Mother Father Research Articles

Maternal and paternal perinatal depressive symptoms associate with 2- and 3-year-old children\u2019s behaviour: findings from the APrON longitudinal study

BackgroundPrenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms are common in expectant and new mothers and fathers. This study examined the association between four patterns of probable perinatal depression (mother depressed, father depressed, both depressed, neither depressed) in co-parenting mothers and fathers and their children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviours at 24 and 36 months of age. The influence of sociodemographic, risk and protective factors was also examined.MethodsDepressive symptoms were measured during pregnancy and at 3 months postpartum and children’s behaviour was assessed at 24 and 36 months of age. Families (n = 634) provided data on their children’s internalizing (i.e. emotionally reactive, anxious/depressed, somatic complaints, withdrawn and total) and externalizing (i.e. attention problems, aggression and total) behaviour. Marginal models were employed to determine the relationship between children’s behaviour over the two time points and the four patterns of probable parental depression. Sociodemographic variables as well as risk (stress) and protective (social support) factors were included in these models.ResultsIn the perinatal period 19.40% (n = 123) of mothers scored as probably depressed and 10.57% (n = 67) of fathers. In 6.31% (n = 40) of the participating families, both parents scored as probably depressed and in 63.72% (n = 404) neither parent scored as depressed. For children’s emotionally reactive, withdrawn and total internalizing behaviours, both mothers’ probable depression and mothers and fathers’ co-occurring probable depression predicted higher scores, while for children’s aggressive behaviour, attention problems, and total externalizing behaviours, only mothers’ probable depression predicted higher scores, controlling for sociodemographic, risk and protective factors.ConclusionsWhile probable perinatal depression in mothers predicted 2 and 3 year-old children’s behavioural problems, co-occurrence of depression in mothers and fathers had an increased association with internalizing behavioural problems, after considering sociodemographic, risk and protective factors. Health care providers are encouraged to consider the whole family in preventing and treating perinatal depression.

Race, Gender, Family Structure, Socioeconomic Status, Dietary Patterns, and Cardiovascular Health in Adolescents

ABSTRACTBackgroundDietary patterns represent a broad picture of food and nutrient consumption and may be more predictive of health outcomes than individual foods and nutrients.ObjectiveWe investigated the relations among race, gender, family structure, parental socioeconomic status (SES), dietary patterns, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) profiles among adolescents in the southeastern region of the United States.MethodsA total of 743 adolescents from a cross-sectional study were divided into 4 dietary pattern groups by K-means cluster analysis. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to determine the relations among the parental SES, family structures, and dietary patterns of the adolescents. Associations between dietary patterns and CVD profiles were analyzed by multiple linear regression.ResultsFour dietary patterns were derived: “healthy” (17%), “snacks and sweets” (26%), “processed meat” (20%), and “sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and fried food” (37%). Whites and females were more likely to have a “healthy” dietary pattern (Ps < 0.001). There were significant race/ethnicity differences in family structures, SES, and dietary patterns (Ps < 0.05). In whites, higher mother's education and father's education and occupation were associated with greater likelihood of a “healthy” dietary pattern (Ps < 0.05). Stay-at-home mother was associated with less likelihood of an “SSB and fried food” pattern (P = 0.023). In blacks, higher mother's occupation, father's education, and living with both parents were associated with more likelihood of a “healthy” dietary pattern (Ps < 0.05). Stay-at-home father was associated with less likelihood of the “snacks and sweets” (P = 0.025) and “SSB and fried food” dietary patterns (P = 0.044). Overall, adolescents with poor dietary patterns exhibited higher percentage body fat, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, and total triglyceride (Ps < 0.05).ConclusionsOur data suggest that family structure, parental working status, and SES are associated with the diet quality in adolescents. Moreover, “snacks and sweets,” “processed meat,” and “SSB and fried food” dietary patterns are all associated with worse CVD risk profiles.

Cohort profile: Aichi regional sub-cohort of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS-A)

PurposeEffects of fetal, perinatal and childhood environment on the health of children at birth and during later life have become a topic of concern. The Aichi regional sub-cohort of the...

A longitudinal genetically informed analysis of parental negativity and children's negative emotionality in middle childhood.

