Morning Snack Research Articles

Snacking Behaviors and Quality of Snack Intake in US Overweight College Students During COVID-19 Pandemic

ObjectivesTo assess snacking behaviors and their associations with quality of snack intake in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of the baseline data from the Snackability app Trial. The Snackability app scores the snacks based on the USDA snacking guideline. Socio-demographics (age, gender, income), food security, stress levels, and snacking behaviors (type of snacks more accessible, knowledge of how to choose healthy snacks, snacking frequency, and snacking time) were assessed through online questionnaires and dietary recalls via the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour, version 2020. Snacks were identified from the recalls, scored using the Snackability app scoring system, and categorized into unhealthy (≤5.750), somewhat healthy (5.751–7.000), healthy (7.001–8.000), and very healthy (8.001–11.000). Logistic regressions were used to associate snacking behaviors and snack scores. Snack scores were also compared by socio-demographics and snacking time (5:00–11:59 AM, 12:00–2:59 PM, 3:00–5:59 PM, and 6:00 PM-4:59 AM) using Kruskal–Wallis. ResultsA total of 140 college students (18–24 years) were included in this analysis; 125/140 reported consuming snacks. Median age was 21 years and BMI was 28.5 kg/m2. Most were female (85.7%), with a household income < $50,000 (51.4%), high food security (71.4%), and medium stress level (49.3%). Most consumed somewhat healthy snacks (29.6%). Knowledge, income, food security, and stress level were not significantly associated with snack scores. Those who consumed snacks more frequently (≥2 times per day) had higher odds of consuming healthy snacks (OR 4.00; 95% CI 1.26, 12.72; P < 0.05) compared to snacking 1 time per day and those with more accessibility/availability of unhealthy snacks had higher odds of consuming unhealthy snacks (OR 4.76; 95% CI 1.52, 14.95; P < 0.05) compared to accessibility/availability of healthy snacks. Evening snack scores were significantly lower than morning snacks (5:00 am–11:59 am) and afternoon snacks (3:00–5:59 pm) (P < 0.05). ConclusionsSnacking frequency, accessibility and availability of unhealthy snacks, and snacking time were significantly associated with snack scores. Funding SourcesInternal funds from Florida International University.

Secular Trends in Time-of-Day of Energy Intake in a Chinese Cohort.

Few studies have described the status and change of time-of-day of energy intake on a population level. This study aims to investigate the secular trend in time-of-day of energy intake using a Chinese cohort, and to examine demographic disparities in trends. A total of 20,976 adults with at least two waves of dietary data in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS 1991–2018) were included. A multilevel linear mixed model was applied to the energy proportions of breakfast, lunch and dinner. A multilevel Tobit regression model was applied to the energy proportion of morning snack, afternoon snack and evening snack. Time-demographic interaction terms were tested to examine demographic disparities in the trends. From 1991 to 2018, the marginal mean of the energy proportion of breakfast experienced first a falling and then a rising trend, and the marginal mean of energy proportions of lunch and dinner both presented first a rising and then a falling trend. The marginal means of all snacks took on a rising trend. Significant time-demographic interactions were observed for energy proportion of each eating occasion. On average, female, older and rural people tended to have a higher energy proportion at breakfast and lower energy proportion at lunch and dinner. Female, younger and urban people tended to have higher snack energy proportions. The time-of-day of energy intake has first shifted towards later in the day and then towards a balanced meal pattern in this Chinese cohort. Demographic disparities were observed in both the secular trend and the mean level of energy proportions of eating occasions. The health implications of such meal patterns warrant further investigation.

