Mother Father Research Articles

Complications of Kalazar among Children in Hilla-city

Objective: This study aimed to detect the types of complications of children suffering from kalazar; also toidentify the reason of these complications.Methodology: A descriptive study carried out from Feb15th to June 15th of the academic year 2017. Thesample consisted (109) children from general maternal and children hospital in Hilla/Babylon. The studydesigned and data was collected using structural questionnaire which was prepared by consulting panelresearch expertise, also by assessment approach and interview was done with parents of children. Thecollected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics by frecuency and percentage.Results: The results of the present study indicated that most of the children age were (13-18) yrs.(40.4%);male gender more involved (67%) and (27%) were from Mesaib city. The education level of parents werewithin secondary school, mothers (52%) fathers (43%). The income of affected children families involvedin the study were (51%) poor, which isn’t enough to maintain healthy well being status and medicalrequirements. Complications revealed that children suffers from bleeding tendancy (13.5%) sever animeawere (20%) hepato spleenomegaly were (14.0%) , finally death occurs because of septicemia (37%).Conclusion: Complications accurs because of poor and inappropriate medical diagnosis, also infectivemedical treatment during hospitalization and lake of medical follow up to children suffering from kalazar bythe health team after hospital discharge.

A retrospective assessment of parental attitudes in alcohol dependent and non-dependent groups

Aim: The aim of the studies was to verify whether an alcohol-dependent group differs in terms of retrospectively assessed parental attitudes from a non-dependent group (study 1) as well as whether there are differences between individuals with alcohol dependence having or not having an addicted parent in terms of the retrospectively assessed parental attitudes (study 2). Materials and methods: 121 individuals with alcohol dependence and 121 people with no dependence took part in study 1 (in both groups there were 37 women and 84 men). 221 individuals with alcohol dependence (55 women and 166 men) participated in study 2. Mieczysław Plopa’s Questionnaire of Retrospective Assessment of Parental Attitudes (KPR-Roc) and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) were used in the studies. Results: The outcome of study 1 proved that the individuals with alcohol dependence score higher in comparison with those non-dependent in terms of variables Mother Protectiveness, Father Demanding and Father Inconsequence and score lower for variables Father Acceptance/Rejection and Father Autonomy. The results of study 2 show that alcohol-dependent women with a family history of alcohol addiction tended to score lower for variables Mother Acceptance/Rejection, Father Acceptance/Rejection, Father Autonomy and Father Protectiveness in comparison with the non-dependent women with no family history of alcohol addiction. Whereas men addicted to alcohol with a family history of alcohol addiction score higher for the variable Father Acceptance/Rejection and higher concerning variables Father Demanding and Father Inconsequence in comparison with the addicted male group with no family history of alcohol addiction. Conclusion: Alcohol-dependent individuals have a tendency to assess more adversely the father’s attitude in comparison with the non-dependent group. Having an alcohol-dependent parent among individuals with alcohol dependence differentiates mainly the retrospective assessment of the father.

Lise Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısı ve Fiziksel Aktiviteye Katılım Motivasyonu İlişkisi

Bu araştırmanın amacı, lise öğrencilerinin sosyal görünüş kaygısı ve fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonu düzeylerini bazı değişkenlere göre incelemek ve aralarındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Ağrı ve Erzincan illerinde yer alan liselerde öğrenim gören 337 kız öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak ‘Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısı Ölçeği (SGKÖ)’ ve ‘Fiziksel Aktiviteye Katılım Motivasyonu Ölçeği (FAKMÖ)’ kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde; betimsel istatistik yöntemler, t-testi, ANOVA ve Pearson Correlation testleri kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların sosyal görünüş kaygıları düşük düzeyde, fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonu algıları ise orta seviyenin üzerindedir. Öğrencilerin sosyal görünüş kaygısı düzeyleri sınıf ve okul takımında yer alma durumu değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaşmazken, fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonu algıları ise anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaşmaktadır. Katılımcıların sosyal görünüş kaygısı ve fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonu algıları gelir, anne eğitim durumu ve baba eğitim durumu değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaşmamaktadır. Diğer yandan SGKÖ ve FAKMÖ’den alınan puanlar arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı, sosyal görünüş kaygısı ve fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonunun ‘Nedensizlik’ alt boyutunda negatif yönde ve orta düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir.