Children's negative emotionality (NE) is frequently associated with parental negativity, but causal understanding of this relationship is limited. In addition, little is known about how genetic and environmental factors affect this relationship during middle childhood. We addressed these gaps by applying a quantitative genetic analysis to cross-lagged associations between mothers' and fathers' parental negativity and children's NE during middle childhood. The sample comprised of 456 families when the children were 6.5 years old, and 401 families when the children were 8/9 years old. Mothers' and fathers' negativity and children's NE were assessed using questionnaires. Results showed that variation in parental negativity was mainly accounted for by the environment shared by children, with some indication of an evocative effect of the children's genes on mothers, but not fathers. Children's NE was accounted for by both genetic and shared environmental influences. Parental negativity and children's NE had moderate continuity over the course of two years. Mothers' (but not fathers') negativity when the children were 6.5 years old predicted change in children's NE (rated by the same or the other parent) toward age 8/9 years, but not the other way around. Shared environmental influences were the main contributor to the association between earlier mothers' negativity and later children's NE. Thus, although children's NE was partially heritable, and parenting too was partially accounted for by children's genes, the association between parental negativity and children's NE, at this age, reflects environmental effects and is compatible with mothers' influence on children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Are parents and children aware of child sexual prevention education?

Background: India contains largest populations of child victim of sexual abuse. Current study aimed to find out awareness, orientation, execution of parents for child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention education and study the awareness of CSA prevention education among children attending pre-primary and primary school.Method: It was cross-sectional study carried out during 2016-2017 at government and private school of Gwalior. Total 500 parents and 500 children were selected Proforma based assessment was done among parents and diagrammatic (picture) based assessment among children, Children are explained about diagrammatic proforma and give to color area of good touch and bad touch.Results: The study revealed that 34% of parents are unaware of various facts of child sexual abuse (p &lt;0.005). Post graduate parents have more CSA awareness (90.3%) (p&lt;0.001).Total36% parents have shown negative orientation towards child sexual abuse prevention education. CSA prevention awareness more in upper class parents (88.3%) as compared to lower class (43.8%) (p &lt; 0. 001). post graduate parents have more CSA awareness as compared to illiterate and higher secondary. On assessing the knowledge of good touch and bad touch among children. It was found that only 6% of children have good knowledge, 36%children have some knowledge and 58 % no knowledge regarding good touch and bad touch .Conclusion: Majority of parents and kid are unaware of various fact of child sexual abuse. Parents education level has direct correlation, highly qualified mother father has positive attitude toward child sexual abuse prevention education. Lack of knowledge found in lower socioeconomic class.

Predicting risk for Alcohol Use Disorder using longitudinal data with multimodal biomarkers and family history: a machine learning study.

Predictive models have succeeded in distinguishing between individuals with Alcohol use Disorder (AUD) and controls. However, predictive models identifying who is prone to develop AUD and the biomarkers indicating a predisposition to AUD are still unclear. Our sample (n = 656) included offspring and non-offspring of European American (EA) and African American (AA) ancestry from the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) who were recruited as early as age 12 and were unaffected at first assessment and reassessed years later as AUD (DSM-5) (n = 328) or unaffected (n = 328). Machine learning analysis was performed for 220 EEG measures, 149 alcohol-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a recent large Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS) of alcohol use/misuse and two family history (mother DSM-5 AUD and father DSM-5 AUD) features using supervised, Linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to test which features assessed before developing AUD predict those who go on to develop AUD. Age, gender, and ancestry stratified analyses were performed. Results indicate significant and higher accuracy rates for the AA compared with the EA prediction models and a higher model accuracy trend among females compared with males for both ancestries. Combined EEG and SNP features model outperformed models based on only EEG features or only SNP features for both EA and AA samples. This multidimensional superiority was confirmed in a follow-up analysis in the AA age groups (12-15, 16-19, 20-30) and EA age group (16-19). In both ancestry samples, the youngest age group achieved higher accuracy score than the two other older age groups. Maternal AUD increased the model's accuracy in both ancestries' samples. Several discriminative EEG measures and SNPs features were identified, including lower posterior gamma, higher slow wave connectivity (delta, theta, alpha), higher frontal gamma ratio, higher beta correlation in the parietal area, and 5 SNPs: rs4780836, rs2605140, rs11690265, rs692854, and rs13380649. Results highlight the significance of sampling uniformity followed by stratified (e.g., ancestry, gender, developmental period) analysis, and wider selection of features, to generate better prediction scores allowing a more accurate estimation of AUD development.