Parental actions that correlate with preschoolers requesting larger portions of food when away from home

Background: How does a parent’s action at home sabotage the way their child eats when they are not at home? This two-part study explored which parental behaviors at home were most correlated with 75 preschooler’s requests for larger servings of snacks when away from home and away from parental scrutiny.Methods: Primary meal providers of three- to five-year old children completed surveys describing how they served food and snacks at home (such as whether they were always available in any amount a child wanted) and a wide range of questions about snacking habits of their children. Two weeks later, their children were met (without their parents present) and asked to indicate how much Froot Loops (a popular pre-sweetened cereal) they wanted for their morning snack. Correlations between how much they served and household snacking behaviors were then explored.Results: Boys who were often required to clean their plates at home requested more cereal during snack time when away from home (p&lt;0.05), and daughters who were able to snack at home whenever at home whether they wanted also requested more (p&lt;0.05). Girls who were frequently given fruit as a snack at home requested less presweetened cereal when away from home (p&lt;0.01).Conclusions: Parent actions in the home might have an unexpected impact on how much of less healthy foods children request when they away from such parental oversight. Care must be taken so a parent does not win a food battle at home just to lose any away-from-home food war.

Weekday and Weekend Differences in Eating Habits, Physical Activity and Screen Time Behavior among a Sample of Primary School Children: The "Seven Days for My Health" Project.

Background: Healthy eating and active lifestyle habits are essential for a child’s development, wellbeing, and health. School setting and family environment play a crucial role in shaping these habits and this could be reflected in different behavior patterns during weekdays and weekends. Methods: We investigated primary school children’s lifestyle habits through a cross-sectional analysis of 428 Italian primary school children, with a mean age of 8.99 years (±1.43). Data were collected from May to June 2017 using a weekly diary to assess children’s lifestyles. Results: Children who eat their morning snack and lunch at school three or more times during the weekdays were 5.47 times more likely (95% CI 3.02, 10.2) to consume adequate snacks and 7.79 times more likely (95% CI 4.43, 14.5) to have adequate meals than those who did not. Conclusion: Consumption of vegetables, lunch, and snacks are significantly more adequate during the weekdays as compared to the weekends. Physical activity levels did not differ between weekdays and weekends. Moreover, children spent more time engaged in physical activities than in front of a screen during both the weekdays and the weekends. The present results are good indicators of the importance of the school canteen in defining correct eating habits. Family-based and school-based interventions could represent valuable integrative strategies for promoting a healthy lifestyle in children.

Meals adequacy during weekdays and weekends in an Italian primary school children sample

Abstract Background Between 15 and 50% of European children aged 6-9 are overweight or obese and this number is rising dramatically over time, making it one of the most important public health challenges. Selection of healthy food and a balanced diet are key when addressing this obesity epidemic. At the same time, it is essential to consider schools' role and parents' influence on children's dietary habits. This study aims to assess the adequacy of meals during the weekdays (WD) and weekends (WE), therefore highlighting the critical moments where schools' and parents' involvement needs to be of greater impact. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 428 children aged 6-11 recruited in a primary school of Calderara di Reno (Italy) in 2017. A weekly diary was administered between May and June 2017 to explore the dietary habits of the participants. Every day for each meal (breakfast, morning snack, lunch, dinner) it was required to report what types of food and beverages were consumed, and where (home/school). The adequacy of each meal was determined by using national guidelines. A McNemar test was performed to evaluate the differences in meal adequacy between the WD and WE. Results Our analysis showed that meals consumed at school, i.e. morning snacks and lunches, were more adequate during WD than WE (69.6% vs 22.2%, 53.5% vs 32.5%; P-value &amp;lt;0.001), underlying the positive influence of school. On the other hand, breakfasts and dinners were more adequate during WE than WD (64.5% vs 51.4%, 23.8% vs 15.7%; P-value &amp;lt;0.001); this difference might be partially explained by the different amount of time parents have for food preparation during workdays versus weekends. Conclusions Further preventive interventions should address childrens' and parents' home dietary routine as a tool to improve meal adequacy at home and therefore reduce childhood obesity. Parental school-based interventions could have a key role in changing childrens' dietary habits. Key messages Our study showed a significant difference of healthy dietary habits between meals served at school during weekdays and at home during weekends, highlighting a higher dietary adequacy in the first ones. The results underline the importance of implementing educational programs addressing childrens’ and their parents' home meals routine and dietary habits.

The Personal Food Systems of Pre-Season NCAA Division 1 High-Contact, Low-Contact, and Non-Contact College Athletes.