MUTLULUK VE YALNIZLIK DÜZEYLERİNİN DEMOGRAFİK DEĞİŞKENLER TEMELİNDE İNCELENMESİ: FİNLANDİYA ÖRNEĞİ

The pourpose of this study is to determine whether the level of loneliness and happiness of universty students studying in Finland differs according to certain demographic variables. In the research, survey method was used as a data collection tool. The research is to create 256 students studying at Kajaani Universty. Data were collected from the convenience sampling method. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 21.0 (DFA) program. According to the independent sample t test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) use in the study, the loneliness and happiness levels of the students differed according to marital status, age, monthly personal income, monthly household income, mother education status and father education status. But did not differ according to student’s gender. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the levels of happiness and loneliness differ according to some demographic variables.

Pathological Narcissism, Negative Parenting Styles and Interpersonal Forgiveness among Psychiatric Outpatients.

Pathological narcissism has previously been investigated with regard to negative parenting and interpersonal forgiveness, but inconsistent findings have been obtained in relation to its two phenotypic forms - grandiosity and vulnerability. Moreover, the role of negative parenting in the lack of forgiveness within narcissistic pathology has not been explored thus far. The aim of the current research was to investigate the complex relations among pathological narcissism, negative parenting, and interpersonal forgiveness in psychiatric outpatients. A sample of 250 adult psychiatric outpatients (61% female; mean age 39.15 years) were enrolled in this study. The participants filled out the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI), the Tendency to Forgive Scale (TTF), the Measure of Parental Styles (MOPS), and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales (DASS21). Narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability were positively correlated with mothers' and fathers' negative parenting, but this association was significantly stronger in the case of narcissistic vulnerability. Only narcissistic vulnerability was related to interpersonal forgiveness. In the mediation analysis, negative parenting was not directly related to interpersonal forgiveness, however, this association became significant after introducing narcissistic vulnerability. Narcissistic vulnerability served as a full mediator of the mothers' and fathers' negative parenting - interpersonal forgiveness relationships. Narcissistic vulnerability seems to be more strongly related to negative parenting and interpersonal forgiveness than narcissistic grandiosity, while it also represents one of the underlying mechanisms of the negative parenting - interpersonal forgiveness relationship. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed in relation to pathological narcissism and lack of forgiveness.

Опыт трудовой миграции сельских жителей Калмыкии (по результатам глубинных интервью)

Introduction. Labor migration of Kalmykia’s rural population is a pressing challenge for the region. Permanent nature and endurance of the socioeconomic crisis in the agricultural sector of the republic have been adversely affecting the living standards of ordinary villagers. Lack of work opportunities and low salaries result in that the latter migrate en masse to the regional capital and even further. Goals. The study aims to analyze labor migration experiences of local rural dwellers. Materials and Methods. The paper summarizes a number of in-depth structured interviews. The qualitative research methods employed make it possible to view the issue in the eyes of unrelated actual participants of the migration processes, with certain attention paid to their backgrounds and life paths. Results. The work reveals one of the key economic factors underlying labor migration is the necessity to pay mortgage and consumer loans. And migration waves closely align with individual life cycles, such as marriage, divorce, births and even weddings of children. Some respondents reported their migrations were determined by certain adulthood stages of children. All these aspects give rise a new context of family and marriage relations: there emerge guest marriage patterns and changes in gender roles, e.g., in some families those are women who act as migrant workers. Roles of grandparents experience transformations forcing the latter to assume functions of the absent father of mother. Horizontal social networks come to the fore, including territorial and kindred ties. Such migrant labor experiences become a tool of economic strategies and mobility: people purchase dwellings in the city, and support children funding their plans with the earned money. So, migration of parents definitely serves a landmark for future migrations of their descendants. The results obtained attest to that the social profile of rural labor migrants contains quite a share of active individuals intensely motivated to work, ones who strive for better living standards and can adjust themselves to strenuous living / working conditions staying away from home and family.

Discrepancies in Parent Perceptions of Child Vulnerability in Youth With Spina Bifida.