A Descriptive Study of Low‐Income Never‐Married Fathers' Coparenting With Mothers and Relatives

ObjectiveThis study was designed to examine low‐income, never‐married fathers' perceptions of their coparenting relationships with mothers and relatives.BackgroundMany low‐income, never‐married fathers have more than one child, and often these children were born to more than one mother. Despite the growing body of research on multipartnered fertility, few studies have examined fathers' coparenting relationships with more than one of their children's mothers. In this study, we examine associations between fathers' coparenting relationships and the number of biological mothers, race or ethnicity, and fathers' challenges.MethodA convenience sample of 487 never‐married, low‐income fathers who had at least one child with whom they did not reside were recruited via numerous fatherhood programs and places in the community where fathers frequently congregate and completed a face‐to‐face survey of closed‐ended items administered by a trained interviewer.ResultsFathers did not coparent with all of their children's mothers, and they reported having more coparenting relatives than coparenting mothers. Fathers' coparenting contact and cooperation with relatives was more common among African American and Hispanic fathers than non‐Hispanic White fathers. Fathers who reported no coparenting mothers had more biological children than fathers with one coparenting partner, and their interpersonal and financial challenges were associated with less coparenting involvement.ConclusionUnderstanding the complex coparenting arrangements of fathers with all of their children's mothers and relatives will provide a better understanding of family systems in low‐income communities with high rates of nonmarital parenting and multipartnered fertility. This includes understanding how these coparenting relationships are associated with fathers' personal challenges, race/ethnicity, and number of biological children.ImplicationsSocial service programs would benefit from assessing coparenting relationships more broadly rather than focusing only on singular father–mother coparenting relationships.

P808Characteristics of patients with reproducible masked hypertension

Abstract Background Masked hypertension (MH) is associated with cardiovascular complications and poor prognosis. Characteristics of untreated patients with reproducible MH are studied insufficiently. Purpose The aim of our study was to assess characteristics of ambulatory patients with reproducible MH in comparison to patients with non-reproducible MH in two visits. Methods The patients from the ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) database (&gt;2000 patients) were selected according to the following criteria: absence of any antihypertensive treatment (AHT), availability of clinical BP (CBP) and ABPM records at two visits with the 6 months interval, CBP&lt;140 and 90 mmHg at both visits, availability of clinical, anthropometric data and history. MH criteria in each patients should be present at least at one of the visits. ABPM was performed by the oscillometric device equipped with software for arterial stiffness calculation. The standard statistical methods and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. Results We selected 295 patients (men 43%, mean age 49.0±7.6 years, CBP 128.4±9.4/80.5±7.2 mm Hg, body mass index 27.6±4.3 kg/m2, 24h pulse wave velocity in aorta [PWV] 10.7±1.7 m/s). MH only at one visit was found in 168 patients (56.9%). Respectively, MH at both visits was in 127 patients (43.1%). The patients with reproducible MH were characterized by the presence of: mother's (p=0.011) or father's hypertension (p=0.025), mother's ischemic heart disease (p=0.015), mother's myocardial infarction (p=0.020), father's stroke (p=0.030), higher arterial stiffness (PWV 11.0±1.7 m/s vs. 10.5±1.8 m/s, p=0.022), and systolic BP in aorta (120.0±7.5 mmHg vs. 117.8±9.4 mm Hg). Conclusions The patients with reproducible MH (without AHT) are characterized most of all by the family history of hypertension and its complications. The correlation of stable MH with arterial stiffness confirms the importance of PWV and central aortic pressure measurement in patients with CBP&lt;140 and 90 mmHg.

A ‘strong enough’ father. Observations from groups for expectant and new fathers

ABSTRACTThe paper describes groups for expectant fathers and new fathers led by the authors, in which they discuss many aspects of fatherhood and becoming fathers. Differences are considered between the physical and emotional process which expectant mothers go through the pregnancy develops with the psychological one for fathers, whose expectancy is in the realm of the mind, the imagination and of the stirring up of strong feelings. The paper explores the significance of fathers’ contribution to the baby’s emotional and psychological development, highlighting the significance of the expectant father’s contribution as recipient of the pregnant mother’s wordless communications, through projective identification, acting as a container, and later his contribution to the mother and baby’s successful separations, often starting with weaning, and later in other ways. The father’s different role from mother is discussed not only in the traditional idea of the firm, boundary-setting parent, but also and in relation to the mother–father–child triangle.