Previous research indicates that dietary habits may differ between athletes of different sports. In this cross-sectional study, we hypothesize meal frequency, food choices, and food preferences will significantly differ between contact types. The participants were athletes (n = 92; men: n = 57, body fat percent (BF%): 14.8 ± 8.4%, body mass index (BMI): 25.5 ± 5.5 kg·m−2; women: n = 36, BF%: 26.7 ± 7.3%, BMI: 22.3 ± 2.7 kg·m−2) from high-contact (HCS), low-contact (LCS), and non-contact (NCS) sports. Meal frequency, food preference, and food choice questionnaires assessed factors influencing dietary habits. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured lean body mass, fat mass, and body fat. A GLM multivariate analysis was used with significance accepted at p < 0.05. Significant body composition differences were observed between genders (p < 0.001) and among sports (p < 0.001). Dinner (83.7%), lunch (67.4%), and breakfast (55.4%) were the most frequently eaten meals, followed by evening snack (17.8%), afternoon snack (15.2%), and morning snack (8.7%). Greater preferences for starches were observed for HCS (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07) and for a greater preference for vegetables was found for NCS (p = 0.02; η2 = 0.09). Significant differences also existed in the importance of health (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07), weight control (p = 0.05; η2 = 0.11), natural content (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07), and price (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07). These results support our hypothesis that food choices and food preferences differ between contact types. This may help sports dieticians create more individualized nutrition programs.

Seven Lifestyles Shed Light on Exercise Timing: A Physician-Patient’s Perspective

ADA guidelines have not yet specified exercise timing. A physician-patient with type 2 diabetes for over 22 years and equipped with a glucometer and continuous glucose monitoring, I tested different evidence-based exercise options in seven lifestyles toward personalizing my routines. The only intervention during the period was the mode of exercise except in lifestyles 1 and 2, where there was also carb control. All other variables including medications were continued without any change. Not only did these lifestyles agree with the existing data on exercise timing but it accomplished an additional objective: the CGM data also helped mitigate the negative effects of pre-breakfast exercise. After avoiding pre-breakfast exercise for about 16 years CGM made me a convert: a moderate intensity pre-breakfast exercise followed by a morning snack every other day turned out to be my most valuable exercise for metabolic control.

Healthy Snacks in School: How Do Regulations Work? A Mixed-Design Study.

School is an important setting to promote healthy eating habits for children. We compared the effects of 4 conditions on the nutritional quality of snacks brought to school. We also investigated teachers' opinions regarding the process, barriers, and facilitators in regulation implementation. We compared the nutritional quality of morning snacks based on 1958 photographs from schools divided into 4 conditions: regulation based on a list of permitted foods and beverages; regulation banning sweets, chips, and sugary drinks; information without regulation; or no intervention. Based on 5 focus groups (N=18 participants), we investigated factors influencing regulation implementation. In schools with a list of permitted foods and beverages, 76% of the children had a healthy snack, compared to 52% to 54% in the 3 other conditions (p < .01). They also brought less sweet foods compared to those in the other conditions (41% vs. 68% to 71%, p < .01). In focus groups, most teachers supported regulation but also expressed ambivalence about their legitimacy. In this study, a regulation based on a list of permitted foods and beverages showed the best results. All actors should be involved in a progressive implementation process to increase acceptance of such regulation.

Etat nutritionnel de patients atteints de maladie cœliaque au niveau d’une clinique pédiatrique d’Oran