This study aimed to describe informant discrepancies between mother and father reports of child vulnerability in youth with spina bifida (SB) and examine variables that were associated with these discrepancies. Ninety-two parent dyads, with a child with SB (ages 8-15 years), were recruited as a part of a longitudinal study. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaires assessing parental perception of child vulnerability (PPCV), as well as medical and demographic information, behavioral aspects of the couple relationship, parenting stress, mental health of the parent, and child behavioral adjustment. The degree to which there was a parenting alliance was assessed with observational data. Mother-father discrepancies were calculated at the item level. Findings revealed that greater father mental health symptoms, parenting stress, and child behavior problems were associated with "father high and mother low" discrepancies in PPCV. There were also lower scores on observed parenting alliance when there were higher rates of "father high and mother low" discrepancies in PPCV. For families of youth with SB, discrepancies in PPCV where fathers perceive high vulnerability and mothers perceive low vulnerability may be a "red flag" for the presence of other parental and child adjustment difficulties. Findings are discussed in terms of the Attribution Bias Context Model and underscore the importance of including fathers in research on families who have children with chronic health conditions.

Measures of Counteracting Domestic Violence Committed by Children: Problematic Aspects

The problem of domestic violence is quite urgent in our country. Domestic violence is a heavy burden both for the victim and for society in the whole. Typically, the most vulnerable family members who suffer from domestic violence are women, children and the elderly, and the perpetrators are most often men. But a child can also commit domestic violence, as evidenced by the legal definition of the term of “a child- abuser”. However, this phenomenon is insufficiently studied and is rarely discussed by Ukrainian scholars.
 The purpose of this article is to study measures to combat domestic violence committed by children by analyzing the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of preventing and combating domestic violence and gender-based violence.
 The author has analyzed the definition of the term of “a child-abuser” enshrined in the law. On this basis it has been concluded that a child of any age can be an abuser. It has been established that children most often commit domestic violence in psychological, physical and economic forms.
 The emphasis has been placed on the inexpediency of bringing parents or persons replacing them to administrative liability under Part 3 of the Art. 184 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses in cases, when their child, who has not reached the age of administrative liability, is the offender, and his victim is a father (mother) or a person who replaces them.
 The author has analyzed the algorithm of actions, according to which the police now act in case of detection of facts of domestic violence by a child under the age of sixteen.
 It has been found out that the legislation does not set the age from which such a special measure to combat domestic violence is allowed to be taken as an urgent prohibition, which is the basis for taking a child-abuser for preventive registration by juvenile prevention units. It has been noted that the settlement of this issue will allow us to make informed decisions on the registration or non-registration of a child-abuser who has not reached the age of sixteen and has committed domestic violence against parents, which will further affect the determination of the subject of individual prevention.

High Myopia and Strabismus Induced by a Deep Intronic Mutation in COL2A1

ABSTRACT Purpose: To characterize a genetic mutation causing Stickler syndrome in a previously undiagnosed family. Methods: Five generations of a single family suspected of having Stickler syndrome were evaluated clinically and genetically. Results: The demographic and clinical data yielded specific clinical phenotypes of Stickler syndrome in 13 family members; 7 had more than one clinical feature. Four family members underwent genetic analysis: the proband (index patient) and his mother, maternal grandfather, and healthy father. No relevant mutation was detected in the proband on whole exome analysis, but subsequent extension of the analysis to intronic areas yielded a deep intronic mutation, NM_001844.5:c.1527 + 135 G > A. Sanger sequencing was used to validate the results in the family members. Conclusions: Stickler syndrome has several subtypes with variable clinical features. Therefore, predicting the genetic locus of the disease based on clinical characteristics is challenging. We present a rarely described intronic mutation in COL2A1. Genetic testing may aid in the early diagnosis of Stickler syndrome, which is important for genetic counselling, proper clinical management, and improved prognosis.

Profiles of maternal and paternal parenting styles in Chinese families: Relations to preschoolers’ psychological adjustment

Despite the extensive research on parenting styles in Chinese families, few researchers examined the similarities and differences between maternal and paternal parenting styles in Chinese families. The present study used a person-centered approach to examine the profiles of maternal and paternal parenting styles in a sample of urban Chinese families with preschool-aged children (N = 2776, age = 31–82 months, 52.7% boys), and examined the relations between parenting style profiles and children’s psychological adjustment. Results showed that mothers reported slightly higher authoritative parenting than fathers. Cluster analysis revealed four profiles of maternal and paternal parenting styles: Authoritative Mother and Father (47.25%), Authoritative Father and Authoritarian Mother (15.41%), Authoritative Mother and Authoritarian Father (17.33%), Authoritarian Mother and Father (20.01%). The children with two authoritative parents had the best psychological adjustment, whereas the children with two authoritarian parents had the worst adjustment in both home and school contexts.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in first- and second-generation immigrant children and adolescents: A nationwide cohort study in Sweden

