted to the discipline "Physical education" has been decreasing in recent years, which may have a negative impact on the health of students. However, even with the available small number of practical classes, it is necessary that students attend them systematically, supplementing these classes with independent training in their free time from studying. A conscious and voluntary increase in the level of one's own motivation for regular physical activity contributes to the systematic use of physical culture and sports in a person's everyday life and, as a result, has a positive effect on his health. The authors proposed a questionnaire, which included four blocks of motives, namely: health motives, educational and communicative motives, psychologically meaningful and aesthetic motives. The initial survey was conducted in 2013, and repeated during the 2020 and 2022 academic years during crisis situations. Global digitization, restrictions on quarantine due to Covid-19 and the introduction of martial law in Ukraine have brought significant changes to the universal life of young people and their physical activity, in particular.
 A study of changes in motivational priorities affecting students' attendance at physical education classes in recent years was conducted. The impact of quarantine restrictions due to Covid-19, as well as the introduced martial law in the country, on the physical activity of students was analyzed. The dynamics of changes in motivational priorities that affect students' interest in attending classes in the discipline "Physical Education" are determined.

A buffet of litters – Broiler chickens behave differently according to litter type and freshness

Poultry are usually provided with a single litter type that may not satisfy all litter-directed behavioural functions and may lose functional value over time due to soiling and degradation. We investigated this hypothesis in two commercial broiler flocks reared to 34 days of age on peat litter. We provided “litter buffets” comprising seven adjacent 1-m2 litter trays, each containing a different litter type (peat, peat mixed with sawdust, wood shavings, finely-chopped bark, oat straw pellets, coarsely-crushed rape straw, and finely-ground rape straw), in two different locations of the house. We observed the number of chickens performing different behaviours, and total number present, in each litter tray once weekly for four weeks, before and after adding 5 L of fresh material. The litter types varied in attractiveness for ground scratching (an exploratory component of foraging behaviour; P < 0.001), with the most ground scratching occurring in peat, mixed peat, wood shavings, and fine straw (in order of preference). More ground scratching also occurred in fresh than used litter (P < 0.001). Dustbathing varied according to the interaction between litter type and freshness (P = 0.029), with mixed peat, peat, fine straw, and wood shavings being preferred when fresh, and fine straw best retaining dustbathing attractiveness when used. Lying resting varied between litter types (P < 0.001), being highest in wood shavings, mixed peat, and fine straw regardless of freshness and, because lying resting was the most common activity, the total chickens present followed the same pattern. The proportion of small particles (≤1.0 mm diameter) increased to varying extents between litter types as litter degraded from fresh to used. Ground scratching was not associated with particle size distribution. However, chickens preferred to dustbathe in fresh litter with more small particles (P < 0.001), and in used litter with fewer large particles (>3.6 mm; P = 0.023). They also tended to avoid lying resting in fresh litter with a high proportion of large particles (P < 0.001). Consistent with our hypothesis, different litter materials stimulated different behavioural responses and top dressing with fresh litter increased litter attractiveness for ground scratching and dustbathing. We conclude that broiler welfare can be improved by providing a choice of litter materials to address different motivational priorities. Although chickens were attracted to peat and mixed peat for ground scratching and dustbathing, to avoid loss of peatlands (an environmental sustainability concern), wood shavings can be the main litter type, supplemented by patches of fine rape straw, with periodic top dressing of both.

CADETS' MOTIVATION FOR MOTOR ACTIVITY AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN IMPROVING THEIR HEALTH.

Aim: To investigate cadets' motivational priorities for physical exercises and sports in the process of their training and the dynamics of their health indicators. Materials and methods: The research was conducted at the National Academy of Internal Affairs in 2018-2022. The research of motivational priorities involved 372 male cadets from the 1st to the 4th instructional years aged 17 to 22. Two groups were formed to investigate the state of cadets' health: group A (n = 39) included motivated cadets who were additionally engaged in sports, group B (n = 66) was represented by insufficiently motivated cadets who undertook training according to the traditional physical education program and did not additionally engage in physical exercises and sports. Results: It was found that the motivational priorities of cadets for physical exercises and sports vary depending on the instructional year. Group A cadets showed a significantly better level of health than those from group B, by 2.98 points (p ≤ 0.001) during the 4th instructional year. Conclusions: A high level of cadets' health formed in the process of physical exercises and sports during training will contribute to the mastering of the educational program and, in the future, will ensure the effectiveness of their service activities. Therefore, the formation of cadets' conscious motivation for motor activities during training in order to improve their health is an important task of higher educational institutions.

Socio-economic Origins of the Apartheid Regime in South Africa

The aim of this article is to analyze the economic dimension of the apartheid regime in South Africa by studying the role of socio-economic processes in its formation and development. The author describes the situation on the labor market and in the economy of the country at the beginning of the XX century and covers the first steps of the white government to establish segregation of Africans in the economy before the official establishment of apartheid. Particular attention is paid to the problem of deep socio-economic contradictions within the white community (between Afrikaners and descendants of English colonists), which seriously motivated Boers with low education and qualifications to fight for political domination in the state to comply with their own economic interests. The author also highlights the role of the local population in the economic development of the country and labor migration processes in the context of the ongoing industrial transformation of the South African economy. On the example of the situation in education the beginning of the processes of forced emancipation of Africans is demonstrated, which, however, was a limited one. In conclusion, it was the economic (and not ideological or political) dimension of apartheid that was key in its development and largely determined the essence of the regime, designed to preserve the existing system of maintaining the economic potential of Afrikaners in confrontation with the non-white population (by restricting their rights and using them as cheap labor) and competing English-speaking residents of the country (by creating conditions for the redistribution of capital in favor of Afrikaners). At the same time, the priority of the economic motives of apartheid predetermined its well-known flexibility, manifested in the permissibility of moving away from following strict ideological constructs for the sake of economic expediency, which resulted in a certain gradual emancipation in the field of education of Africans and the inability to achieve complete segregation of racial groups. The more intensively the economy developed, the more significant the role of the black population in supporting its growth became, and the weaker the ideological dogma of the apartheid regime was.