Introduction Celiac disease (CD) is an enteropathy that requires a gluten-free diet (GFD), a restriction often generating nutritional imbalances Objective. to assess the nutritional status of a pediatric CD population. Population and methods. Among 84 CD patients recruited, 64 were retained (37 F/27M) and aged 1-&lt;17 years old (1-&lt;5 y (n=24), 5-&lt;10 y (n=17), and 10-&lt;17 y (n=23)). The anthropometric measurements, parents education level and profession were collected. Eating habits, GFD quality, daily energy expenditure (DEE) were evaluated. Food consumption was estimated by a 24 hour recall, followed by a 3 day record. Results were compared to the recommended intakes (RI). Results. Nine % of 1-&lt;5 y CD were thin, and 19% were overweight/obese. Significant improvement of body mass index (BMI) z-score was noted in CD girls (p&lt;0.0001), and boys (p&lt;0.01), after GFD. Non-existent breakfast was noted in 23% of children and 22% of adolescents. Sugary drinks consumption was observed in 38% of 1-&lt;5 y infants, and snacking was found in 79% of them, as well as, in half of 5-&lt;10 y, and 10-&lt;17 y population. Twenty six % of adolescents had GFD voluntary deviations. Energy balance (total energy intake (TEI) - DEE) was positive in 5-&lt;10 y, and negative in 10-&lt;17 y. In all CD population, breakfast energy intake was lower than RI, but was important for snack time, also during morning snack in 1-&lt;5 y and 5-&lt;10 y infants. Simple carbohydrates and saturated fatty acids intakes were higher than RI, and iron and vitamin (Vit.) D deficiency was noted in CD population. Adolescents had low calcium and zinc intakes. Conclusion. The studied CD pediatric population presents some nutritional imbalances, requiring a dietary monitoring.

Energy and Macronutrient Intakes With Eating Occasions Consumed by European Children From Ages 3 to 8 Years: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study

Abstract Objectives We characterized the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in a longitudinal study in children from 3 to 8 yrs in 5 European countries. Methods In the Childhood Obesity Project Study, 3-day weighed food records were collected at 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 yrs of age for children from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific times of the day and EO size. A consistent pattern with 3 meals (breakfast, lunch, supper) and 2 snacks (morning, afternoon) was identified. We analyzed longitudinal changes in diurnal energy and nutrient intake with age and estimated mixed effects models with child-specific intercept and slope for age. Age was analysed as quadratic term. Results The analyzed food intakes of 740 children showed the proportion of energy consumed within the day as follows: lunch (30.3%±8.3, M ± SD), supper (25.3%±8.0), breakfast (18.6%±6.6) and snacks (afternoon (16.3%±7.2); morning (10.1%±6.7)). Italian children had the lowest intake during morning (5.4%± 3.8) and the highest proportion of skipping morning snack (49%). The portion of fat and protein (as % total energy intake per EO) was high at lunch (fat 36.3%±9.1; protein 18.1%±5.2) and supper (fat 39.1%±10.9; protein 17.7%±5.6) and for carbohydrates at snacks (61.6%±11.6) and breakfast (53.7%±11.7), respectively. In Spain, fat and protein intakes were above study average at all EO. Energy intakes at snacks varied significantly with age (morning βage = -36.22kcal, βage2 = 3.29kcal; afternoon βage = 28.37 kcal, βage2 = −3.21kcal; P &amp;gt;0.001). There were no diurnal energy and nutrient differences between sexes. Conclusions The studied children consumed the major portions of dietary energy, protein and fat at lunch and supper, while most carbohydrates were provided with snacks and breakfast. With increasing age, energy intakes varied with morning and afternoon snacks. Further studies should explore whether diurnal variation of dietary intakes is associated with health outcomes. Funding Sources Partial financial support was received from the Commission of the European Community, the EU Seventh Framework Programme, project EarlyNutrition, the EU H2020 project PHC-2014-DynaHealth and the European Research Council Advanced Grant META-GROWTH.

Dieta hospitalar: aceitação e fatores clínicos e nutricionais associados

Objective: To evaluate the acceptance of the diet and the associated factors in hospitalized patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with adult and elderly patients admitted to a hospital in the interior of Bahia. Nutritional assessment included the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Body Mass Index (BMI). The acceptance of the diet and the factors that influenced its consumption were assessed by means of an adapted questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS®. Results: Thirty patients were included, mostly women (73.3%), with a mean age of 55.1 ± 21.7 years. As for the nutritional status, 46.7% of the evaluated patients were eutrophic by BMI. In relation to the elderly, it was observed that half of them were at nutritional risk or malnutrition due to MNA. The average daily acceptance of the diet was 71.9%, with morning and afternoon snacks being the best accepted meals. Only about 40% of patients consumed &gt;75% of large meals. Temperature and time were the characteristics best evaluated, whereas the attributes presentation, smell and taste had lower percentages of good/ great for dinner and supper, while the morning snack was the best evaluated meal. It was found that the nutritional risk / malnutrition diagnosed by MNA (p = 0.001) and BMI (p = 0.037), the presence of inappetence (p &lt;0.001), nausea and vomiting (p = 0.019) and bed restriction (p = 0.024) were associated with less acceptance of the diet. Conclusion: There was good acceptance of the hospital diet, but clinical and nutritional factors are associated with a lower dietary intake. Clinical-nutritional assessment, monitoring of food acceptance and improvements in food service are necessary to optimize the food intake of hospitalized patients.

