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Abstract
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–20 recommend replacing sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) with plain water in order to promote adequate hydration while reducing added sugar intake. This study explored how water intakes from water, beverages, and foods are distributed across the day. The dietary intake data for 7453 children (4–18 y) and 15,263 adults (>19 y) came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–2016). Water was categorized as tap or bottled. Beverages were assigned to 15 categories. Water intakes (in mL/d) from water, beverages, and food moisture showed significant differences by age group, meal occasion, and time of day. Plain water was consumed in the morning, mostly in the course of a morning snack and between 06:00 and 12:00. Milk and juices were consumed at breakfast whereas SSBs were mostly consumed at lunch, dinner, and in the afternoon. Children consumed milk and juices, mostly in the morning. Adults consumed coffee and tea in the morning, SSBs in the afternoon, and alcohol in the evening. Relatively little drinking water was consumed with lunch or after 21:00. Dietary strategies to replace caloric beverages with plain water need to build on existing drinking habits by age group and meal type.
Highlights
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020 have recommended replacing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with plain drinking water [1]
Consumption data for drinking water, beverages, and foods came from 3 cycles of the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), corresponding to years 2011–2012, 2013–2014, and 2015–2016 [17]
The present analyses of water intakes from beverages were for beverages only; for example, milk consumed with cereal was counted in the food category
Summary
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020 have recommended replacing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with plain drinking water [1]. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2707 drinking SSBs less often, reducing SSB volume, or replacing SSBs with plain water on specific eating or drinking occasions [1] Successful implementation of those strategies may require a better understanding of water and SSB consumption patterns during the day. Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 data showed, for the first time, that most tap water was consumed by groups of higher education and incomes [3]. This may be the result of powerful new marketing campaigns that hope to change the way that Americans think about water, bottled and tap [6]. The present study explored daily fluctuations in water intakes from water, beverages, and foods in a large and nationally representative sample of children and adults in the US
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