BackgroundStudies on the incidence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among immigrant children and adolescents is limited and results are mixed. The aim of this study was to compare the ADHD risk between first- and second-generation immigrants aged 4–16 years and their native peers in Sweden. MethodsThis was an open nationwide retrospective cohort study. We included 1,902,526 native and 805,450 children and adolescents with an immigrant background, born 1987–2010, and aged 4–16 years at baseline. We identified participants using national population data and participants were observed until they received an ADHD diagnosis in the National Patient Register, turned 18 years, migrated, died, or until the end of the study, whichever came first. ADHD risks were adjusted for birth year and age and maternal income at baseline. ResultsFor both males and females, the ADHD risk was lower among most immigrant groups. However, the combination of a Swedish-born mother and foreign-born father was associated with an increased risk of ADHD. The ADHD risk varied substantially between immigrants from different regions of the world. For example, immigrants from other Scandinavian countries, North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean had higher rates of ADHD compared with natives. ConclusionsFuture research should examine the underlying factors behind the differences in ADHD risks between certain immigrant subgroups and natives, such as family structure, cultural and language barriers and potential differences in health care utilization among immigrant families.

Experiencias de jóvenes padres y madres: entretejidos de trayectorias y transiciones

Objetivo. Comprender las experiencias de madres y padres jóvenes a partir de sus trayectorias, transiciones y puntos de inflexión ocurridos entre la noticia de la gestación y el nacimiento del hijo. Metodología. Estudio con aproximación fenomenológica comprensiva, haciendo uso de herramientas analíticas del enfoque curso de vida; abordando cinco familias de padres y madres jóvenes a los cuales se les indagó sobre sus experiencias alrededor de la noticia de la gestación y el nacimiento de su hijo. Se utilizó entrevistas a profundidad, genogramas, cartografías y líneas de tiempo para analizar sus trayectorias vitales y transiciones alrededor de este proceso. Resultados. En los relatos de estos jóvenes se develan tres dimensiones principales que hemos denominado: trayectorias y contextos motivacionales; la existencia del hijo: el lugar de la experiencia y las transiciones en el cuerpo vivido del padre y madre joven. Conclusión. Los sujetos van hilando trayectorias en su curso de vida, en las cuales se entretejen los motivos y las intenciones de sus actos, pero así mismo emergen acontecimientos relevantes como la llegada de un hijo en la juventud, en contra de un orden social establecido y con capitales sociales, culturales y económicos disminuidos, pudiendo potenciar logros o causar rupturas en su forma de ser y estar con el Otro.

The impact of having children on domain-specific life satisfaction: A quasi-experimental longitudinal investigation using the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data.

Longitudinal studies have documented improvements in parents' life satisfaction due to childbearing, followed by postpartum adaptation back to baseline. However, the details underlying this process remain largely unexplored. Based on past literature, set-point theory, and results from an exploratory sample, we investigated empirically how first childbirth affected satisfaction with specific domains of life. In a preregistered study, we compared parents with matched childless respondents in their trajectories of life satisfaction, and also satisfaction with family life, health, sleep, work, housework, leisure, dwelling, household income, and personal income. First-time parents and childless respondents were matched in a procedure combining exact and propensity score matching. Using the population-representative German SOEP data (N = 3,370), longitudinal multilevel models revealed heterogeneous effects of childbirth on different domains of satisfaction: Both mothers' and fathers' satisfaction with family life increased temporarily in a similar fashion to life satisfaction before going back to baseline within five years after childbirth. However, only mothers experienced drastic losses to satisfaction with sleep and satisfaction with personal income. For the remaining domains, parents' satisfaction largely resembled that of the matched childless respondents. These divergent domain trajectories underscore the need for multivariate analyses in life satisfaction research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Two's Company, Three's a Crowd? Maternal and Paternal Talk About Their Infant Differs in Associations With Wellbeing, Couple Relationship Quality, and Caregiving Sensitivity.