Data-driven development of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire for Japanese adults.

FFQ, the primary method of dietary assessment in large-scale nutritional epidemiological studies, preclude an informed evaluation of the timing of dietary intake and meal-specific dietary intake. In this study, we developed the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire (MDHQ), a self-administered questionnaire designed for estimating food and nutrient intakes for each meal type separately. The development was done based on a 16-d dietary record obtained from 242 Japanese adults. The MDHQ consisted of the three different parts, with a total of 196 items. Part 1 of the MDHQ asks about consumption frequency of generic food groups (n 24) for each meal type: breakfast, morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner and night snack. Part 2 of the MDHQ asks about relative consumption frequency of sub-food groups within one of the generic food groups which are asked in Part 1. Combining information derived from Parts 1 and 2 enables us to increase the number of foods we can estimate efficiently but within a limited number of questions. Part 3 of the MDHQ asks about general eating behaviours, which are intended to use in a variety of ways during dietary intake calculation. A series of calculation algorithms for food groups, energy and nutrients was also prepared. Given that the MDHQ was empirically developed based on comprehensive information on actual food consumption, this innovative tool may be promising for future epidemiological research on meal patterns and time of day of dietary intake, or chrono-nutrition research. A rigorous evaluation of validity of the MDHQ is warranted.

The Effect of Soluble Fiber Dextrin on Subjective and Physiological Markers of Appetite: A Randomized Trial.

Obesity is a leading public health problem throughout the world. The development of foods that increase satiety and reduce food may aid weight management. This study determined the effect of consuming soluble fiber dextrin (SFD) on appetite, appetitive hormones, breath hydrogen and food intake in adults. Forty-three participants completed this study. For each treatment, 50% of the SFD was provided in liquid form as part of breakfast and 50% in solid form as a morning snack. Appetite questionnaires, blood and breath samples were collected immediately before breakfast and at regular intervals during the test session. The participants consumed an ad libitum lunch meal, afternoon snack and dinner meal, and the amount eaten was recorded. Following dinner, participants left the laboratory but were required to keep a diet diary for the remainder of the day. Breath hydrogen concentration was significantly higher following the consumption of SFD compared to control (p < 0.05). There was no observed overall treatment effect of consuming SFD on GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1), ghrelin, CCK-8 (Cholecystokinin) or PYY3-36 (Petptide YY) (p > 0.05). Moreover, consuming foods containing SFD had no effect on subjective appetite or food intake (p > 0.05). Consuming foods containing SFD increased breath hydrogen but did not influence food intake, appetite or appetitive hormones. However, the limitations of this study may have individually or collectively masked an effect of SFD on food intake and appetite.

Effect of a school-based intervention in eating habits among school children:quasi experimental study

Abstract Background Childhood obesity has become a public health problem. Worldwide, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children has increased dramatically especially in developing countries. The present study aimed to assess whether six months intervention program with parents' implication in primary schools is able to decrease morning snack consumption among children aged 6 to 12 years. Methods We carried out a quasi experimental study with two groups of schoolchildren in the region of Sousse (Tunisia) from 2015 to 2016. One primary school in each group was selected. In each school, we randomly selected a sample size of schoolchildren and their parents. The intervention was based on healthy eating habits promotion. Results The consumption of morning snacks the day before data collection, reported by children, decreased significantly in post-intervention in both intervention and control groups. The decrease of consumption of morning snacks was significantly higher in intervention group (p = 0.009). According to parents, the proportion of children who had the habit of eating morning snack decreased significantly from pre to post-intervention in intervention group (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions A healthy environment should be created through effective school policies to prevent obesity. Key messages The consumption of morning snacks reported by children, decreased significantly in post-intervention. A healthy environment should be created through effective school policies to prevent obesity.