Relationships between elite adolescent athletes' perceptions of parental behaviors and their motivational processes: Does sex matter?

This study aimed to: (a) examine the relationships between high-level athletes' perceptions of mothers' and fathers' behaviors, their satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and sport motivation and (b) explore whether the sex of the athlete moderated the aforementioned relationships. A total of 333 adolescent athletes involved in intensive training settings completed the Parental Involvement in Sport Questionnaire (PISQ), the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) and the Basic Need Satisfaction in Sporting Context Scale (BNSSS). Data were examined using correlational analyses and partial least square path modeling (PLS-PM). The PLS-PM revealed that father's perceived pressure positively predicted maladaptive outcomes (controlled forms of motivation and amotivation). Perceptions of the mothers' and fathers' praise and understanding positively predicted adaptive athletes' outcomes (self-determined forms of motivation and satisfaction of competence and relatedness), whereas the mothers' and fathers' perceived pressure negatively predicted such adaptive outcomes. Furthermore, differences regarding the aforementioned relationships between mother's and father's behaviors and athletes' outcomes were highlighted across their sex. More significant relationships emerged for boys versus girls and between athletes' outcomes and the perceived behaviors of the same-sex parents. In particular, the direction of relationships between introjected regulation and two parental behaviors (i.e. perception of father's directive behaviors and perception of mother's pressure) was reversed for boys and girls. As a whole, this study highlighted that both parent's and child's sex should be evaluated to understand sport parenting.

Caries experience, oral disorders, oral hygiene practices and socio-demographic characteristics of autistic children.

The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the oral health status and influential factors, brushing, developmental and orthodontic disorders, bruxism, drug intake, sweet eating habits, sociodemographic factors and lifestyles of autistic and healthy children. Participants in this study were greater in number compared to the previous studies investigating the same phenomenon. Furthermore, it was a more comprehensive study than other studies in the literature in terms of number of variables included. The study was carried out with a total of 407 participants, 285 autistic (test group) and 122 healthy children (control group). The ages ranged from 5 to 16. A total of 407 children were examined. DMFT, dmft, plaque index, dental trauma, oral symptoms, developmental and orthodontic disorders of these children were recorded. Participants were also asked to fill a two-part questionnaire. The first part included questions related to the child's and parents' demographics such as the child's age, gender, number of siblings, the mother's and father's age, education, occupation and income. The second part included questions related to systemic diseases, drug intake, the dental history of children and their parents, brushing and nutrition habits. The results from the inferential statistics showed that both DMFT and dmft indices values of the autistic children were lower than those of the healthy children. Caries prevalence of the autistic children was lower compared to the control group. There was also no difference in the plaque index values between the two groups. Drooling of saliva of the autistic children was higher than that of the healthy children. The results showed statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding bruxism, deep-palate and tongue thrusting, though no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups regarding open bite. However, significant differences were observed in terms of dental crowding between the two groups in that the healthy children had more dental crowding than the autistic children. One of the main findings of the study was observed in relation to caries prevalence in that autistics had lower caries prevalence values than controls. Another main finding was that no statistically significant differences were found in terms of plaque index values when the groups were compared. When the findings related to deep palate, open bite and dental crowding were examined, it was seen that deep palate was higher but dental crowding was lower in the autistic children. However, in this study there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of open bite.

Parenting, coparenting, and adolescent adjustment in African American single-mother families: An actor-partner interdependence mediation model.

This study examined family processes on the adjustment of adolescents from single-mother households using a dyadic approach. Participants included 107 noncohabiting Black parental dyads of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Each parent completed measures of positive parenting, parent-child relationship quality, parental depressive symptoms, coparenting relationship quality, and adolescent adjustment. Data were analyzed using the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) and extended mediational model (APIMeM) within a structural equation modeling framework. APIM demonstrated significant actor effects from parent-child relationship quality and parental depressive symptoms to both adolescent externalizing and internalizing problems as well as significant partner effects from parent-child relationship quality to adolescent externalizing problems for both mothers and fathers. Additionally, APIMeM revealed significant indirect actor and partner effects from parent-child relationship quality to externalizing behavior through one's own and one's coparent's coparenting relationship quality for both parents. Indirect actor effects were also observed from positive parenting to externalizing behavior through one's own perception of coparenting relationship quality for both parents. Both APIM and APIMeM models found a significant gender difference for the direct effect from positive parenting to externalizing problems. Specifically, the association was negative for mothers in both models; whereas it was nonsignificant (APIM) and positive (APIMeM) for fathers. This study highlights the unique contributions of mother's and father's parent and coparent factors on one's own, and one's coparent's, perception of adolescent adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

My Father and My Mother, I Love You!