Problems of depression and anxiety are common in early parenthood and adversely affect parenting quality (1). Rumination is closely linked to poor wellbeing (2), suggesting that self-focus may be one mediator of the association between wellbeing and caregiving [e.g., (3)]. Framed within an international study of first-time mothers and fathers (4), the current study included 396 British mothers and fathers (in 198 heterosexual cohabiting couple relationships) of first-born 4-month-old infants. Parents reported on their symptoms of depression, anxiety and satisfaction in their couple relationship. Five-minute speech samples were transcribed and coded for parents' pronoun use (i.e., “I” and either infant- or partner-inclusive use of “We”), whilst observations in the Still-Face paradigm were coded for parental sensitivity to infants' cues. Our first goal was to test whether new parents' self-focus was associated with wellbeing and couple relationship quality. We also examined whether (i) self-focus mediated the expected association between wellbeing and caregiving sensitivity and (ii) couple relationship quality moderated the expected association between self-focus and caregiver sensitivity. Finally, we compared results for mothers and fathers. Our results illustrate gender-specific associations. First, although mean levels of self-focus and partner-inclusive talk were similar for mothers and fathers, infant-inclusive use of the “we” pronoun was higher in mothers than fathers. Second, self-focus was unrelated to either mothers' or fathers' wellbeing, but was associated with fathers' report of reduced couple relationship quality. In addition, poor perinatal wellbeing was associated with reduced partner-inclusive talk for fathers, but with reduced use of infant-inclusive talk for mothers. Third, mediation models suggest that reduced infant-inclusive talk underpins the association between poor wellbeing and reduced sensitivity in mothers, but not fathers. Fourth, in the context of good couple relationship quality, mothers' elevated partner-inclusive talk was associated with reduced caregiving sensitivity. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for interventions to support new mothers and fathers, who may benefit from distinct strategies to foster attention to their developing infant.

Mothers' and Fathers' Well‐Being: Does the Gender Composition of Children Matter?

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines whether—and if so how—gender composition of children matters for mothers' and fathers' well‐being during parenting activities.BackgroundDespite that parents interact with girls and boys differently and spend different amounts of time with them, scholars have paid little attention to how gender composition of children matters for parental well‐being.MethodThe study assessed parental well‐being during time spent with children, across four measures of subjective well‐being (N = 16,140 activities, 8,621 parents), pooled across three survey waves (2010, 2012, and 2013) from the American Time Use Survey Well‐being Module. Random intercept models were used to account for the multilevel structure of the data.ResultsFor both mothers and fathers, gender composition of children was not associated with different levels of happiness or meaning while parenting. However, fathers reported greater stress parenting all girls and mixed‐gender children (i.e., girl/s and boy/s at the same time) compared to parenting all boys. Mothers reported greater fatigue and stress parenting all girls, compared to parenting all boys. Controlling for activity type explained some of the stress patterns.ConclusionThis study, which is contextualized in broader literature on gender stereotypes, interactional processes, and time‐use, makes several contributions to research on gender, family, and health and identifies an important factor—gender composition of children—that helps shape mothers' and fathers' well‐being while parenting.

Parent–child dyads and nuclear family association in pedometer-assessed physical activity: A cross-sectional study of 4-to-16-year-old Czech children

The main aim of this study is to examine familial aggregation in pedometer-assessed physical activity (PA) and proxy-reported screen time (ST) with estimating which of the parents’ lifestyle indicators help their offspring achieve step count (SC) recommendations under daily life conditions. The analysis included 773 parent–child dyads (591 mother–child, 182 father–child) and 511 nuclear family triads (mother-father–child) with data ambulatory PA monitored with a Yamax pedometer during a regular school/working week during the spring and autumn between 2013 and 2019. Based on Logistic regression analysis, an achievement of 10,000 steps a day by the mothers significantly (p < 0.001) increases the odds ratio of their children reaching the recommended daily SC in the parent–child dyads. Obesity/overweight of mothers (fathers) significantly (p < 0.05) increases (reduces) the chance of their children reaching the recommended daily SC in the analysis of the nuclear family triads. For both overweight/obese and non-overweight children, the odds of reaching the recommended daily SC are significantly (p < 0.05) increased by their regular participation (≥ twice per week) in organised leisure-time PA (analysis of the nuclear family triads) and non-excessive entertainment ST (≤2 h per day) in the mother–child and nuclear family triads. Despite the different mother-/father–child behavioural associations, SC of parents are positively associated with SC of their children (Linear regression analysis). The involvement of children in regular participation in organised leisure activities (at least twice a week) and limiting their excessive entertainment ST might be important factors contributing to the achievement of the recommended daily SC by children.