Healthy lifestyles survey in schoolchildren 'Conta Peso e Medida'

Abstract Background A healthy lifestyle should be followed since childhood. To do so a healthy diet and to be physically active are mandatory. To measure and improve that the School Health Project “Com Peso e Medida” was applied throughout schools from the ARS Centro region. Methods In the context of School Health questionnaires were given out to school children. The questions pertained to health habit. Questions about socioeconomic characteristics were also included. 464 responses were collected. The responses were collected in a database in MS Excel. The database was then run in SPSS to provide a statistical analysis. Results All the students were attending the 5th grade. Median age was 10 years old. There was a similar sex distribution with 50.6% males. Mother education was higher than fathers with 24.7% and 15.7% college education respectively. There was a significative association between the parents' education degree (p &amp;lt; 0.01). In terms of meal frequency, the students had a median of 5 meals a day. 93.3% of them had breakfast every day, 66.4% had a morning snack, 83.4% had an afternoon snack and 30.2% had a late-night snack. Considering the ingredients consumed daily only 41.7% ate the recommended amount of daily vegetables and 30.4% the daily amount of fruit. On a different note 28.6% ate candies more than once a week, and 41.5% drank soft drinks more than once a week. Questions about the physical activity habits revealed that 50.8% watched more than one hour of television every day and 29.1% played videogames more than one hour. 39.2% had no sport activity outside school. There was a positive association between the mother education level and sports practice (p &amp;lt; 0.01) and fruit consumption (p = 0.19). Conclusions A healthy diet and regular physical activity are cornerstones in a Health promoting lifestyle. With this study was possible to ascertain the lifestyle of young schoolchildren. With those results it's possible to set futures measures to best improve health. Key messages Healthy habits should be developed since early on to give way to a healthy life. To better prepare the future we need to know what health choices the children are taking today.

Erratum: Anderson et al. (2019).

In the article Anderson, L., Close, G. L., Konopinski, M., Rydings, D., Milsom, J., Hambly, C., Speakman, J., Drust, B., & Morton, J. P. (2019). Case Study: Muscle Atrophy, Hypertrophy, and Energy Expenditure of a Premier League Soccer Player During Rehabilitation From Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(5), 559–566, https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0391, on page 564, the variables under Energy (kcal/kg LBM) in Table 2 (Breakfast, Morning snack, Lunch, Afternoon snack, Dinner, and Evening snack) were listed with the incorrect unit of measurement. These variables were listed as measuring CHO (g) instead of (kcal). The online version of this article has been corrected.

Almond Snacking For 8 Weeks Differentially Altered the Serum Omics Profiles of Young Adults in Comparison to a Control Snack

Abstract Objectives Almond consumption can improve cardiometabolic health. However, the mechanisms underlying those physiological changes are not well characterized. This study explored the effects of consuming a snack of almonds for 8 weeks on changes in omics profiles in young adults. Methods Newly enrolled, college students (n = 73, age: 18–19 years, BMI: 18–41 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to consume a morning snack, i.e., either almonds (2 oz./d, n = 38) or an isocaloric control snack of graham crackers (325 kcal/d, n = 35) daily for 8 weeks (Clinical trials: NCT03084003). Blood samples were collected every 4 weeks over the 8 week intervention. Metabolite abundances in the serum were quantified by hydrophilic Interaction chromatography (HILIC) quadrupole (Q) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS/MS), gas chromatography time-of-flight (GCTOF) MS, and CSH-ESI (electrospray) QTOF MS/MS. Data were reported as quantitative ion peak heights and were normalized by systematic error removal using random forest (SERRF) normalization. The baseline-adjusted means of the almond and cracker groups at week 8 were analyzed using ChemRICH which is a chemical similarity enrichment analysis software for metabolomics datasets that uses medical subject headings and Tanimoto substructure chemical similarity coefficients to cluster metabolites into non-overlapping chemical groups. Statistically significant p-values for clusters were obtained by self-contained Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests. Results Out of the 5716 features detected, 857 were identified as known compounds. ChemRICH mapped 660 of the identified metabolites to 63 nonoverlapping chemical classes, of which 2 were found to be significantly different between the almond and cracker groups (false discovery rate adjusted P value (FDR) &amp;lt; 0.05). Almond snacking for 8 weeks was associated with altered unsaturated lipid metabolism represented by significantly increased levels of unsaturated triglycerides and unsaturated lysophosphatidylcholines compared with cracker snacking (cluster FDR &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusions These findings indicate that almond and cracker snacking for 8 weeks differentially altered lipid metabolism. Funding Sources Research supported by Almond Board of California and NIH-NIMHD.