ЗМІНА ПРІОРИТЕТІВ У МОТИВАЦІЇ ПЕРСОНАЛУ В КРИЗОВИЙ ТА ПІСЛЯКРИЗОВИЙ ПЕРІОДИ

The article examines the problems of changing priorities in staff motivation during the crisis and post-crisis period, as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon that can be explained with the help of behavioral economics. On the basis of a theoretical analysis, the main “side” effect, the transformation of motivational priorities, was investigated, which consists in a decrease in the level of job satisfaction with an increase in the level of remuneration, as noted in empirical studies conducted over a very long period of time. PANAS-C was chosen as the tools for empirical study of this phenomenon – a test of an active life position, a survey regarding the degree of satisfaction and significance of the WAMI work, as well as a test to identify the motivational type of Gerchikov. On a representative sample of employees of enterprises belonging to various fields of activity, having different sizes and forms of ownership, we tested and verified the proposed approach to explain the main effect of the transformation of motivational priorities, which consists in the fact that a decrease in the level of employee satisfaction with the growth of material incentives can be compensate with a positive attitude. A hypothesis has been formulated and confirmed regarding the desire of the staff to hide the true, purely material motivation, trying to give “socially justified” answers to questions regarding the motives of activity. The identified feature of behavior manifests itself almost regardless of the form of ownership, size and scope of the company. The authors proposed a phenomenological model that describes the dynamics of the process of changing priorities between external and internal motivation, which manifests itself through a significant decrease in the rate of growth in the efficiency of personnel activities while a significant increase in the level of material incentives continues. A simple approach is proposed to determine the moment of changing priorities between external and internal motivation, which can significantly increase the efficiency of the use of material resources when paying for labor. A kind of “conservation law” for material and non-material incentives (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation) was formulated in the following form: the cumulative result of the influence of material and non-material incentives on the efficiency of the enterprise is a constant value that is preserved for this enterprise or its individual division while ensuring a negligible staff turnover. Using the mathematical interpretation of the most probable law describing the relationship between job satisfaction and efficiency, it was possible to explain many empirical effects that had been identified over a fairly long period. At the same time, the assumption about the existence of a stratification of respondents’ reactions according to different hierarchical levels of the organization did not find adequate confirmation.

THE EFFECT OF DISTANCE EDUCATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article determines the influence of distance learning on the development of physical qualities of students of higher education institutions. It was found that during the period of training using online technologies, there is a rapid decrease in the level of physical fitness of students of higher education.&#x0D; In the course of the research, we used theoretical methods, in particular, the analysis and generalization of methodological, psychological-pedagogical and educational-methodical literature, which made it possible to study modern approaches to determining the level of development of physical qualities of participants in the educational process, in the conditions of distance learning; empirical: surveying students of higher education institutions to find out their motivational priorities.&#x0D; It has been established that distance learning has a negative effect on the development of physical qualities.&#x0D; Hypodynamia has a particularly adverse effect on the growth of young organisms. A large number of students have insufficient motor activity. At the same time, some students enjoy sports, the level of which requires them to perform relatively high volumes and intensities of physical activity. Therefore, the task of determining the optimal, as well as the minimum and maximum possible modes of motor activity arises. Motor activity has always been the most important link in the adaptation of living organisms to the environment, and in the process of evolution it was formed as a biological human need along with the needs for food, water, self-preservation and reproduction

Motivational priorities of bachelor degree course graduates

Introduction. The political and economic changes, along with the technological progress of the last decades, have significantly changed the worldview, value orientations and motivational priorities of young people. Since motivation has a decisive influence on any activity, including learning, it is necessary to understand properly the students’ motivational priorities in order to enhance the efficiency of higher education. Research goal: identifying motivational priorities of bachelor degree course graduates. Materials and methods. The study involved 102 graduate students of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. The method of questioning was used. The event-driven approach and reflexive-type method were used in the research: the respondents independently identified the future events they sought to achieve and the ones they wanted to avoid. The respondents as well ranked these events in terms of importance. The survey was conducted anonymously. Results. The study highlighted some integral constructs – the students’ motivational priorities, with presentation of their substantive content. The six main motivational priorities in the descending order, as to their popularity and importance, are as follows: private life and personal relationships; work and career in organisations; wellbeing; self-actualisation; learning and development; freedom of relocation round the world and own country. Discussion and conclusion. The implemented study has made it possible to empirically establish or confirm some facts that are either not noted by the researchers or are on the periphery of their attention, or are controversial. The high importance of work and career for university graduates has been confirmed; the treatment of financial wellbeing as an auxilary factor, rather than an end in itself, has been confirmed. The presence of motivation towards travelling freely round the country and the world, along with the lack of motivation for healthy lifestyle, has been established. Teachers need to link the learning outcomes in students’ minds with satisfaction of their personal needs and expectations identified during the study. They should draw students’ attention to the fact that education expands opportunities for choice of interesting and well-paid jobs, increases the chance for successful career, promotes one’s social status, extends the opportunities for self-realisation.