How important are parents in the development of child anxiety and depression? A genomic analysis of parent-offspring trios in the Norwegian Mother Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)

BackgroundMany studies detect associations between parent behaviour and child symptoms of anxiety and depression. Despite knowledge that anxiety and depression are influenced by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors, most studies do not account for shared familial genetic risk. Quantitative genetic designs provide a means of controlling for shared genetics, but rely on observed putative exposure variables, and require data from highly specific family structures.MethodsThe intergenerational genomic method, Relatedness Disequilibrium Regression (RDR), indexes environmental effects of parents on child traits using measured genotypes. RDR estimates how much the parent genome influences the child indirectly via the environment, over and above effects of genetic factors acting directly in the child. This ‘genetic nurture’ effect is agnostic to parent phenotype and captures unmeasured heritable parent behaviours. We applied RDR in a sample of 11,598 parent-offspring trios from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) to estimate parental genetic nurture separately from direct child genetic effects on anxiety and depression symptoms at age 8. We tested for mediation of genetic nurture via maternal anxiety and depression symptoms. Results were compared to a complementary non-genomic pedigree model.ResultsParental genetic nurture explained 14% of the variance in depression symptoms at age 8. Subsequent analyses suggested that maternal anxiety and depression partially mediated this effect. The genetic nurture effect was mirrored by the finding of family environmental influence in our pedigree model. In contrast, variance in anxiety symptoms was not significantly influenced by common genetic variation in children or parents, despite a moderate pedigree heritability.ConclusionsGenomic methods like RDR represent new opportunities for genetically sensitive family research on complex human traits, which until now has been largely confined to adoption, twin and other pedigree designs. Our results are relevant to debates about the role of parents in the development of anxiety and depression in children, and possibly where to intervene to reduce problems.

A Collaborative Autoethnography on the Separation-Individuation Experience of Children in Reconstituted Families

이 연구는 부모 사별 후 재혼가족의 자녀가 성장과정에서의 경험한 부정적 자기감과 존재감 결핍으로 인한 어려움을 성찰하고 이해하고자 하였다. 연구를 위해 자기성찰자료, 자기분석자료, 대화자료, 기억자료 등을 수집하였고 심리 내적인 경험을 내부자적 관점으로 심층적으로 다루기 위해 질적 연구방법 중 하나인 자문화기술지로 기술하였다. 연구결과는 ‘잃어버림과 깨어짐’, ‘공허함과 비어있음’, ‘받아들임과 나아감’의 세 가지 주제로 도출하였다. 첫째 ‘잃어버림과 깨어짐’에서는 친모의 죽음과 친부의 재혼으로 상실과 심리적 혼란과 재혼가족과 계모에 대한 사회적 편견은 자녀에게 계모에 대해 부정적으로 인식하게 하고 그 결과 정서적인 거리감을 갖게 되었다. 둘째, ‘공허함과 비어있음’을 통해 새어머니의 ‘안아주기’와 같은 정서적인 돌봄의 부재는 자녀가 부정적 자기감과 존재감의 결핍을 갖게 되었다. 셋째, ‘받아들임과 나아감’에서는 안아주기 환경을 통해 심리적인 돌봄을 경험함으로써 혼자 있을 수 있는 능력과 자신의 행동을 지속적으로 유지할 수 있는 능력이 생기게 되었다. 본 연구는 재혼가족의 자녀가 재혼에 대한 사회적 편견으로 위축되고 이로 인해 계부모와의 관계에서 경험하고 있는 어려움을 분석하고 그 의미를 이해함으로써 재혼가족의 자녀가 경험하는 어려움에 대한 이해를 돕고자 하는 데 이 연구의 의의가 있다.This study was intended to investigate and understand difficulties that children of remarried families experienced in their growth process after the death of their parent due to negative self-awareness and lack of presence. To this end, this study collected self-reflection data, self-analysis data, conversation records and memory data, and put together the data as an autoethnography, one of the qualitative research methods, to investigate psychological inner experience in depth from an insider’s point of view. The results of this study were derived into three topics of ‘missing and brokenness,’ ‘emptiness and vacuousness’ and ‘acceptance and moving forward.’ First, in ‘missing and brokenness,’ loss and psychological confusion caused by the death of a biological mother and remarriage of a biological father, and social prejudice against remarried families and stepmothers caused children to have negative perception on stepmothers and to have an emotional distance. Secondly, the absence of emotional care such as ‘hugging’ of stepmother caused children to have negative self-awareness and lack of presence with ‘vacuousness and emptiness.’ Third, for ‘acceptance and moving forward,’ children gained the ability to stand alone and maintain their behavior consistently by experiencing psychological care through the hugging environment. This study is significant in that it has analyzed how children of remarried families get discouraged and intimidated by social prejudice against remarriage and the difficulties that they experience in a relationship with their step-parent to help better understand the difficulties that children of remarried families experience.