My Father and My Mother, I Love You!

Mothers' and fathers' observed interaction with preschoolers: Similarities and differences in parenting behavior in a well-resourced sample.

Parenting behavior is a key factor in children’s socio-emotional development. However, little is known about similarities and differences in maternal and paternal parenting behavior, as most studies have focused on mothers. The present study investigated similarities and differences in mothers’ and fathers’ parenting behavior during observed free play with their preschool children, in a Danish well-resourced sample. We examined differences in mean scores and associations between mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity, intrusiveness and limit-setting assessed with the Coding Interactive Behavior instrument. Additionally, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis to test the model-fit between the measurement model and parental data. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to investigate if maternal and paternal factor structures replicated the three parenting constructs, and to explore if certain parenting behaviors seemed specifically related to either mothering or fathering. Participants included 52 mothers, 41 fathers and their 5-year old children. Similar mean scores were found for mothers and fathers on all parenting constructs. Maternal and paternal parenting behavior were not correlated. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a poor model-fit. For both mothers and fathers, latent factors related to sensitivity, intrusiveness and limit-setting emerged, which indicated that the Coding Interactive Behavior instrument was suitable for assessment of both maternal and paternal sensitivity, intrusiveness and limit-setting. However, item loadings suggested that the instrument assessed maternal sensitivity more accurately than paternal sensitivity in our sample. Two additional factors were retrieved for fathers, i.e. paternal performance and challenging behavior, and paternal teaching behavior. This finding may suggest that additional parenting constructs need to be developed for researchers to be able to thoroughly investigate similarities and differences in mothers’ and fathers’ parenting behavior. Despite difference in factor structure, we did not identify behaviors solely related to mothering or to fathering.

The mediating effect of perfectionism between rumination and parenting style among undergraduates

Objective To explore the mediating effect of perfectionism between rumination and parenting style among undergraduates. Methods The investigation was carried out among 915 college students by random sampling method, using ruminative responses scale(RRS), short-form egma minnenav bardndosna uppforstran(S-EMBU) and college student general perfectionism scale. Results The scores of perfectionism, rumination and their division dimensions in undergraduates were (26.35±4.13), (17.14±4.86), (22.27±4.64), (11.10±2.71), (10.38±2.71)and(43.75±8.37), respectively. Rumination of undergraduates was positively correlated with father rejection, mother rejection(r=0.23, 0.29, P<0.01), father overprotection, mother overprotection(r=0.16, 0.20, P<0.01) and minding mistakes(r=0.36, P<0.01), while negatively correlated with father emotional warmth and mother emotional warmth(r=-0.07, -0.09, P<0.05). Minding mistakes had significantly positive correlations with father rejection, mother rejection(r=0.12, 0.19, P<0.01) and father overprotection, mother overprotection (r=0.16, 0.12, P<0.01). Minding mistakes had significantly negative correlations with father emotional warmth and mother emotional warmth(r=-0.18, -0.20, P<0.01). The structural equation model proved that minding mistakes mediated the relationship between mother and father rejection and rumination through mediating effect test (χ2/df=8.45, RMSEA=0.091, CFI=0.96, GFI=0.97). The mediating effect value was 0.112(95%CI=0.048~0.194), and mediating effect accounted for 28.95% . Conclusion The mediating effect of minding mistakes is remarkable in father and mother rejection and rumination, and reducing father rejection, mother rejection and perfectionism can reduce rumination among undergraduates. Key words: Rumination; Perfectionism; Suicidal risk; Parenting style; Undergraduates

Regulation between daily exhaustion and support in parenting: A dyadic perspective

The current article serves a dual purpose: to highlight the overlooked and recent concept of parenting-related exhaustion and to propose a specific methodology to test concurrent variations of the parent’s exhaustion with the partner’s exhaustion and her or his perceived and given support. Questionnaire data were collected from 97 mother–father couples over the course of 5 consecutive days. Results from multilevel model analyses revealed day-to-day dyadic variations as well as day-to-day regulation occurring in parental couples. The dyadic variations were shown by the fact that over the week, on the days when one parent felt more exhausted, the other parent’s exhaustion was also high. Dyadic regulation meant that greater exhaustion felt by one parent was associated with greater support from her or his partner. Partner’s extra support was both perceived by the exhausted parent and reported by the support provider (i.e., the partner).

