Abstract
Problems of depression and anxiety are common in early parenthood and adversely affect parenting quality (1). Rumination is closely linked to poor wellbeing (2), suggesting that self-focus may be one mediator of the association between wellbeing and caregiving [e.g., (3)]. Framed within an international study of first-time mothers and fathers (4), the current study included 396 British mothers and fathers (in 198 heterosexual cohabiting couple relationships) of first-born 4-month-old infants. Parents reported on their symptoms of depression, anxiety and satisfaction in their couple relationship. Five-minute speech samples were transcribed and coded for parents' pronoun use (i.e., “I” and either infant- or partner-inclusive use of “We”), whilst observations in the Still-Face paradigm were coded for parental sensitivity to infants' cues. Our first goal was to test whether new parents' self-focus was associated with wellbeing and couple relationship quality. We also examined whether (i) self-focus mediated the expected association between wellbeing and caregiving sensitivity and (ii) couple relationship quality moderated the expected association between self-focus and caregiver sensitivity. Finally, we compared results for mothers and fathers. Our results illustrate gender-specific associations. First, although mean levels of self-focus and partner-inclusive talk were similar for mothers and fathers, infant-inclusive use of the “we” pronoun was higher in mothers than fathers. Second, self-focus was unrelated to either mothers' or fathers' wellbeing, but was associated with fathers' report of reduced couple relationship quality. In addition, poor perinatal wellbeing was associated with reduced partner-inclusive talk for fathers, but with reduced use of infant-inclusive talk for mothers. Third, mediation models suggest that reduced infant-inclusive talk underpins the association between poor wellbeing and reduced sensitivity in mothers, but not fathers. Fourth, in the context of good couple relationship quality, mothers' elevated partner-inclusive talk was associated with reduced caregiving sensitivity. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for interventions to support new mothers and fathers, who may benefit from distinct strategies to foster attention to their developing infant.
Highlights
Becoming a parent is an exciting but challenging time that brings major changes in lifestyle, identity, physical, and mental health [5,6,7]
By including fathers as well as mothers and by adopting a fine-grained measure of self- vs. other-focus, we aimed to identify the specificity of the cognitive underpinnings of the wellknown link between poor wellbeing and parent-infant interaction quality
Our gender-specific findings highlight the danger of extrapolating from mother-focused models to fathers
Summary
Becoming a parent is an exciting but challenging time that brings major changes in lifestyle, identity, physical, and mental health [5,6,7]. The past few decades have seen a steady increase in fathers’ involvement in caregiving [11], underscoring the importance of including fathers within research on early caregiving [12] Adopting this approach, Hughes et al [7] tracked an international (UK, USA, Netherlands) sample of 876 new parents (438 heterosexual couples expecting their first child) from the last trimester of pregnancy to the children’s second birthday. Hughes et al [7] tracked an international (UK, USA, Netherlands) sample of 876 new parents (438 heterosexual couples expecting their first child) from the last trimester of pregnancy to the children’s second birthday Their latent variable analyses demonstrated conceptual equivalence and substantial within-couple concordance in mothers’ and fathers’ self-reported scores for depression and anxiety.
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