Beyond the healthy immigrant paradox: decomposing differences in birthweight among immigrants in Spain

BackgroundThe healthy immigrant paradox refers to the unexpected health advantages of immigrant groups settled in host countries. In this population-based study we analyze immigrant advantages in birthweight decomposing differences between infants born to immigrant mothers from specific origins.MethodUsing publicly available data from Spanish Vital Statistics for the period 2007–2017, differential birthweights among several groups of immigrants were estimated with an ordinary least squares regression. The Oaxaca–Blinder regression-based decomposition method was then applied to identify the extent to which differences in birthweight between groups corresponded to compositional disparities or to other factors.ResultsOur analysis of singleton live births to migrant mothers in Spain between 2007 and 2017 (N = 542,137) confirmed the healthy immigrant paradox for certain immigrant populations settled in Spain. Compared with infants born to mothers from high-income countries, the adjusted birthweight was higher for infants born to mothers from non-high- income European countries (33.2 g, 95% CI: 28.3–38.1, P < 0.01), mothers from African countries (52.2 g, 95% CI: 46.9–57.5, P < 0.01), and mothers from Latin American countries (57.4 g, 95% CI: 52.9–61.3, P < 0.01), but lower for infants born to mothers from Asian non-high-income countries (− 31.4 g, 95% CI: − 38.4 to − 24.3, P < 0.01). Decomposition analysis showed that when compared with infants born to mothers from high-income countries, compositional heterogeneity accounts for a substantial proportion of the difference in birthweights. For example, it accounts for 53.5% (95% CI: 24.0–29.7, P < 0.01) of the difference in birthweights for infants born to mothers from non-high-income European countries, 70.9% (95% CI: 60–66.7, P < 0.01) for those born to mothers from African countries, and 38.5% (95% CI: 26.1–29.3, P < 0.01) for those born to mothers from Latin American countries.ConclusionsOur results provide strong population-based evidence for the healthy immigrant paradox in birthweight among certain migrant groups in Spain. However, birth outcomes vary significantly depending on the origins of migrant subpopulations, meaning that not all immigrant groups are unexpectedly healthier. A significant portion of the perinatal health advantage of certain immigrant groups is only a by-product of their group composition (by age, parity, marital status, socioeconomic status, and citizenship of mother, age and migratory status of father and type of delivery) and does not necessarily correspond to other medical, environmental, or behavioral factors.

The Relationship Between Parental Accommodation and Sleep-Related Problems in Children with Anxiety.

Sleep-related problems, defined as sleep patterns atypical for the child's developmental stage, are common in children with elevated anxiety symptoms and linked to significant mental and physical health consequences. Despite the consequences of sleep-related problems, it remains unclear how these problems are initiated and maintained in children with elevated anxiety symptoms. The current study examines the relationship between sleep-related problems and parental accommodation (e.g., co-sleeping) to determine whether higher levels of accommodation are associated with more frequent sleep-related problems in a sample of children with elevated anxiety symptoms. Participants were 122 children aged 8 to 17 years old (M = 11.97, SD = 2.68; 57% female) and their parents who presented to a university-based anxiety specialty clinic for assessment and treatment. Children completed the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, and their parents completed the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and Family Accommodation Checklist and Interference Scale. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine variance in sleep-related problems explained by parental accommodation. Parental accommodation accounted for a significant amount of variance in sleep-related problems over and above child anxiety and age for both mother report (19%) and father report (15%). When individual accommodation items were examined, parental sleep accommodations (e.g., slept in my child's bed) and nonsleep accommodations (e.g., came home early) were significant predictors for mother-reported sleep-related problems, but only sleep accommodations (e.g., let my child sleep with the lights on) were significant for father-reported sleep-related problems. Parents of children with elevated anxiety symptoms and sleep-related problems engage in accommodation related to their child's sleep (e.g., co-sleeping). Future research elucidating the potential bidirectional and causal links between parental accommodation and sleep-related problems is a necessary step in adapting sleep treatments for this population.