Mothers' and fathers' joint profiles for testosterone and oxytocin in a small-scale fishing-farming community: Variation based on marital conflict and paternal contributions.

IntroductionTestosterone and oxytocin are psychobiological mechanisms that interrelate with relationship quality between parents and the quantity and quality of parenting behaviors, thereby affecting child outcomes. Their joint production based on family dynamics has rarely been tested, particularly cross‐culturally.MethodsWe explored family function and salivary testosterone and oxytocin in mothers and fathers in a small‐scale, fishing‐farming society in Republic of the Congo. Fathers ranked one another in three domains of family life pertaining to the local cultural model of fatherhood.ResultsFathers who were viewed as better providers had relatively lower oxytocin and higher testosterone than men seen as poorer providers, who had lower testosterone and higher oxytocin. Fathers also had higher testosterone and lower oxytocin in marriages with more conflict, while those who had less marital conflict had reduced testosterone and higher oxytocin. In contrast, mothers in conflicted marriages showed the opposite profiles of relatively lower testosterone and higher oxytocin. Mothers had higher oxytocin and lower testosterone if fathers were uninvolved as direct caregivers, while mothers showed an opposing pattern for the two hormones if fathers were seen as involved with direct care.ConclusionsThese results shed new light on parents' dual oxytocin and testosterone profiles in a small‐scale society setting and highlight the flexibility of human parental psychobiology when fathers' roles and functions within families differ across cultures.

외국인 어머니의 문화적응이 다문화가정 청소년의 학습활동 적응에 미치는 영향: 어머니의 가정 내 교육참여, 공적 교육 지원, 사교육의 매개효과

Objectives: This study aimed to examine how mothers’ acculturation affected their children’s learning activity adaptation and how mothers’ educational involvement in home, public educational support and private tutoring mediated the association. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2016 Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS). Among the total 1,635 multicultural adolescents, those in the 3rd year of middle school who had foreign mother and Korean father were selected. A frequency analysis, multiple regression analysis, logit regression analysis and hierarchical multiple regression were performed. Results: A direct effect and an indirect effect of foreign mothers’ acculturation on the adaptation of multicultural family adolescents’ learning activities were verified. Mothers’ Korean proficiency was directly associated with the adaptation of adolescents'' learning activities, and that the mediating effect of mothers’ educational involvement in home and the relationship between mothers’ Korean proficiency and the adaptation of learning activities was found. Private tutoring mediated the relationship between the acculturative stress and the adaptation of adolescents'' learning activities but had no direct effect of acculturative stress on the adaptation of adolescents learning activities. Conclusions: The results imply that although foreign mothers’ insufficient Korean proficiency has a negative effect on adolescents’ adaptation of learning activities, foreign mothers’ educational involvement in home and private tutoring can improve multicultural family adolescents’ adaptation of learning activities.

Are observed associations between a high maternal prepregnancy body mass index and offspring IQ likely to be causal?

BackgroundA high maternal prepregnancy body mass index has been associated with lower offspring IQ, but it is unclear if the relationship is causal. To explore this, our objectives were to...

Parent couples’ participation in speech-language therapy for school-age children with autism spectrum disorder in the United States

This study examined parent couples' participation in and satisfaction with speech-language therapy for school-age children with autism spectrum disorder in the United States. Responses from 40 father-mother couples (n = 80 parents) were examined across therapy components (i.e. parent-therapist communication, assessment, planning, and intervention). Descriptive frequencies, chi-square tests, intraclass correlations, and dyadic multilevel modeling were used to examine participation across fathers and mothers and within parent couples. Compared to mothers, fathers communicated less with therapists and participated less in assessment and planning. Fathers also had lower satisfaction than mothers with parent-therapist communication and planning. Although few parents participated in school-based therapy sessions, 40% of fathers and 50% of mothers participated in homework. However, few parents received homework support from therapists. Results are discussed in terms of clinical implications for interventionists to more effectively engage both fathers and mothers in family-centered speech-language therapy for school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder.