Abstract
Protein requirements for athletes are affected by various factors, including distribution and quality (i. e., amino acid composition) of protein ingestion throughout the day. However, little is known about the protein requirements of elite female athletes engaging in team sports. This study aimed to determine the nitrogen balance and distribution of protein and amino acid intake in elite female handball athletes during training camp. In observational study design, 11 female Japanese national handball players (age 26.9 ± 4.9 years) participated in a 5-days experiment. Nitrogen balance was calculated from the daily protein intake assessed by dietary records and urinary nitrogen excretion. Amino acid intake amounts were organized based on six eating occasions. The average and population-safe protein intake for zero nitrogen balance were estimated as 1.57 and 1.93 g/kg/day, respectively. The protein intake at breakfast, lunch, and dinner and the leucine intake in the three main meals and the morning snack were higher than is recommended by current guidelines for maximizing muscle protein synthesis. The population-safe protein intake in elite female handball athletes was within the range of the current recommendations for athletes (1.2–2.0 g/kg/day). Our results show that it may be possible to improve the distribution and quality of protein ingestion after exercise and before sleep.
Highlights
A higher protein intake (1.2–2.0 g/kg/day) than the current recommended daily allowance (RDA; 0.8 g/kg/day) is recommended for athletes [1]
To investigate the protein requirements and recommended protein intake for elite female handball athletes during training camp, nitrogen balance (NBAL) was used as primary outcome, and the amino acid compositions of each meal and snacks were used as secondary outcome
The data from four participants were excluded from data analysis due to failure to collect samples
Summary
A higher protein intake (1.2–2.0 g/kg/day) than the current recommended daily allowance (RDA; 0.8 g/kg/day) is recommended for athletes [1]. Knowledge concerning protein requirements in elite athletes is limited, owing to difficulties in conducting experiments (potential disturbance of training and limited number of potential subjects) with elite athletes. Nutritional guidelines for elite athletes are generally based on self-reported dietary records of elite athletes [3,4,5,6]. It is unclear whether their protein intake meets their needs
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