Nitrogen Balance in Female Japanese National Handball Players During Training Camp.

Protein requirements for athletes are affected by various factors, including distribution and quality (i. e., amino acid composition) of protein ingestion throughout the day. However, little is known about the protein requirements of elite female athletes engaging in team sports. This study aimed to determine the nitrogen balance and distribution of protein and amino acid intake in elite female handball athletes during training camp. In observational study design, 11 female Japanese national handball players (age 26.9 ± 4.9 years) participated in a 5-days experiment. Nitrogen balance was calculated from the daily protein intake assessed by dietary records and urinary nitrogen excretion. Amino acid intake amounts were organized based on six eating occasions. The average and population-safe protein intake for zero nitrogen balance were estimated as 1.57 and 1.93 g/kg/day, respectively. The protein intake at breakfast, lunch, and dinner and the leucine intake in the three main meals and the morning snack were higher than is recommended by current guidelines for maximizing muscle protein synthesis. The population-safe protein intake in elite female handball athletes was within the range of the current recommendations for athletes (1.2–2.0 g/kg/day). Our results show that it may be possible to improve the distribution and quality of protein ingestion after exercise and before sleep.

ANÁLISE DE CUSTOS HOSPITALARES

Em vista da relevância conferida à adoção de sistemas de custos nas entidades públicas, em especial nas organizações públicas hospitalares de ensino, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo aplicar a sistemática do método de custeio por absorção, utilizando o centro de custos, tendo como objeto de análise os serviços ofertados pela Unidade de Nutrição do HU-Univasf. A pesquisa é do tipo exploratória, realizada por meio de estudo de caso, com abordagem mista (qualitativa-quantitativa). Por meio da pesquisa, foi possível encontrar os custos unitários dos serviços de nutrição e dietética, desjejum (R$4,88), lanche da manhã (R$3,76), almoço (R$9,79), lanche da tarde (R$4,31), jantar (R$9,58), ceia (R$3,76) e dietas enterais (R$10,58), ofertadas pelo hospital aos funcionários, acompanhantes e pacientes internados, no ano de 2018. Os resultados do estudo, entre outras finalidades, poderão servir como modelo para implantação do sistema de custos aos demais setores do HU-Univasf.&#x0D; Palavras-chave: Custeio por Absorção; Setor Público; Hospital Universitário.

The Timing of Water and Beverage Consumption During the Day Among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011-2016 Data.

Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–20 recommend replacing sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) with plain water in order to promote adequate hydration while reducing added sugar intake. This study explored how water intakes from water, beverages, and foods are distributed across the day. The dietary intake data for 7453 children (4–18 y) and 15,263 adults (>19 y) came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–2016). Water was categorized as tap or bottled. Beverages were assigned to 15 categories. Water intakes (in mL/d) from water, beverages, and food moisture showed significant differences by age group, meal occasion, and time of day. Plain water was consumed in the morning, mostly in the course of a morning snack and between 06:00 and 12:00. Milk and juices were consumed at breakfast whereas SSBs were mostly consumed at lunch, dinner, and in the afternoon. Children consumed milk and juices, mostly in the morning. Adults consumed coffee and tea in the morning, SSBs in the afternoon, and alcohol in the evening. Relatively little drinking water was consumed with lunch or after 21:00. Dietary strategies to replace caloric beverages with plain water need to build on existing drinking habits by age group and meal type.